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Smithsonian Libraries

Adopted by

Barbara J. Smith
In honor of

Mary Kathryn Ebner Smith

May 6, 2016

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SCOUTING for GIRLS

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MAGDJELAINE DE VERCHERES

The First Girl Scout in the New World. From
by Lord Grey, near the site of Fort Vercheres on the

Statue erected
St. Lawrence.

SCOUTING for GIRLS

OFFICIAL HANDBOOK

OF THE

GIRL SCOUTS

V. *

PUBLISHED BY THE GIRL SCOUTS, INC.

National Headquarters

189 LEXINGTON AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y.

PRINTED BY

CLARK & FRITTS
"NEW YORK

Juliette Low

in grateful acknowledgment of all that
she has done for them, the American
Girl Scouts dedicate this Handbook.

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FOREWORD

How Scouting Began

“How did Scouting come to be used by girls?” That
is what I have been asked . Well , it was this way. In
the beginning I had used Scouting — that is, Woodcraft,
handiness, and cheery helpfulness — as a means for
training young soldiers when they first joined the army,
to help them become handy, capable men and able to
hold their own with anyone instead of being mere
drilled machines .

You have read about the wars m your country against
the Red Indians, of the gallantry of your soldiers against
the cunning of the Red Man, and what is more, of the
pluck of your women on those dangerous frontiers

Well, we have had much the same sort of thing in
South Africa. Over and over again I have seen there
the wonderful bravery and resourcefulness of the
zvomen when the tribes of Zulu or Matabels have been
out on the war path against the white settlers.

I n the Boer war a number of women volunteered to
help my forces as nurses or otherwise ; they were full
of pluck and energy, but unfortunately they had never
been trained to do anything, and so with all the good -
will in the world they zvere of no use. I could not help
feeling how splendid it would be if one could only
train them in peace time in the same way one trained
the young soldiers — that is, through Scoutcraft.

I afterwards took to training boys in that way, but
I had not been long at it before the girls came along,
and offered to do the very thing I had hoped for, they
wanted to take up Scouting also.

They did not merely zvant to be the imitators of the
boys; they wanted a line of their own.

So I gave them a smart blue uniform and the names
of “Guides” and my sister wrote an outline of the
scheme. The name Guide appealed to the British girls
because the pick of our frontier force in India is the
Corps of Guides. The term cavalry or infantry hardly
describes it since it is composed of all-round handy men

ready to take on any job in the campaigning line and
do it well.

Then too, a woman who can be a good and helpful
comrade to her brother or husband or son along the
path of life is really 'i guide to him.

The name Guide therefore just describes the mem-
bers of our sisterhood who besides being handy and
ready for any kind of duty are also a jolly happy
family and likely to be good, cheery comrades to their
mankind.

The coming of the Great War gave the Girl Guides
their opportunity, and they quickly showed the value
of their training by undertaking a variety of duties
which made them valuable to their country in her
time of need.

My wife, Lady Baden-Pozvell, was elected by the
members to be the Chief Guide, and under her the
movement has gone ahead at an amazing pace, spread-
ing to most foreign countries.

It is thanks to Mrs. Juliette Low, of Savannah, that
the movement was successfully started in America,
and though the name Girl Scouts has there been used
it is all part of the same sisterhood, working to the
same ends and living up to the same Laws and Promise.

If all the branches continue to work together and
become better acquainted with each other as they con-
tinue to become bigger it zvill mean not only a grand
step for the sisterhood, but what is more important it
will be a real help toward making the new League of
Nations a living force .

How can that be? In this way:

If the women of the different nations are to a large
extent members of the same society and therefore in
close touch and sympathy with each other, although
belonging to different countries, they will make the
League a real bond not merely between the Govern-
ments, but between the Peoples themselves and they
will see to it that it means Peace and that we have no
more of War.

Robert Baden Powell.

PREFACE

The present edition of “Scouting For Girls” is the re-
sult of collaboration on the part of practical workers in
the organization from every part of the country. The
endeavor on the part of its compilers has been to combine
the minimum of standardization necessary for dignified
and efficient procedure, with the maximum of freedom
for every local branch in its interpretation and practice
of the Girl Scout aims and principles.

Grateful acknowledgments are due to the following:

Miss Sarah Louise Arnold, Dean, and Miss Ula M.Dow,
A.M., and Dr. Alice Blood, of Simmons College for the
Part of Section XI entitled “Home Economics”; Sir Rob-
ert Baden-Powell for frequent references and excerpts
from “Girl Guiding”; Dr. Samuel Lambert for the Part
on First Aid Section XI, and Dr. W. H. Rockwell for

reading and criticizing this ; Miss Marie Johnson with the
assistance of Miss Isabel Stewart of Teachers College,
for the Part entitled “Home Nursing” in Section XI ; Dr.
Herman M. Biggs for reading and criticizing the Parts
dealing with Public Health and Child Care; Mr. Ernest
Seton Thompson and The Woodcraft League, and Doub-
leday and Page for Section XIII and plates on “Wood-
craft”; Mr. Joseph Parsons, Mr. James Wilder, Mrs.
Eloise Roorbach, and Mr. Horace Kephart and the Mac-
Millan Company for the material in Section XIV
“Camping for Girl Scouts”; Mr. George H. Sherwood,
Curator, and Dr. G. Clyde Fisher, Associate Curator of
the Department of Public Education of the American
Museum of Natural History for the specially prepared
Section XV and illustrations on “Nature Study,” and for
all proficiency tests in this subject; Mr. David Hunter
for Section XVI “The Girl Scout’s Own Garden,” and

Miss^Ellen Shipman for the part on a perennial border
with the specially prepared drawing, in the Section oh the
Garden ; Mr. Sereno Stetson for material in Section XVII
“Measurements, Map Making and Knots”; Mr. Austin
Strong for pictures of knots ; Mrs. Raymond Brown for
the test for Citizen; Miss Edith L. Nichols, Supervisor of
Drawing in the New York Public Schools, for the test on
Craftsman; Mr. John Grolle of the Settlement Music
School, Philadelphia, for assistance in the Music test;
Miss Eckhart for help in the Farmer test; The Camera
Club and the Eastman Kodak Company for the test for
Photographer; Mrs. Frances Hunter Elwyn of the New
York School of Fine and Applied Arts, for devising and
drawing certain of the designs for Proficiency Badges
and the plates for Signalling; Miss L. S' Power, Miss
Mary Davis and Miss Mabel Williams of the New York
Public Library, for assistance in the preparation of refer-
ence reading for Proficiency Tests, and general reading
for Girl Scouts.

It is evident that only a profound conviction of the
high aims of the Girl Scout movement and the practical
capacity of the organization for realizing them could
have induced so many distinguished persons to give so
generously of their time and talent to this Handbook.

The National Executive Board, under whose auspices
it has been compiled, appreciate this and the kindred
courtesy of the various organizations of similar interests
most deeply. We feel that such hearty and friendly co-
operation on the part of the community at large is the
greatest proof of the vitality and real worth of this and
allied movements based on intelligent study of the young
people of our country.

Josephine Daskam Bacon,

Chairman of Publications.

CONTENTS

- ' r - "

Foreword by Sir Robert Baden-Powell.
Preface by Josephine Daskam Bacon, Editor.

Sections :

I. History of the Girl Scouts 510

II. Principles of the Girl Scouts 3

III. Organization of the Girl Scouts 13

IV. Who Are the Scouts? 17

V. The Out of Door Scout 35

VI. Forms for Girl Scout Ceremonies 44

VII. Girl Scout Class Requirements 60

VIII. What a Girl Scout Should Know

About the Flag 67

IX. Girl Scout Drill 84

X. Signalling for Girl Scouts 97

XI. The Scout Aide 105

Part 1. The Home Maker 106

Part 2. The Child Nurse 157

Part 3. The First Aide 164

Part 4. The Home Nurse 217

Part 5. The Health Guardian 254

Part 6. The Health Winner 257

XII. Setting-up Exercises 273

XIII. Woodcraft 280

XIV. Camping for Girl Scouts 313

XV. Nature Study for Girl Scouts 373

XVI. The Girl Scout’s Own Garden 456

XVII. Measurements, Map-Making and Knots 466
XVIII. Proficiency Tests and Special Medals 497
XIX. Reference Reading for Girl Scouts. . . 540
Index 548

SECTION I

HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN
GIRL SCOUTS

When Sir Robert Baden-Powell founded the Boy
Scout movement in England, it proved too attractive and
too well adapted to youth to make it possible to limit its
great opportunities to boys alone. The sister organiza-
tion, known in England as the Girl Guides, quickly fol-
lowed and won an equal success.

Mrs. Juliette Low, an American visitor in England,
and a personal friend of the Father of Scouting, realized
the tremendous future of the movement for her own
country, and with the active and friendly co-operation of
the Baden-Powells, she founded the Girl Guides in
America, enrolling the first patrols in Savannah, Georgia,
in March, 1912. In 1915 National Headquarters were
established in Washington, D. C., and the name was
changed to Girl Scouts.

In 1916 National Headquarters were moved to New
York and the methods and standards of what was plainly
to be a nation-wide organization became established on
a broad, practical basis.

The first National Convention was held in 1915, and
each succeeding year has shown a larger and more en-
thusiastic body of delegates and a public more and more
interested in this steadily growing army of girls and
young women who are learning in the happiest way how
to combine patriotism, outdoor activities of every kind,
skill in every branch of domestic science and high stand-
ards of community service.

Every side of the girl’s nature is brought out and de-
veloped by enthusiastic Captains, who direct their games
and various forms of training, and encourage team-work

2 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

and fair play. For the instruction of the Captains na-
tional camps and training schools are being established
all over the country; and schools and churches every-
where are co-operating eagerly with this great recreational
movement, which, they realize, adds something to the
life of the growing girl that they have not been able to
supply.

Colleges are offering fellowships in scouting as a
serious course for would-be Captains, and prominent
citizens in every part of the country are identifying them-
selves with the Local Councils, in an advisory and help-
ful capacity.

At the present writing nearly 82,000 girls and more
than 3,600 Captains represent the original little troop
in Savannah — surely a satisfying sight for our Founder
and First President, when she realizes what a healthy
sprig she has transplanted from the Mother Country !

SECTION II

PRINCIPLES OF THE GIRL SCOUTS

The Motto:

Be Prepared

A Girl Scout learns to swim, not only as an athletic
accomplishment, but so that she can save life. She passes
her simple tests in child care and home nursing and
household efficiency in order to be ready for the big
duties when they come. She learns the important facts
about her body, so as to keep it the fine machine it was
meant to be. And she makes a special point of wood-
craft and camp lore, not only for the fun and satisfac-
tion they bring in themselves, but because they are the
best emergency course we have today. A Girl Scout
who has passed her First Class test is as ready to help
herself, her home and her Country as any girl of her
age should be expected to prove.

The Slogan:

“Do a Good Turn Daily”

This simple recipe for making a very little girl per-
form every day some slight act of kindness for somebody
else is the seed from which grows the larger plant of
helping the world along — the steady attitude of the older
Scout. And this grows later into the great tree of organ-
ized, practical community service for the grown Scout —
the ideal of every American woman today.

The Pledge:

“I pledge allegiance to my flag, and to the
Republic for which it stands; one nation in-
divisible, with liberty and justice for all.”

This pledge, though not original with the Girl Scouts,
expresses in every phrase their principles and practice.
Practical patriotism, in war and peace, is the corner-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

stone of the organization. A Girl Scout not only knows
how to make her flag, and how to fly it ; she knows how
to respect it and is taught how to spread its great lesson
of democracy. Many races, many religions, many classes
of society have tested the Girl Scout plan and found
that it has something fascinating and helpful in it for
every type of young girl.

This broad democracy is American in every sense of
the word; and the Patrol System, which is the keynote
of the organization, by which eight girls of about the
same age, and interests elect their Patrol Leader and
practice local self-government in every meeting, carries
out American ideals in practical detail.

The Promise :

On My Honor I Will Try

To be true to God and my country.

To help others at all times.

To obey the Scout Laws.

This binds the Scouts together as nothing else could
do. It is a promise each girl voluntarily makes ; it is not
a rule of her house nor a command from her school nor
a custom of her church. She is not forced to make it —
she deliberately chooses to do so. And like all such
promises, it means a great deal to her. Experience has
shown that she hesitates to break it.

THE LAWS OF THE GIRL SCOUTS
I. A Girl Scout's Honor Is to Be Trusted

This means that a Girl Scout's standards of honor
are so high and sure that no one would dream of doubt-
ing her simple statement of a fact v/hen she says: “This
is so, on my honor as a Girl Scout."

She is not satisfied, either, with keeping the letter of

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

the law, when she really breaks it in spirit. When she
answers you, she means what you mean.

Nor does she take pains to do all this only when she is
watched, or when somebody stands ready to report on
her conduct. This may do for some people, but not for
the Scouts. You can go away end leave her by herself
at any time ; she does not require any guard but her own
sense of honor, which is always to be trusted.

II. A Girl Scout Is Loyal

This means that she is true to her Country, to the
city or village where she is a citizen, to her family, her
church, her school, and to those for whom she may work,
or who may work for her. She is bound to believe the
best of them and to defend them if they are slandered or
threatened. Her belief in them may be the very thing
they need most, and they must feel that whoever may
fail them, a Girl Scout never will.

This does not mean that she thinks her friends and
family and school are perfect ; far from it. But there
is a way of standing up for what is dear to you, even
though you admit that it has its faults. And if you in-
sist on what is best in people, behind their backs, they
will be more likely to take your criticism kindly, when
you make it to their faces.

III. A Girl Scout’s Duty Is to Be Useful and to Help

Others

This means that if it is a question of being a help to
the rest of the world, or a burden on it, a Girl Scout is
always to be found among the helpers. The simplest
way of saying this, for very young Scouts, is to tell them
to do a GOOD TURN to someone every day they live ;
that is, to be a giver and not a taker. Some beginners
in Scouting, and many strangers, seem to think that any

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

simple act of courtesy, such as we all owe to one an-
other, counts as a good turn, or that one’s mere duty to
one’s parents is worthy of Scout notice. But a good
Scout laughs at this idea, for she knows that these things
are expected of all decent people. She wants to give
the world every day, for good measure, something over
and above what it asks of her. And the more she does,
the more she sees to do.

This is the spirit that makes the older Scout into a
fine, useful, dependable woman, who does so much good
in her community that she becomes naturally one of its
leading citizens, on whom everyone relies, and of whom
everyone is proud. It may end in the saving of a life, or
in some great heroic deed for one’s Country. But these
things are only bigger expressions of the same feeling
that makes the smallest Tenderfoot try to do at least one
good turn a day .

IV. A Girl Scout Is a Friend to All, and a Sister to

Every Other Girl Scout

This means that she has a feeling of good will to all
the world, and is never offish and suspicious nor inclined
to distrust other people’s motives. A Girl Scout should
never bear a grudge, nor keep up a quarrel from pride,
but look for the best in everybody, in which case she
will undoubtedly find it. Women are said to be inclined
to cliques and snobbishness, and the world looks to great
organizations like the Girl Scouts to break down their
petty barriers of race and class and make our sex a great
power for democracy in the days to come.

The Girl Scout finds a special comrade in every other
Girl Scout, it goes without saying, and knows how to
make her feel that she need never be without a friend
or a meal or a helping hand as long as there is another
Girl Scout in the world.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

She feels, too, a special responsibility toward the very
old, who represent what she may be, some day ; toward
the little children, who remind her of what she used to be ;
toward the very poor and the unfortunate, either of
which she may be any day. The sick and helpless she
has been, as a Scout, especially trained to help, and she is
proud of her handiness and knowledge in this way.

V. A Girl Scout Is Courteous

This means that it is not enough for women to be help-
ful in this world ; they must do it pleasantly. The great-
est service is received more gratefully if it is rendered
graciously. The reason for this is that true courtesy is
not an affected mannerism, but a sign of real considera-
tion for the rights of others, a very simple proof that
you are anxious to “do as you would be done by.” It
is society’s way of playing fair and giving everybody
a chance. In the same way, a gentle voice and manner
are very fair proofs of a gentle nature; the quiet, self-
controlled person is not only mistress of herself, but in
the end, of all the others who cannot control themselves.

And just as our great statesman, Benjamin Franklin,
proved that “honesty is the best policy,” so many a suc-
cessful woman has proved that a pleasant, tactful man-
ner is one of the most valuable assets a girl can possess,
and should be practised steadily. At home, at school,
in the office and in the world in general, the girl with the
courteous manner and pleasant voice rises quickly in
popularity and power above other girls of equal talent
but less politeness. Girl Scouts lay great stress on this,
because, though no girl can make herself beautiful, and
no girl can learn to be clever, any girl can learn to be
polite.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

VI. A Girl Scout Is a Friend to Animals

All Girl Scouts take particular care of our dumb
friends, the animals, and are always eager to protect
them from stupid neglect or hard usage. This often leads
to a special interest in their ways and habits, so That a
Girl Scout is more likely to know about these little
brothers of the human race than an ordinary girl.

VII. A Girl Scout Obeys Orders

This means that you should obey those to whom obedi-
ence is due, through thick and thin. If this were not an
unbreakable rule, no army could endure for a day. It
makes no difference whether you are cleverer, or
older, or larger, or richer than the person who may be
elected or appointed for the moment to give you orders ;
once they are given, it is your duty to obey them. And
the curious thing about it is that the quicker and better
you obey these orders, the more quickly and certainly
you will show yourself fitted to give them when your
time comes. The girl or woman who cannot obey can
never govern. The reason you obey the orders of your
Patrol Leader, for instance, in Scout Drill, is not that
she is better than you, but because she happens to be
your Patrol Leader, and gives her orders as she would
obey yours were you in her place.

A small, well trained army can always conquer and
rule a big, undisciplined mob, and the reason for this is
simply because the army has been taught to obey and to
act in units, while the mob is only a crowd of separate
persons, each doing as he thinks best. The soldier obeys
by instinct, in a great crisis, only because he has had
long practice in obeying when it was a question of un-
important matters. So the army makes a great point of
having everything ordered in military drill, carried out
with snap and accuracy ; and the habit of this, once fixed,

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

may save thousands of lives when the great crisis comes,
and turn defeat into victory.

A good Scout must obey instantly, just as a good
soldier must obey his officer, or a good citizen must
obey the laws, with no question and no grumbling. If
she considers any order unjust or unreasonable, let her
make complaint through the proper channels, and she
may be sure that if she goes about it properly she will
receive attention. But she must remember to obey first
and complain afterward .

VIII. A Girl Scout Is Cheerful

This means that no matter how courteous or obedient
or helpful you try to be, if you are sad or depressed
about it nobody will thank you very much for your
efforts. A laughing face is usually a loved face, and
nobody likes to work with a gloomy person. Cheerful
music, cheerful plays and cheerful books have always
been the world’s favorites; and a jolly, good-natured
girl will find more friends and more openings in the
world than a sulky beauty or a gloomy genius.

It has been scientifically proved that if you deliberately
make your voice and face cheerful and bright you im-
mediately begin to feel that way ; and as cheerfulness is
one of the most certain signs of good health, a Scout
who appears cheerful is far more likely to keep well
than one who lets herself get “down in the mouth.”
There is so much real, unavoidable suffering and sorrow
in the world that nobody has any right to add to them
unnecessarily, and “as cheerful as a Girl Scout” ought
to become a proverb.

IX. A Girl Scout Is Thrifty

This means that a Girl Scout is a girl who is wise
enough to know the value of things and to put them to

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

the he st use. The most valuable thing we have in this
life is time, and girls are apt to be stupid about getting
the most out of it. A Girl Scout may be known by the
fact that she is either working, playing or resting. All
are necessary and one is just as important as the other.

Health is probably a woman’s greatest capital, and a
Girl Scout looks after it and saves it, and doesn’t waste
it in poor diet and lack of exercise and fresh air, so that
she goes bankrupt before she is thirty.

Money is a very useful thing to have, and the Girl
Scout decides how much she can afford to save and
does it, so as to have it in an emergency. A girl who
saves more than she spends may be niggardly; a girl
who spends more than she saves may go in debt. A Girl
Scout saves, as she spends, on some system.

Did you ever stop to think that no matter how much
money a man may earn, the women of the family gen-
erally have the spending of most of it? And if they
have not learned to manage their own money sensibly,
how can they expect to manage other people’s? If every
Girl Scout in America realized that she might make all
the difference, some day, between a bankrupt family and
a family with a comfortable margin laid aside for a rainy
day, she would give a great deal of attention to this Scout
law.

In every great war all nations have been accustomed
to pay the costs of the war from loans; that is, money
raised by the savings of the people. Vast sums were
raised in our own country during the great war by such
small units as Thrift Stamps. If the Girl Scouts could
save such wonderful sums as we know they did in war,
why can they not keep this up in peace? For one is as
much to their Country’s credit as the other.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

X. A Girl Scout Is Clean in Thought, Word and Deed

This means that just as she stands for a clean, healthy
community and a clean, healthy home, so every Girl
Scout knows the deep and vital need for clean and
healthy bodies in the mothers of the next generation.
This not only means keeping her skin fresh and sweet
and her system free from every impurity, but it goes
far deeper than this, and requires every Girl Scout to
respect her body and mind so much that she forces
everyone else to respect them and keep them free from
the slightest familiarity or doubtful stain.

A good housekeeper cannot endure dust and dirt; a
well cared for body cannot endure grime or soil; a pure
mind cannot endure doubtful thoughts that cannot be
freely aired and ventilated. It is a pretty safe rule for

SALUTING THE FLAG IN A GIRL SCOUT CAMP

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a Girl Scout not to read things nor discuss things nor do
things that could not be read nor discussed nor done
by a Patrol all together. If you will think about this, you
will see that it does not cut out anything that is really
necessary, interesting or amusing. Nor does it mean
that Scouts should never do anything except in Patrols ;
that would be ridiculous. But if they find they could
not do so, they had better ask themselves why. When
there is any doubt about this higher kind of cleanliness,
Captains and Councillors may always be asked for ad-
vice and explanation.

SECTION III

ORGANIZATION OF THE GIRL SCOUTS

Lone Scout

The basis of the Girl Scout organization is the indi-
vidual girl. Any one girl anywhere who wishes to enroll
under our simple pledge of loyalty to God and Country,
helpfulness to other people and obedience to the Scout
Laws, and is unable to attach herself to any local group,
is privileged to become a Lone Scout. The National
Organization will do its best for her and she is eligible
for all Merit Badges which do not depend upon group
work.

Patrol

But the ideal unit and the keystone of the organiza-
tion is the Patrol, consisting of eight girls who would
naturally be associated as friends, neighbors, school fel-
lows or playmates. They are a self selected and, under
the regulations and customs of the organization, a self
governing little body, who learn, through practical ex-
periment, how to translate into democratic team-play,
their recreation, patriotic or community work, camp
life and athletics. Definite mastery of the various sub-
jects they select to study is made more interesting by
healthy competition and mutual observation.

Patrol Leader

Each Patrol elects from its members a Patrol Leader,
who represents them and is to a certain extent responsible
for the discipline and dignity of the Patrol.

Corporal

The Patrol Leader is assisted by her Corporal, who may
be either elected or appointed ; and as she is subject to re-
election at regular intervals, the office is a practical sym-

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bol of the democratic basis of our American government
and a constant demonstration of it.

Troop

From one to four of these Patrols constitute a Troop,
the administrative unit of the organization. Girl Scouts
are registered and chartered by troops, and the Troop
meeting is their official gathering. The Troop has the
privilege of owning a flag and choosing from a list of
flowers, trees, birds, and so forth, its own personal crest
and title.

Captain

Its leader is called a Captain. She must be twenty-one
or over, and officially accepted by the National Head-
quarters, from whom she receives the ratification of her
appointment and to whom she is responsible. She may
be chosen by the girls themselves, suggested by local
authorities, or be herself the founder of the Troop. She
represents the guiding, friendly spirit of comradely lead-
ership, the responsibility and discretion, the maturer
judgment and the definite training which shapes the pol-
icy of the organization.

Lieutenants

She may, in a small troop, and should, in a large one,
be assisted by a Lieutenant, who must be eighteen or over,
and who must, like herself, be commissioned from Na-
tional Headquarters, and if desired, by a Second Lieu-
tenant, who must be at least sixteen.

Council

The work of the Girl Scouts in any community is made
many times more effective and stimulating by the co-
operation of the Council, a group of interested, public
spirited citizens who are willing to stand behind the girls
and lend the advantages of their sound judgment, broad

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

point of view, social prestige and financial advice. They
are not expected to be responsible for any teaching, train-
ing or administrative work ; they are simply the organized
Friends of the Scouts and form the link between the
Scouts and the community. The Council is at its best
when it is made up of representatives of the church,
school, club and civic interests of the neighborhood,
and can be of inestimable value in suggesting and afford-
ing means of co-operation with all other organizations,
patronizing and advertising Scout entertainments, and so
forth. One of its chief duties is that of finding interested
and capable judges for the various Merit Badges, and
arranging for the suitable conferring of such badges.
The Council, or a committee selected from its members,
is known for this purpose as the Court of Honor.

A Captain who feels that she has such a body behind
her can go far with her Troop ; and citizens who are
particularly interested in constructive work with young
people will find endless possibilities in an organized Girl
Scout Council. The National Headquarters issues
charters to such Councils and cooperates with them in
every way.

National Organization

The central and final governing body is the National
Council. This is made up of delegates elected from all
local groups throughout the country, and works by rep-
resentation, indirectly through large State and District
sub-divisions, through the National Executive Board
which maintains its Headquarters in New York.

National Directors

The National Director is in charge of these Head-
quarters and directs the administrative work under the
general headings of Field, Business, Publication and
Education.

SCOUTING FDR GIRLS

From the youngest Lone Scout up to the National
Director, the organization is democratic, self-governing
and flexible, adjusting itself everywhere and always to
local circumstances and the habits and preferences of
the different groups. It is not only non-secretarian, but
is open to all creeds and has the enthusiastic support of
all of them. It offers no new system, of education, but
co-operates with the schools and extends to them a much
appreciated recreational plan. It affords the churches a
most practical outlet for their ideals for their young
people. Its encouragement of the intelligent domestic
interests is shown by the stress laid on every aspect of
home and social life and by the great variety of Merit
Badges offered along these lines. The growing interest
in the forming of Girl Scout Troops by schools, churches
and parents proves as nothing else could, how naturally
and helpfully this simple organization fits in with the
three factors of the girl’s life; her home, her church, her
school. And the rapid and never ceasing growth of the
Girl Scouts means that we are able to offer, every year,
larger and larger numbers of healthy and efficient young
citizens to their country.

SECTION IV

WHO ARE THE SCOUTS?

In the early days of this great country of ours, before
telephones and telegrams, railroads and automobiles made
communication of all sorts so easy, and help of all kinds
so quickly secured, men and women — yes, and boys and
girls, too !— had to depend very much on themselves and
be very handy and resourceful, if they expected to keep
safe and well, and even alive.

Our pioneer grandmothers might have been frightened
by the sight of one of our big touring cars, for instance,
or puzzled as to how to send a telegram, but they knew
an immense number of practical things that have been
entirely left out of our town-bred lives, and for pluck and
resourcefulness in a tight place it is to be doubted if we
could equal them today.

“You press a button and zve do the rest” is the slogan
of a famous camera firm, and really it seems as if this
might almost be called the slogan of modern times: we
have only to press a button nowadays, and someone will
do the rest.

But in those early pioneer days there was no button to
press, as we all know, and nobody to “do the rest” : every-
body had to know a little about everything and be able to
do that little pretty quickly, as safety and even life might
depend upon it.

The men who stood for all this kind of thing in the
highest degree were probably the old “Scouts,” of whom
Natty Bumpo, in Cooper’s famous old Indian tales is the
great example. They were explorers, hunters, campers,
builders, fighters, settlers, and in an emergency, nurses
and doctors combined. They could cook, they could sew,
they could make and sail a canoe, they could support
themselves indefinitely in the trackless woods, they knew

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

all the animals and plants for miles around, they could
guide themselves by the sun and stars, and finally, they
were husky and hard as nails and always in the best of
health and condition. Their adventurous life, always on
the edge of danger and new, unsuspected things, made
them as quick as lightning and very clever at reading
character and adapting themselves to people.

In a way, too, they had to act as rough and ready
police (for there were no men in brass buttons in the
woods!) and be ready to support the right and deal out
justice, just as our “cow-boys” of later ranch days had
to prevent horse-stealing.

Now, the tales of their exploits have gone all over the
world, and healthy, active people, and especially young
people, have always delighted in just this sort of life and
character. So, when you add the fact that the word
“scout” has always been used, too, to describe the men
sent out ahead of an army to gain information in the
quickest, cleverest way, it is no wonder that the great
organization of Boy and Girl Scouts which is spreading
all over the world today should have chosen the name we
are so proud of, to describe the kind of thing they want
to stand for.

Our British Scout-sisters call themselves “Girl Guides,”
and here is the thrilling reason for this title given by the
Chief Scout and Founder of the whole big band that is
spreading round the world today, as so many of Old
England's great ideas have spread.

WHY “GUIDES”?

On the North-West Frontier of India there is a famous Corps
of soldiers known as the Guides, and their duty is to be alwavs
ready to turn out at any moment to repel raids by the hostile
tribes across the Border, and to prevent them from coming down
into the peaceful plains of India. This body of men must be
prepared for every kind of fighting. Sometimes on foot, some-
times on horseback, sometimes in the mountains, often with
pioneer work, wading through rivers and making bridges, and so

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

on. But they have to be a skilful lot of men, brave and enduring,
ready to turn out at any time, winter or summer, or to sacrifice
themselves if necessary in order that peace may reign throughout
India while they keep down any hostile raids against it. So they
are true handymen in every sense of the word, and true patriots.

When people speak of Guides in Europe one naturally thinks
of those men who are mountaineers in Switzerland and other
mountainous places, who can guide people over the most difficult
parts by their own bravery and skill in tackling obstacles, by help-
fulness to those with them, and by their bodily strength of wind
and limb. Thev are splendid fellows those guides, and yet if
they were told to go across the same amount of miles on an
open flat plain it would be nothing to them, it would not be
interesting, and they would not be able to display those grand
qualities which they show directly the country is a bit broken up
into mountains. It is no fun to them to walk by easy paths, the
whole excitement of life is facing difficulties and dangers and
apparent impossibilites, and in the end getting a chance of attain-
ing the summit of the mountain they have wanted to reach.

Well, I think it is the case with most girls nowadays. They do
not want to sit down and lead an idle life, not to have every-
thing done for them, nor to have a very easy time. They don't
want merely to walk across the plain, they would much rather
show themselves handy people, able to help others and ready, if
necessary, to sacrifice themselves for others just like the Guides
on the North-west Frontier. And they also want to tackle diffi-
cult jobs themselves in their life, to face mountains and difficul-
ties and dangers, and to go at them having prepared themselves
to be skilful and brave ; and also they would like to help other
people to get their difficulties also. When they attain success
after facing difficulties, then they feel really happy and triump-
hant. It is a big satisfaction to them to have succeeded and to
have made other people succeed also. That is what the Girl
Guides want to do, just as the mountaineer guides do among the
mountains.

Then, too, a woman who can do things is looked up to by
others, both men and women, and they are always ready to follow
her advice and example, so there she becomes a Guide too. And
later on if she has children of her own, or if she becomes a
teacher of children, she can be a really good Guide to them.

In fact, if one caricatured a Guide one would draw her thus : —
“Turn to the right and keep straight on.” And for these reasons
the name Guide has been given to them.

By means of games and activities which the Guides practise
they are able to learn the different things which will help them
to get on in life, and show the way to others to go on also. Thus
camping and signalling, first aid work, camp cooking, and all
these things that the Guides practise are all going to be helpful to

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

them afterwards in making them strong, resourceful women,
skilful and helpful to others, and strong in body as well as in
mind, and what is more it makes them a jolly lot of comrades also.

“BE PREPARED !”

The motto of the Guides on which they work is “Be Prepared,”
that is, be ready for any kind of duty that may be thrust upon
them, and what is more, to know what to do by having practised
it beforehand in the case of any kind of accident or any kind of
work that they may be asked to take up.”

It is a great piece of luck for us American Scouts that
we can claim the very first Girl Scout for our own great
continent, if not quite for our own United States. A
great Englishman calls her “the first Girl Scout,” and'
every Scout must feel proud to the core of her heart when
she thinks that this statue which we have selected for
the honor of our frontispiece, standing as it does on Brit-
ish soil, on the American continent, commemorating a
French girl, the daughter of our Sister Republic, joins
the three great countries closely together, through the
Girl Scouts ! Magdelaine de Vercheres lived in the French
colonies around Quebec late in the seventeenth century.
The colonies were constantly being attacked by the Iro-
quois Indians. One of these attacks occurred while Mag-
delaine’s father, the Seigneur, was away. Magdelaine
rallied her younger brothers about her and succeeded in
holding the fort for eight days, until help arrived from
Montreal.

The documents relating this bit of history have been
in the Archives for many years, but when they were
shown to Lord Grey about twelve years ago he decided
to erect a monument to Magdelaine de Vercheres on the
St. Lawrence. It was Lord Grey who called Magdelaine
“The First Girl Scout,” and as such she will be known.

The following is taken from “A Daughter of New
France,” by Arthur G. Doughty who wrote the book for
the Red Cross work of the Magdelaine de Vercheres

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Chapter of the Daughters of the Empire, and dedicated
it to Princess Patricia, whose name was given to the
famous ‘‘Princess Pat” regiment.

“On Vercheres Point, near the site of the Fort, stands a
statue in bronze of the girl who adorned the age in which
she lived and whose memory is dear to posterity. For
she had learned so to live that her hands were clean and

her paths were straight To all future visitors to

Canada by way of the St. Lawrence, this silent figure of
the First Girl Scout in the New World conveys a message
of loyalty, of courage and of devotion.”

Our own early history is sprinkled thickly with brave,
handy girls, who were certainly Scouts, if ever there were
any, though they never belonged to a patrol, nor recited
the Scout Laws. But they lived the Laws, those strong
young pioneers, and we can stretch out our hands to them
across the long years, and give them the hearty Scout
grip of fellowship, when we read of them.

THE EXPLORER

If we should ever hold an election for honorary mem-
bership in the Girl Scouts, open to all the girls who ought
to have belonged to us, but who lived too long ago, we
should surely nominate for first place one of the most
remarkable young Indian girls who ever found her way
through the pathless forests, — Sacajawea, “The Bird
Woman.”

In 1806 she was brought to Lewis and Clark
on their expedition into the great Northwest, to
act as interpreter between them and the various Indian
tribes they had to encounter. From the very beginning,
when she induced the hostile Shoshones to act as guides,
to the end of her daring journey, during which, with her
papoose on her back, she led this band of men through
hitherto impassible mountain ranges, till she brought them

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

to the Pacific Coast, this sixteen-year-old girl never fal-
tered. No dangers of hunger, thirst, cold or darkness
were too much for her. From the Jefferson to the Yel-
lowstone River she was the only guide they had ; on her
instinct for the right way, her reading of the sun, the
stars and the trees, depended the lives of all of them.
When they fell sick she nursed them: when they lost
heart at the wildness of their venture, she cheered them.
Their party grew smaller and smaller, for Lewis and
Clark had separated early in the expedition, and a part
of Clark's own party fell off when they discovered a
natural route over the Continental Divide where wagons
could not travel. Later, most of those who remained, de-
cided to go down the Jefferson River in canoes ,**but Clark,
still guided by the plucky Indian girl, persisted in fighting
his way on pony back overland, and after a week of this
journeying, crowded full of discomforts and dangers, she
brought him out in triumph at the Yellowstone, where the
river bursts out from the lower canon, — and the Great
Northwest was opened up for all time!

The women of Oregon have raised a statue to this
young explorer, and there she stands in Portland, facing
the Coast, pointing to the Columbia River where it reach-
es the sea.

These great virtues of daring and endurance never die
out of the race; though the conditions of our life today,
when most of the exploring has been done, do not de-
mand them of us in just the form the ''Bird Woman"
needed, still, if they die out of the nation, and especially,
out of the women of the nation, something has been lost
that no amount of book education can ever replace. Saca-
jawea, had no maps to study — she made maps, and roads
have been built over her foot steps. And so we Scouts,
not to lose this great spirit, study the stars and the sup
and the trees and try to learn a few of the wood secrets

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

she knew so well. This out-of-door wisdom and self-
reliance was the first great principle of Scouting.

THE HOMEMAKER

But of course, a country full of “Bird Women” could
not be said to have advanced very far in civilization.
Though we should take great pleasure in conferring her
well earned merit badges on Sacajawea, we should hardly
have grown into the great organization we are today if
we had not badges for quite another class of achievements.

In 1832, not so many years after the famous Lewis and
Clark expedition, there was born a little New England
girl who would very early in life have become a First
Class Scout if she had had the opportunity. Her name
was Louisa Alcott, and she made that name famous all
the world over for the book by which the world's girls
know her — “Little Women." Her father, though a bril-
liant man, was a very impractical one, and from her first
little story to her last popular book, all her work was
done for the purpose of keeping her mother and sisters
in comfort. While she was waiting for the money from
her stories she turned carpets, trimmed hats, papered the
rooms, made party dresses for her sisters, nursed anyone
who was sick (at which she was particularly good) — all
the homely, helpful things that neighbors and families did
for each other in New England towns.

In those days little mothers of families could not tele-
phone specialists to help them out in emergencies : there
were neither telephones nor specialists ! But there were
always emergencies, and the Alcott girls had to know
what to put on a black-and-blue spot, and why the jelly
failed to “jell,” and how to hang a skirt, and bake a cake,
and iron a table cloth. Louisa had to entertain family
guests and darn the family stockings. Her home had not
every comfort and convenience, even as people counted

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

those things then, and without a brisk, clever woman, full
of what the New Englanders called “faculty,” her fam-
ily would have been a very unhappy one. With all our
modern inventions nobody has yet invented a substitute
for a good, all-round woman, in a family, and until some-
body can invent one, we must continue to take off our
hats to girls like Louisa Alcott. Imagine what her feel-
ings would have been if someone had told her that she
had earned half a dozen merit badges by her knowledge
of home economics and her clever writing!

And let every Scout who finds housework dull, and
feels that she is capable of bigger things, remember this :
the woman whose books for girls are more widely known
than any such books ever written in America, had to
drop the pen, often and often, for the needle, the dish-
cloth and the broom.

To direct her household has always been a woman’s job
in every century, and girls were learning to do it before
Columbus ever discovered Sacajawea’s great country. To
be sure, they had no such jolly way of working at it to-
gether, as the Scouts have, nor did they have the oppor-
portunity the girl of today has to learn all about these
things in a scientific, business-like way, in order to get it
all done with the quickest, most efficient methods, just as
any clever business man manages his business.

We no longer believe that housekeeping should take up
all a woman’s time ; and many an older woman envies the
little badges on a Scout’s sleeve that show the world she
has learned how to manage her cleaning and cooking and
household routine so that she has plenty of time to spend
on other things that interest her.

THE PIONEER

But there was a time in the history of our country when
men and women went out into the wilderness with no

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

nearer neighbors than the Indians, yet with all the ideals
of the New England they left behind them: girls who
had to have all the endurance of the young “Bird Wo-
man” and yet keep up the traditions and the habits of
the fine old home life of Louisa Alcott.

One of these pioneer girls, who certainly would have
been patrol leader of her troop and marched them to vic-
tory with her, was Anna Shaw. In 1859, a twelve-year-
old girl, with her mother and four other children she trav-
eled in a rough cart full of bedding and provisions, into
the Michigan woods and took up a claim there, settling
down into a log cabin whose only furniture was a fire
place of wood and stones.

She and her brothers floored this cabin with lumber
from a mill, and actually made partitions, an attic door
and windows. They planted potatoes and corn by chop-
ping up the sod, putting a seed under it and leaving it to
Nature— who rewarded them by giving them the best
corn and potatoes Dr. Shaw ever ate, she says in her
autobiography.

For she became a preacher and a physician, a lecturer
and organizer, this sturdy little Scout, even though she
had to educate herself, mostly. They papered the cabin
walls with the old magazines, after they had read them
once, and went all over them, in this fashion, later. So
eagerly did she devour the few books sent them from the
East, that when she entered college, years later, she
passed her examinations on what she remembered of
them !

They lived on what they raised from the land ; the pigs
they brought in the wagon with them, fish, caught
with wires out of an old hoop skirt, and corn meal brought
from the nearest mill, twenty miles way. Ox teams were
the only means of getting about.

Anna and her brothers made what furniture they used
—bunks, tables, stools and a settle. She learned to cut

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

trees and “heart” logs like a man. After a trying season
of carrying all the water used in the household from a
distant creek, which froze in the winter so that they had
to melt the ice, they finally dug a well. First they went
as far as they could with spades, then handed buckets of
earth to each other, standing on a ledge half way down,
then, when it was deep enough, they lined it with slabs
of wood. It was so well made that the family used it
for twelve years.

Wild beasts prowled around them, Indians terrified
them by sudden visits, the climate was rigorous, amuse-
ments and leisure scanty. But this brave, handy girl met
every job that came to her with a good heart and a smile :
she learned by doing. The tests and sports that we earn
badges by mastering, were life’s ordinary problems to her,
and very practical ones. She never knew it, but surely
she was a real Girl Scout!

It is not surprising to learn that she grew up to be
one of the women who earned the American girl her
right to vote. A pioneer in more ways than one, this
little carpenter and farmer and well-digger worked for
the cause of woman’s political equality as she had worked
in the Michigan wilderness and helped on as much as
any one woman the great revolution in people’s ideas
which makes it possible for women today to express their
wishes directly as to how their country shall be governed.
This seems very simple to the girls of today, and will
seem even simpler as the years go on, but, like the Yellow-
stone River, it needed its pioneers !

In the Great War which we have just passed through,
the Scouts of all countries gave a magnificent account of
themselves, and honestly earned the “War Service” badges
that will be handed down to future generations, we may
be sure, as the proudest possessions of thousands of
grandchildren whose grandmothers (think of a Scout

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

grandmother!) were among the first to answer their
Country’s call.

Let us hear what our British sisters accomplished, and
we must remember that at the time of the war there were
many Girl Guides well over Scout age and in their twen-
ties, who had had the advantage, as their book points out,
of years of! training.

This is what they have done during the Great War.

In the towns they have helped at the Military Hospitals.

In the country they have collected eggs for the sick, and on
the moors have gathered sphagnum moss for the hospitals.

Over in France a great Recreation and Rest Hut for the
soldiers has been supplied by the guides with funds earned
through their work. It is managed by Guide officers, or ex-
Guides. Among the older Guides there are many who have done
noble work as assistants to the ward-maids, cooks, and laundry
women. In the Government offices, such as the War Office, the
Admiralty, and other great departments of the State, they have
acted as orderlies and messengers. They have taken up work in
factories, or as motor-drivers, or on farms, in order to release
men to go to the front.

At home and in their club-rooms they have made bandages for
the wounded, and warm clothing for the men at the Front and in
the Fleet.

At home in many of the great cities the Guides have turned
their Headquarters’ Club-Rooms into “Hostels.” That is, they
have made them into small hospitals ready for taking in people
injured in air-raids by the enemy.

So altogether the Guides have shown themselves to be a
pretty useful lot in many different kinds of works during the
war, and, mind you, they are only girls between the ages of 11
and 18. But they have done their bit in the Great War as far
as they were able, and have done it well.

There are 100,000 of them, and they are very smart, and ready
for any job that may be demanded of them.

They were not raised for this special work during the war
for they began some years before it, but their motto is “Be Pre-
pared,” and it was their business to train themselves to be ready
for anything that might happen, even the most unlikely thing.

So even when war came they were “all there” and ready
for it.

It is not only in Great Britain that they have been doing this,
but all over our great Empire — in Canada and Australia, West,
East and South Africa, New Zealand, the Falkland Islands, West
Indies, and India. The Guides are a vast sisterhood of girls,
ready to do anything they can for their country and Empire.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Long before there was any idea of the war the Guides had
been taught to think out and to practise what they should do
supposing such a thing as war happened in their own country, or
that people should get injured by bombs or by accidents in their
neigborhood. Thousands of women have done splendid work in
this war, but thousands more would have been able to do good
work also had they only Been Prepared for it beforehand by
learning up a few things that are useful to them outside their
mere school work or work in their own home. And that is what
the Guides are learning in all their games and camp work; they
mean to be useful in other ways besides what they are taught
in school.

WHAT THE GUIDES DO.

As a Guide your first duty is to be helpful to other people, both
in small everyday matters and also under the worst of circum-
stances. You have to imagine to yourself what sort of things
might possibly happen, and how you should deal with them when
they occur. Then you will know what to do.

I was present when a German aeroplane dropped a bomb on
to a railway station in London. There was the usual busy scene
of people seeing to their luggage, saying good-bye and going
off by train, when with a sudden bang a whole carriage was
blown to bits, and the adjoining ones were in a blaze; seven or
eight of those active in getting into the train were flung down —
mangled and dead ; while some thirty more were smashed, broken,
and bleeding, but still alive. The suddenness of it made it all the
more horrifying. But one of the first people I noticed as keeping
her head was a smartly dressed young lady kneeling by an injured
working-man; his thigh was smashed and bleeding terribly; she
had ripped up his trouser with her knife, and with strips of it
had bound a pad to the wound ; she found a cup somehow and
filled it with water for him from the overhead hose for filling
engines. Instead of being hysterical and useless, she was as cool
and ready to do the right thing as if she had been in bomb-
raids every day of her life. Well, that is what any girl can do if
she only prepares herself for it.

These are things which have to be learnt in peace-time, and
because they were learnt by the Guides beforehand, these girls
were able to do their bdt so well when war came.

FIRST AID.

When you see an accident in the street or people injured in
an air raid, the sight of the torn limbs, the blood, the broken
bones, and the sound of the groans and sobbing all make you feel
sick and horrified and anxious to get away from it — if you’re not
a Girl Guide. But that is cowardice : your business as a Guide
is to steel yourself to face it and to help the poor victim. As a

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

matter of fact, after a trial or two you really get to like such
jobs, because with coolheadedness and knowledge of what to do
you feel you give the much-needed help.

The Value of Nursing— In this war hundreds and hundreds
of women have gone to act as nurses in the hospitals for the
wounded and have done splendid work. They will no doubt be
thankful all their lives that while they were yet girls they learnt
how to to nurse and how to do hospital work, so that they were
useful when the call came for them. But there are thousands and
thousands of others who wanted to do the work when the time
came, but they had not like Guides Been Prepared, and they had
never learnt how to nurse, and so they were perfectly useless and
their services were not required in the different hospitals. So
carry out your motto and Be Prepared and learn all you can
about hospital and child nursing, sick nursing, and every kind, p
while you are yet a Guide and have people ready to instruct you
and to help you in learning.

In countries not so settled and protected as England
and America, where the women and girls are taught to
count upon their men to protect them in the field, the
Girl Scouts have sometimes had to display a courage like
that of the early settlers. A Roumanian Scout, Ecaterina
Teodor roiu actually fought in the war and was taken
prisoner. She escaped, traced her way back to her com-
pany, and brought valuable information as to the enemy’s
movements. For these services she was decorated “as a
reward for devotion and conspicuous bravery” with the
Order of Merit and a special gold medal for the Scouts,
only to be given for services during the war. At the
same time she was promoted to the rank of Honorary
Second Lieutenant.

Can we wonder that she is known as the Joan of Arc
of Roumania?

During the Russian Revolution the Girl Scouts were
used by the Government in many practical ways, as may
be seen from the following letter from one of them:

“The Scouts assisted from the beginning, from seven
in the morning until twelve at night, carrying messages,
sometimes containing state secrets, letters, etc., from

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

the Duma to the different branches of it called com-
missariats, and back again. They also fed the soldiers
that were on guard. The Scout uniform was our pro-
tection, and everywhere that uniform commanded the
respect of the soldiers, peasants and workingmen.

“As great numbers of soldiers came from the front,
food had to be given them. It was contributed by pri-
vate people, but the Scouts had lots of work to dis-
tribute it. All the little taverns were turned into eat-
ing houses for the soldiers, and there we helped to
prepare the food and feed them. As there were not
enough Boy Scouts, the Girl Scouts helped in the same
way as the boys.

“The Scouts also did much First Aid work. In one
instance I saw an officer whose finger had been shot
off. I ran up to him and bandaged it up for him. (All
of us Scouts had First Aid kits hanging from our
belts.)

“It was something of a proud day for us Scouts
when the Premier after a parade, called us all before
the Duma and publicly thanked us for our aid.”
Indeed it was, and we heartily congratulate our Sister
Scouts ! But if we do our duty by our Patrol and the
Patrols all do their duty by their Troop, that proud mo-
ment is going to come to every single Scout of us, when
the town where we live tells us by its smiles and applause,
when we go by in uniform, what it thinks of us.

We Scouts shall be more and more interested, as the
years go on, to remember that in the great hours of one
of the world's greatest crises we helped to make its his-
tory. Little instances like these are very exceptional ;
they could not occur to one in ten thousand of us ; but
we stay-at-homes can always remind ourselves that it was
the obedience, the quickness, and the skill learned in quiet,
every-day Scouting that made these few rise to their
opportunity when it came.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

War and revolution do not make Scouts either brave
or useful : they only bring out the bravery and the useful-
ness that have been learned, as we are all learning them,
every day!

All we have to do is to fix Scout habits in our hearts
and hands, and then when our Country calls us, we shall
be as ready as these little Russian Scouts were.

In France the Scouts, known as the Eclaireuses, have
agreed with us that the “Land Army” is the best army
for women. Rain or shine, in heat and cold, they have
dug arid ploughed and planted, and learned the lesson
American girls learned long ago — that team work is what
counts !

A bit of one of their reports is translated here :

* “The crops were fine — potatoes, radishes, greens and
beans were raised. The crop of potatoes, especially,
was so good that the Eclaireuses were able to supply
their families with them at a price defying competi-
tion, and they always had enough besides for their
own use on excursions. (Our hikes.)

“Such has been the reward of the care, given so
perseveringly and intelligently to the gardening.

“And what an admirable lesson ! Not a minute was
lost in this out-of-door work; chest and muscles filled
out ; and at the same time the girls learned to recognize
weather signs; rain or sun were the factors which
determined the success or non-success of the planting.
And each day, there grew in them also love and grati-
tude for the earth and its elements, without the assist-
ance of wnich we could harvest nothing.

“Is this not the best method of preparing our youth
to return to the land, to the healthy and safe life of
the beautiful countryside of France; by showing them
the interest and usefulness that lie in agricultural
labor?

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

“So the Eclaireuse becomes a model of the new
women, used to sports, possessing her First Aid
Diploma, able to cook good simple meals, marching
under orders, knowing how to obey, ready to accept
her responsibilities, good-natured and lively in rain or

sun, in public or in her home They continue

their courses in sewing, hygiene and gymnastics and
assist eagerly at conferences arranged for them to dis-
cuss the duties of the Eclaireuses and what it is neces-
sary to do to become a good Captain.

“To make themselves useful— that is the ideal of
the Eclaireuses. They know that in order to do this
it is becoming more and more necessary to acquire a
broad and complete knowledge/’

It is quite a feather in the cap of this great Scout
Family of ours that we are teaching the French girl,
who has not been accustomed to leave her home or to
work in clubs or troops, what a jolly, wonder-working
thing a crowd of girls, all forging ahead together, can
be.

In our own country we were protected from the worst
sides of the great war, but we had a wonderful oppor-
tunity to show how we could Be Prepared ourselves by
seeing that our brave soldiers were prepared.

Our War Records show an immense amount of Red
Cross supplies, knitting, comfort kits, food grown and
conserved in every way, money raised for Liberty Loans
and Thrift Stamps, war orphans adopted, home replace-
ment work undertaken and carried through; all these
to so great an amount that the country recognized
our existence arid services as never before in our history,
the Government, indeed, employing sixty uniformed
Scouts as messengers in the Surgeon General’s Depart-
ment.

Perhaps it is only the truth to say that the war showed

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

our Country what we could Be Prepared to do for her!
And it showed us, too.

It has been said that women can never be the same
after the great events of the last few years, and we must
never forget that the Girl Scouts of today are the women
of tomorrow.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

FLAG RAISING AT DAWN

SECTION V

THE OUT-OF-DOOR SCOUT

Busy as the Girl Scout may be with learning to do in
a clever, up-to-date way all the things to improve her
home and town that the old pioneer girls knew how to
do, she never forgets that the original Scouts were out-
of-door people. So long as there are bandages to make
or babies to bathe or meals to get or clothes to make,
she does them all, quickly and cheerfully, and is very
rightly proud of the badges she gets for having learned
to do them all, and the sense of independence that comes
from all this skill with her hands. It gives her a real
glow of pleasure to feel that because of her First Aid
practice she may be able to save a life some day, and
that the hours of study she put in at her home nursing
and invalid cooking may make her a valuable asset to the
community in case of any great disaster or epidemic;
but the real fun of scouting lies in the great life of out-
of-doors, and the call of the woods is answered quicker
by the Scout than by anybody, because the Scout learns
just how to get the most out of all this wild, free life and
how to enjoy it with the least trouble and the most fun.

One of our most experienced and best loved Captains
says that “a camp is as much a necessity for the Girl
Scouts as an office headquarters,” and more and more
girls are learning to agree with her every year.

Our British cousins are the greatest lovers of out-of-
door life in the world, and it is only natural that we
should look to our Chief Scout to hear what he has to
say to his Girl Guides on this subject so dear to his heart
that he founded Scouting, that all boys and girls might
share his enthusiastic pleasure in going back to Nature
to study and to love her and to gain happiness and health
from her woods and fields.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

HOW CAMPING TEACHES THE GUIDE LAW

Last year a man went out into the woods in America to try
and see if he could live like the prehistoric men used to do ; that
is to say, he took nothing with him in the way of food or equip-
ment or even clothing — he went just as he was, and started out
to make his own living as best he could. Of course the first
thing he had to do was to make some sort of tool or weapon
by which he could kill some animals, cut his wood and make his
fire and so on. So he made a stone axe, and with that was able
to cut out branches of trees so that he could make a trap in which
he eventually caught a bear and killed it. He then cut up the bear
and used the skin for blankets and the flesh for food. He also
cut sticks and made a little instrument by which he was able to
ignite bits of wood and so start his fire. He also searched out
various roots and berries and leaves, which he was able to cook
and make into good food, and he even went so far as to make
charcoal and to cut slips of bark from the trees and draw pictures
of the scenery and animals around him. In this way he lived for
over a month in the wild, and came out in the end very much
better in health and spirits and with a great experience of life.
For he had learned to shift entirely for himself and to be in-
dependent of the different things we get in civilization to keep
us going in comfort.

That is why we go into camp a good deal in the Boy Scout
and in the Girl Guide movement, because in camp life we learn
to do without so many things which while we are in houses we
think are necessary, and find that we can do for ourselves many
things where we used to think ourselves helpless. And before
going into camp it is just as well to learn some of the things
that will be most useful to you when you get get there. And that
is what we teach in the Headquarters of the Girl Guide Com-
panies before they go out and take the field. For instance, you
must know how to light your own fire ; how to collect dry
enough wood to make it burn; because you will not find gas
stoves out in the wild. Then you have to learn how to find your
own water, and good water that will not make you ill. You have
not a whole cooking range or a kitchen full of cooking pots,
and so you have to learn to cook your food in the simplest way
with the means at your hand, such as a simple cooking pot or a
roasting stick or an oven made with your own hands out of an
old tin box or something of that kind.

NATURE STUDY

It is only while in camp that one can really learn to study
Nature in the proper way and not as you merely do it inside the
school; because here you are face to face with Nature at all
hours of the day and night. For the first time you live under

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

the stars and can watch them by the hour and see what they
really look like, and realize what an enormous expanse of almost
endless space they cover. You know from your lessons at school
that our sun warms and lights up a large number of different
worlds like ours, all circling round it in the Heavens. And when
you hold up a shilling at arm’s length and look at the sky, the
shilling covers no less than two hundred of those suns, each with
their different little worlds circling round them. And you then
begin to realize what an enormous endless space the Heavens
comprise. You realize perhaps for the first time the enormous
work of God.

Then also in camp you are living among plants of every kind,
and you can study them in their natural state, how they grow and
what they look like, instead of merely seeing pictures of them in
books or dried specimens of them in collections.

All round you, too, are the birds and animals and insects, and
the more you know of them the more you begin to like them and
to take an interest in them ; and once you take an interest in them
you do not want to hurt them in any way. You would not rob a
bird’s nest; you would not bully an animal; you would not kill
an insect — once you have realized what its life and habits are. In
this way, therefore, you fulfill the Guide Law of becoming a
friend to animals.

vBy living in camp you begin to find that though there are
many discomforts and difficulties to be got over, they can be got
over with a little trouble and especially if you smile at them and
tackle them.

Then living among other comrades in camp you have to be
helpful and do good turns at almost every minute, and you have
to exercise a great deal of give and take and good temper, other-
wise the camp would become unbearable.

So you carry out the different laws of courteousness, of help-
fulness, and friendliness to others that come in the Guide Law.
Also you pick up the idea of how necessary it is to keep every-
thing in its place, and to keep your kit and tent and ground as
clean as possible ; otherwise you get into a horrible state of dirt,
and dirt brings flies and other inconveniences.

You save every particle of food and in this way you learn not
only cleanliness, but thrift and economy. And you very soon
realize how cheaply you can live in camp, and how very much
enjoyment you can get for very little money. And as you live in
the fresh, pure air of God you find that your own thoughts are
clean and pure as the air around you. There is hardly one of the
Guide Laws that is not better carried out after you have been
living and practising it in camp.

Habits of Animals. — If you live in the country it is of course

1 o
JO

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

quite easy to observe and watch the habits of all sorts of annuals
great and small. But if you are in a town there are many diffi-
culties to be met with. But at the same time if you can keep pets
of any kind, rabbits, rats, mice, dogs or ponies you can observe
and watch their habits and learn to understand them well ; but
generally for Guides it is more easy to watch birds, because yon
see them both in town and country; and especially when you go
into camp or on walking tours you can observe and watch their
habits, especially in the springtime.

Then it is that you see the old birds making their nests, hatch-
ing out their eggs and bringing up their young; and that is oi;
course the most interesting time for watching them. A good
observant guide will get to know the different kinds of birds by
their cry, by their appearance, and by their way of flying. She
will also get to know where their nests are to be found, what
sort of nests they are, what are the colours of the eggs and so on.
And also how the young appear. Some of them come out fluffy,
others covered with feathers, others with very little on at all.
The young pigeon, for instance, has no feathers at all, whereas
a young moorhen can swim about as soon as it comes out of the
egg; while chickens run about and hunt flies within a few
minutes; and yet a sparrow is quite useless for some days and is
blind, and has to be fed and coddled by his parents.

Then it is an interesting sight to see the old birds training
their young ones to fly by getting up above them and flapping
their wings a few times until all the young ones imitate them.
Then they hop from one twig to another, still flapping their
wings, and the young ones follow suit and begin to find that their
wings help them to balance; and finally they jump from one
branch to another for some distance so that the wings support
them in their effort. The young ones very soon find that they
are able to use their wings for flying, but it is all done by degrees
and by careful instruction.

Then a large number of our birds do not live all the year
round in England, but they go off to Southern climes such as
Africa when the winter comes on; but they generally turn up
here at the end of March and make their nest during the spring.
Nightingales arrive early in April; wagtails, turtle doves, and
cuckoos come late in April ; woodcock come in the autumn, and
redpoles and fieldfares also come here for the winter. In
September you will see the migrating birds collecting to go away,
the starlings in their crowds and the swallows for the South,
and so do the warblers, the flycatchers, and the swifts. And yet
about the same time the larks are arriving here from the East-
ward, so there is a good deal of traveling among the birds iri
the air at all times of the year/’

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

How many of our American Scouts are able to supply
from their observation all of our native birds to take
the places of these mentioned in this lovely paragraph?
Everyone should be able to.

Nature in the City. — This noticing of small things, especially
in animal life, not only gives you great interest, but it also gives
you great fun and enjoyment in life. Even if you live in a city
you can do a certain amount of observation of birds and animals.
You would think there is not much fun to be got out of it in a
murky town like London or Sheffield, and yet if you begin to
notice and know all about the sparrows you begin to find there
is a great deal of character and amusement to be got out of them,
by watching their ways and habits, their nesting, and their way
of teaching their young ones to fly.

•OBSERVATION.

<e Stalking. — A Guide has toxbe sharp at seeing things if she is
going to be any good as a Guide. She has to notice every little
track and every little sign, and it is this studying of tracks and
following them out and finding out their meaning which we in-
clude under the name of stalking. For instance, if you want to
find a bird’s-nest you have to stalk. That is to say, you watch
a bird flying into a bush and guess where its nest is, and follow
it up and find the nest. With some birds it is a most difficult
thing to find their nests ; take, for instance, the skylark or the
snipe. But those who know the birds, especially the snipe, will
recognize their call. The snipe when she is alarmed gives quite
a different call from when she is happy and flying about. She
has a particular call when she has young ones about. So that
those who have watched and listened and know her call when
they hear it know pretty well where the young ones are or where
the nest is and so on.

“ How to Hide Yourself. — When you want to observe wild ani-
mals you have to stalk them, that is, creep up to them without
their seeing or smelling you.

“A hunter when he is stalking wild animals keeps himself en-
tirely hidden, so does the war scout when watching or looking
for the enemy; a policeman does not catch pickpockets by stand-
ing about in uniform watching for them; he dresses like one of
the crowd, and as often as not gazes into a shop window and sees
all that goes on behind him reflected as if in a looking-glass.

“If a guilty person finds himself being v/atched, it puts him on
his guard, while an innocent person becomes annoyed. So, when
you are observing people, don’t do so by openly staring at them,
but notice the details you want to at one glance or two, and if

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

you want to study them more, walk behind them ; you can learn
just as much from a back view, in fact more than you can from
a front view, and, unless they are scouts and look round
frequently, they do not know that you are observing them.

“War scouts and hunters stalking game always carry out two
important things when they don’t want to be seen.

Background. — One is — they take care that the ground behind
them , or trees , or buildings , etc are of the same colour as vheir
clothes.

“Freezing.” — In that way a scout, even though he is out in the
open, will often escape being noticed. This is called by scouts
“Freezing.”

And the other is — if an enemy or a deer is seen looking for
them, they remain perfectly still without moving so long as he
is there.

Tracking. — The native hunters I:i most wild countries follow
their game by watching for tracks on the ground, and they be-
come so expert at seeing the slightest sign of a footmark on the
ground that they can follow up their prey when an ordinary
civilized man can see no sign whatever. But the great reason
for looking for signs and tracks is that from these you can read
a meaning. It is exactly like reading a book. You will see the
different letters, each letter combining to make a word, and the
words then make sense ; and there are also commas and full-
stops and colons ; all of these alter the meaning of the sense.
There are all little signs which one who is practised and has
learnt reading makes into sense at once, whereas a savage who
has never learned could make no sense of it at all. And so it is
with tracking.

TRACKING.

“Sign” is the word used by Guides to mean any little details,
such as footprints, broken twigs, trampled grass, scraps of food,
old matches, etc.

Some native Indian trackers were following up the footprints
of a panther that had killed and carried off a young kid. He had
crossed a wide bare slab which, of rock, of course, gave no mark
of his soft feet. The tracker went at once to the far side of the
rock where it came to a sharp edge; he wetted his finger, and
just passed it along the edge till he found a few kid’s hairs
sticking to it. This showed him where the panther had passed
down off the rock, dragging the kid with him. Those few hairs
were what Guides call “sign.”

This tracker also found bears by noticing small “sign.” On one
occasion he noticed a fresh scratch in the bark of a tree, evidently
made by a bear’s claw, and on the other he found a single black
hair sticking to the bark of a tree, which told him that a bear had
rubbed against it.

SCOUTING FOR CIRLS

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These are the tracks of two birds on the ground. One that
lives generally on the ground, the other in bushes and
trees. Which track belongs to which bird?

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Details in the Country. — If you are in the country, you should
notice landmarks — that is, objects which help you to find your
way to prevent your getting lost — such as distant hills and church
towers; and nearer objects, such as peculiar buildings, trees,
gates, rocks, etc.

And remember in noticing such landmarks that you may want
to use your knowledge of them some day for telling some one
else how to find his way, so you must notice them pretty closely
so as to be able to describe them unmistakably and in their proper
order. You must notice and remember every by-road and foot-
path.

Remembrance of these things will help you to find your way by
night or in fog when other people are losing themselves.

Using your Eyes. — Let nothing be too small for your notice —
a button, a match, a hair, a cigar ash, a feather, or a leaf might
be of great importance, even a finger-print which is almost in-
visible to the naked eye has often been the means of detecting a
crime.

With a little practice in observation you can tell pretty
accurately a man’s character from his dress.

How would you recognize that a gentleman was fond of
fishing? If you see his left cuff with little tufts of cloth sticking
up, you may be sure he fishes. When he takes his flies off the
line he will either stick them into his cap to dry, or hook them
into his sleeve. When dry he pulls them out, which often tears
a thread or two of the cloth.

Remember how “Sherlock Holmes” met a stranger, and noticed
that he was looking fairly well-to-do, in new clothes with a
mourning band on his sleeve, with a soldierly bearing and a
sailor’s way of walking, sunburns, with tattoo marks on his
hands, and he was carrying some children’s toys in has hand.
What would you have supposed that man to be? Well, Sherlock
Holmes guessed correctly that he had lately retired from the
Royal Marines as a sergeant, that his wife had died, and that he
had some small children at home.

Practice in Observation. — Instructor can take the finger-
marks of each girl. Lightly rub the thumb on blacklead or on
paper that is blacked with pencil, then press the thumb on paper
and examine u'ith magni flying glass. Show that no two peoples'
prints are alike.

In Town. — Practice your girls first in walking down a street to
notice the different kinds of shops as they pass, and to remember
them in their proper sequence at the end.

Then to notice and remember the names on the shops.

Then to notice and remember the contents of a shop window
after two minutes’ gaze. Finally, to notice the contents of several
shop windows in succession zmih half a minute at each. Give
marks for the fullest list.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

The Guides must also notice prominent buildings as landmarks,
and the number of turnings off the street they are using.

In the Country. — Take the patrol out for a walk and teach
the girls to notice distant prominent features such as hills, church
steeples, and so on; and as nearer landmarks such things as
peculiar buildings, trees, rocks, gates, by-roads or paths, nature
of fences, crops, different kinds of trees, birds, animals, tracks ,
people, vehicles, etc. Also any peculiar smells of plants, animals,
manure, etc.; whether gates or doors were open or shut, whether
any smoke from chimney, etc.

Send Guides out in pairs.

It adds to the value of the practice if the instructor makes a
certain number of small marks in the ground beforehand, or
leaves buttons or matches, etc., for the girls to notice or to pick
up and bring in as a means of making them examine the ground
close to them as well as distant objects.

Practices in Natural History. — Take out Guides to get speci-
mens of leaves, fruits, or blossoms of various trees, shrubs, etc.,
and observe the shape and nature of the tree both in summer and
in winter.

Collect leaves of different trees; let Guides make tracings of
them and write the name of the tree on each.

In the country make Guides examine crops in all stages of
their growth, so that they know pretty well by sight what kind of
crop is coming up.

Start gardens if possible ; either a patrol garden or individual
Guides’ gardens. Let them grove flowers and vegetables for profit
to pay for their equipment, etc.. Show all the wild plants which
may be made use of for food. Find yew trees ; report if any
good branches to make archers’ bows of.

Encourage the keeping of live pets , whether birds, animals,
reptiles, insects . Show hozv to keep illustrated diary-records of
plants, insects, birds, etc., giving dates when seen for comparison
following year and showing their peculiar markings, etc.

If in a town take your Guides to the Zoological Gardens A
menagerie or Natural History Museum, and show them particular
animals on which you are prepared to lecture. Not more than
half a dozen for one visit .

If in the country get farmer or shepherd to help with informa-
tion on the habits of farm animals, e. g. how a cow lies down
and when. How to milk, stalk rabbits, water voles, trout, birds,
etc., and watch their habits ,

SECTION VI

FORMS FOR SCOUT CEREMONIES

1. ENROLLMENT

Before a girl may become enrolled as a regular Girl
Scout she must be at least ten years old, and must have
attended the meetings of a Troop for at least a month,
during which time she must have passed her Tenderfoot
Test. The Captain must have prepared the candidate
for enrollment by explaining the meaning of the Promise
and the Laws and making sure that she fully under-
stands the meaning of the oath she is about to make, and
that she also comprehends the meaning of “honor.” The
following is a convenient form for enrollments.

(1) The Scouts stand in the form of a horseshoe with
the officer who is to enroll at the open side facing
Scouts.

(2) Officer addresses troops on the subject of what it
means to be a Scout.

(3) Patrol Leader brings candidate to officer and sa-
lutes and returns to place.

(4) Officer addresses candidate in low tone: “What
does your honor mean?”

Candidate answers.

Officer: “Will you on your honor, try: To do your
duty to God and to your Country; to help other
people at all times ; to obey the Scout Laws ?”
Candidate and officer both salute as candidate re-
peats Promise. Officer: “I trust you on your
honor to keep this Promise.”

(5) Officer pins Tenderfoot Badge on the new Scout,
explaining what it stands for, that it symbolizes
her Scout life, and so forth.

(6) Scout and officer salute each other. Scout turns

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

and troop salutes her, scout returning salute, and
then goes alone to her place.

(7) All Scouts present repeat Promise and Laws.
Troop then breaks ranks to take up some Scout
activity.

When many scouts are to be enrolled, four at a time
may be presented to the officer, but each should singly
be asked and should answer the question: “What is your
honor ?” All four repeat the Promise together and the
officer addresses all together in saying: “I trust you on
your honor to keep this Promise/’ but speaks to each
separately as she puts on the pin.

A Captain may perform this ceremony or she may ask
some higher Scout officer to do so.

2. Presentation of Other Badges

The following form of ceremony was devised for
special use in the presentation of the highest honor at-
tainable by a Girl Scout, the Golden Eaglet, but the same
outline may be followed for giving Merit Badges, and
First and Second Class Badges, or any other medals or
honors.

Presentation of Golden Eaglet. — As the presentation of
the Golden Eaglet is an important occasion in the life of
a Scout and her Troop, it should take place at a public
Scout function, such as a District or Community Rally,
a reception to a distinguished guest of the Scouts, or pos-
sibly at the time of a civic celebration.

The Court of Honor is responsible for all details of
the meeting, and it is suggested that it invite parents-,
friends and other persons interested in the Scout move-
ment to be present. The medal may be presented by the
Chairman of the Court of Honor, some other member of
that Committee or by a higher Scout officer.

Arrangements for the ceremony should be planned so
that during the presentation of guests, the Court of

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Honor, the Eaglet’s troop ahd the Color Guard form a
hollow squaie, with the Captain at her post three paces
in front of the Troop, the Lieutenant at her post “center
and rear” of the Troop. The ceremony should be re-
hearsed wherever possible, so that all action and form
shall be as smart as possible.

1. The Court of Honor enters and takes its place
at right angles to the assembled guests.

2. The Captain enters, takes post, and gives all com-
mands.

3. The Color Guard (bearer of the American flag,
bearer of the Troop flag, and two guards) followed by
Troop to which the Eaglet belongs, enter and march two
paces in front of the Court of Honor. The lieutenant is
at the left of the leading file. The Troop marches in
single file, by twos or in Squad formation according to
the number, and the space available.

When the Troop is very large, or the space restricted,
the Eaglet’s Patrol may take the place of the Troop. As
the Colors pass, the Court of Honor should rise, stand
at attention, and if Scouts, salute.

4. When the Color Guard at the head of the column
has passed the Court of Honor, the command “Column
left, MARCH !” is given. When the last file has com-
pleted the movement, the following commands are given :

(1) “Scouts, HALT!”

(2) “Left, FACE,” or

“Squads, left, MARCH, Squads, HALT,” ac-
cording to the formation of the column.

(3) “Right, DRESS, FRONT!”

5. At the command “Left, FACE,” or “Squads left,
MARCH, Squads HALT,” the Color Guard makes a left
turn, marches forward until on a line with the Court of
Honor, again makes a left turn, immediately halts and
grounds flags.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

6. When the Troop and Color Guard are in position,
the Captain gives the command “ Patrol Leader and
Eaglet, forward, MARCH !” The Patrol Leader escorts
the Eaglet to the Captain, salutes the Captain and re-
turns to her position in line.

7. The Chairman of the Court of Honor comes for-
ward, the Captain faces her, salutes, and presents the
Eaglet to her.

8. The Chairman after reading the list of Merit
Badges which the Scout has earned in order to receive
the Golden Eaglet, pins the medal on to the Eaglet’s
blouse, over the middle of the right pocket. The Eaglet
salutes.

If desired, this is the opportunity for the Official pre-
senting the badge to say a few words.

9. After the presentation, the Eaglet turns, and fac-
ing her Captain and Troop, stands at attention as the
Colors are raised, the Scout flag dipped, and the Troop
salutes. The Eaglet returns the salute and then marches
to her position in line.

10. The Captain gives the command “Color Guard
forward, MARCH.” The Color Guard marches in front
of the Captain and Troop who salute as the colors pass,
make a right turn two paces in front of the Court of
Honor and march out.

11. After the colors have left the “square” the Lieu-
tenant takes her position at the left of the leading file.

The Captain gives the commands :

“Right, FACE, MARCH!” or Squads right,
MARCH !”

“Column left, MARCH !”

and the Troop marches out. The Captain turns, salutes
the Court of Honor and passes out.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

O— Lieut.

oooo oooo

Troop —

, oooo oooo
O — Capt.

C XX

Color c xx

Guard c x x

c xx

Court of
Honor

Guests

Where there is no Local Council or Court of Honor,
Captains are asked to communicate with the National
Headquarters concerning the ceremony of presentation
of the Golden Eaglet.

ALTERNATE FORMS FOR SCOUT
CEREMONIES

In the case of troops for which this formal procedure
is not practical, and for the better assistance of Captains
and Councils who feel the need of a more definite formu-
lation of the Scout principles on these occasions, the fol-
lowing ceremonies are suggested. They are designed
to meet the necessity for expressing at each stage of the
Scout’s progress, recognition of her achievement up to
that point and appreciation of her future responsibilities.

1. Tenderfoot Enrollment

1. The Troop being assembled in any desired forma-
tion, the Captain calls forward those who have passed
the test.

Captain : “Scout

, do you think you know what

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it means to be loyal to God and your Country, t©
help other people at all times, and to obey the
Scout Laws ?”

Scout: “I think I do, and I will try my best not

to fail in any of them.,, *

This is repeated to each Tenderfoot.

Captain: “Are you ready to make your Promise

with your Troop ?”

New Scouts (together): “Yes.”

Captain: “Scouts of Troop , repeat your

promise.”

All salute and repeat the Promise.

Captain: “I trust you on your honor to keep this
Promise.”

(Here, when practicable, investiture of hat, neck-
erchief, etc., takes place.)

Captain then pins on Tenderfoot pin. While
attaching it, she says:

Captain: “This pin makes you a Girl Scout. It

is yours, so long as you are worthy of it.”
Captain dismisses recently enrolled Scouts to
their Troop position .

(Here the Captain may add, if she wishes, any -
thing in her judgment applicable to the Troop as
a whole, or to the new Scouts individually.)

2. Conferring Second Class Badges

The Troop being assembled in any desired formation,
the Captain calls forward those who have passed the test.

Captain: “Scout , you have learned what is

necessary for a Second Class Scout to know.
Do you think you can apply your knowledge, if
the occasion should arise?”

Scout: “I think so, and I will always try to Be

Prepared.”

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Captain : “Scouts (reciting the candidates ’ names

in order), do you think that the discpline and
training you have gone through have made you
more capable of doing your duty to God and to
your Country, of helping other people at all
times and of obeying the Scout Laws, than you
were as a Tenderfoot ?”

Scouts (together) : “Yes.”

Captain ( pinning on each badge, and speaking to
each Scout as she does so): “You are now a

Second Class Scout, which means that though
you have learned much, you have still much to
learn.”

Captain dismisses Second Class Scouts to their
Troop position .

(Here the Captain may address the Troop at her
discretion.)

3. Conferring First Class Badge

The Troop being assembled in any desired formation ,
the Captain calls forward those zvho have passed the test
and presents them to the presiding Official.

Captain: “Commissioner , these Scouts of

■ Troop have passed their First Class Tests.

I recommend them to you for First Class
badges.”

Official ( to each Scout separately , the Captain giving

her the name) : “Scout , you have passed

the final Scout test. You should thoroughly un-
derstand by now the meaning of duty to God and
Country, the privilege of helpfulness to others,
and the seriousness of the Scout Laws. Are you
sure that you do?”

Scout: “I am. And I realize that I must help

other Scouts to see these things as I see them.”

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Official: “Scouts (reading the candidates ’

names in order), it has taken a great deal of
thought and time and energy on the part of a
great many people to enable you to wear this
badge. Are you prepared to pay this back in
generous service, when and where you can?”

Scouts (together): “Yes.”

Official (pinning on each badge and speaking to
each Scout as she does so): “You are now a

First Class Scout. Remember that the world
will judge us by you.”

Official (to Captain) : “I congratulate you, Cap-
tain , Troop — , and the members of

the Council, on these First Class Scouts, and I

trust that the Town of will have every

reason to be proud of them and to feel that it
can depend upon them as especially good citizens
and loyal Americans.”

Captain acknozvledges this in suitable manner and
dismisses First Class Scouts to Troop position .
(Here the Official may address the audience at
discretion.)

4. Conferring Merit Badges

The Troop being assembled in any desired formation,
the Captain calls forward those who have passed the test
and presents them to the presiding Official. (Note — The
Merit Badges may be conferred by a member or members
of the Council, if desired.)

Captain: “Members of the Girl Scout Council of

, these Scouts have passed the various

tests for their Merit Badges, and I recommend
them to you for decoration accordingly.”

Official : “Scouts (reading the list), you have fairly
won the right to wear these badges we are about

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

to present to you, and we are glad to do so. We
take this opportunity of reminding you, how-
ever, that all good Scouts understand that they
are far from having completely mastered the
subjects represented by these badges. The sym-
bols which you wear on your sleeve mean that
you have an intelligent interest in the subjects
you have chosen, understand the principles of
them, and can give reasonable, practical proof
of this. Do you realize that the Girl Scout
Organization credits you with a good founda-
tion and trusts to you to continue to build upon
it intelligently ?”

Scouts (together): “Yes.”

Official (pinning on badges and speaking to each
girl separately) : “We congratulate you on your

perseverance and wish you all success in your
work.”

Note — When more than one badge is to be pre-
sented to a Scout , they may be attached, for the
ceremony, to a piece of ribbon and put on with
one motion.)

Captain dismisses Scouts to Troop position .

(Here the official may address the audience at
discretion.)

This ceremony being distinctly less formal and
intimate than the regular class awards, Scout
songs and cheers are in order.

5. Golden Eaglet Ceremony

The Troop being assembled in any desired formation,
the Captain presents the Golden Eaglet to the Official
who is to make the award.

Captain: “Commissioner , Scout , of

Troop , of — , has not only passed the

twenty-one Merit Badge Tests required for the

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

honor of the Golden Eaglet, but is, in the judg-
ment of her Troop, fully worthy of it. We there-
fore recommend her to you for the decoration. ”

Official: “What badges does Scout offer?”

Captain reads the list Badges earned by the
Candidate.

Official: “Troop , do you agree that Scout

has fairly won this decoration and that

you are willing to have her represent you to your
National Organization as your Golden Eaglet ?”
Troop (together): “Yes.”

Official : “Members of the Council, do you agree
that Scout — has fairly won this decora-

tion and that you are willing to have her repre-
sent you to your community as your Golden
Eaglet ?”

Council ( rising if seated) : “Yes.”

Official: “Scout , you have won the highest

honor in the gift of the Girl Scouts/7
“If the Scout life meant nothing more to you
• than a reasonable understanding of certain sub-
jects, there would now be nothing more for the
Girl Scouts to teach you ; but I am sure that your
training has not failed in this respect, and that
you understand now, even better than the average
Girl Scout, that your great principles of duty to
God and Country, helpfulness to others, and
obedience to the Scout Laws, are lessons that no
Scout can fully learn as long as she lives. Do
you agree to this?”

Golden Eaglet : “I agree to it thoroughly.”

Official (pinning on badge): “I have the honor of
naming you a Golden Eaglet, and in the name of
the Girl Scouts I congratulate you heartily on
your fine achievement.”

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Scout salutes or shakes the hand of the Official , as
desired, and returns to her troop position.

(Here the Official may address the audience at
discretion).

The accompanying diagram of suggested relative posi-
tions in Scout ceremonies lends itself equally to a small
room, theatre, hall or open field. Whether the Scouts
form a troop or even one patrol ; whether they make use
of strict military formation or informal grouping;
whether the visiting Scout dignitaries are many or lim-
ited to one member of the local Council, the Scout bodies
face each other, and the guest or guests of honor, equally
with the general audience, can observe the Troop and the
candidates easily from the side.

All Troops who are familiar with military drill can take
their usual positions in their usual manner and observe
all details of color guard, salutes, etc., to any desired ex-
tent. Troops and Captains not familiar with such pro-
cedure, by accustoming themselves to this general group-
ing, will always be able to present a dignified appearance.

Note: These suggestions for the various ceremonials
assume that the regular opening of the Scout meetings
has already taken place; therefore nothing is given but
the actual matter of the presentations, etc. In the case
of the Tenderfoot, Second Class and First Class awards,
the ceremonies constitute the special business of the meet-
ing, and opening and closing should proceed as usual.
They are distinctly Scout business and are not, in general,
offered to the public.

The awarding of Merit Badges might with advantage
be connected with any local civic ceremony where interest
in young people may be created; and in the case of the
Golden Eaglet award it is distinctly desirable thus to
connect it. Any visiting dignitary, national or state, may
with propriety be asked to officiate; and where different

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

organizations are taking their various parts in a public
function, it will not always be possible to claim the time
nor the space for the regular Scout opening ceremonies,
nor would this necessarily be advisable. It is, therefore,
well to be provided with a form like the preceding, where
a small delegation from the Troop, the Captain and a
Councillor could, if necessary, represent the essential
units of the organization among a number of other so-
cieties ; and the words of the ceremony would explain
the occasion sufficiently without much concerted action,
and may be inserted at the proper place, preceded and
followed by any Troop or local customs preferred.

PLAN OF ASSEMBLY FOR GIRL SCOUT CEREMONIES

6. How to Conduct a Girl Scout Meeting
1. Calling to Order.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

One long whistle blast: Silence (listen for orders).

Three short whistle blasts : “Fall In” three paces in
front of Captain.

Squad Formation:

5678 5678

1234 1234

0 0

Lieut. Capt.

Captain, lieutenant or patrol leader gives commands:

“Attention” (See Scout Drill)

“Right Dress”

“Front”

2. Inspection.

Captain inspects personal appearance and posture, in-
cluding hair, shoes, uniform, hands and nails. (Scouts
hold hands out for this purpose.) At each correction
Captain says in low voice, “One step forward.” Inspec-
tion over, Captain takes position and reports, “So many
corrections in Patrol No. — ” stating nature of correc-
tion, but no names, then says, “Your places.”

3. Saluting the Colors.

“Color Bearer” or (Color Guard) “Forward-Centers
March.” Scout appointed as Color Bearer marches to
where flag is, either alone, if in troop of one patrol, or
escorted on either side by two Scouts acting as “Color
Guard.” They draw up behind the Captain facing the
troop, and hold the flag erect for the salute. “Scouts,
the flag of your Country. Pledge allegiance.”

At the command, “Place the flag,” they wheel and
march back to replace it, then take their places.

4. The Star Spangled Banner (One verse)

5. Scout Promise, Salute.

6. Scout Laws, Repeat.

7. “Fall Out.”

8. Business Meeting.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

9. Discussion of one Scout Law.

10. Scout activities. Work for tests, games.

Closing Exercises

1. “Fall In.”

2. America, or Battle Hymn of the Republic.

3. “Dismissed.” Scouts salute Captain.

The form for opening and closing exercises suggested
above takes only 20 minutes and is a practical method
of ensuring uniformity when groups from different
troops come together. Troops may use more elaborate
forms, depending upon the amount of time which the
girls wish to spend upon this type of work. For in-
stance :

(a) In a troop composed of many patrols each Cor-
poral forms her patrol and reports to the Lieutenant, who
in turn reports to the Captain, “The company is formed,”
etc.

(b.) In dismissing, troops with a bugler may play
“Taps” or may sing the same to words locally composed.

c. In some troops Corporals give commands. This is
good because it emphasizes the patrol system.

But the form outlined is given as the minimum require-
ment, and troops using it need never feel at a loss in large
rallies, for every ceremony necessary to express the Scout
spirit with dignity is there.

No additions made locally should change the essential
order of these exercises, all additions which are made
being merely amplifications of it in detail, which may
not be possible nor desirable in every community.

Business Meeting

The meeting opens with the Chairman, Secretary and
Treasurer in place, with the Secretary at the right
and the Treasurer at the left of the Chairman. The idea
is to have every Scout in the troop learn to be the Chair-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

man so that any and all could act in the capacity of a
Business Chairman at any kind of meeting.

The meeting is called to order by thb Chairman. “Will
the meeting please come to order ?”

The Chairman asks the Secretary to call the roll. “Will
the Secretary call the roll? And will the Treasurer col-
lect the dues ?”

The Chairman calls for the Secretary’s report. “Will
the Secretary read the minutes of the last meeting?”

The Chairman calls for corrections of the minutes.
“Are there any corrections?”

If there are none she says: “If not, the minutes stand
approved.”

If there are corrections the Chairman calls for further
corrections, “Are there further corrections, etc. If not,
the minutes stand approved as corrected.”

Form of Secretary’s report: “The regular meeting of
Pansy Troop No. 5, held at the club house, on April 4th,
was called to order at 3 o’clock. In the absence of the

Chairman, Scout took the chair. The minutes

of the previous meeting were read and approved, dues

collected amounted to . After — — was discussed

and voted upon, the meeting adjourned.”

The Chairman calls for the Treasurer’s report. “Will

the Treasurer give her report?”

Form of Treasurer’s report:

Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1919 $2.50

Members’ dues $1.00

Fines , .30 1.30

Total $3.80

Disbursements —

Janitor $1.00 $1.00

Balance on hand 2.80

Total $3.80

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

The Chairman calls for corrections as before.

Then the Chairman calls for a discussion of old busi-
ness, that is, anything discussed at previous meetings,
that has been left undone or left to be decided at a later
date. Any member of the meeting may bring up this old
business, or the Chairman may start the discussion. “The

business .before the meeting is . What is your

pleasure in regard to this/’ or “Will anyone make a
motion?”

The member who wishes to make the motion says :
“Madam Chairman, I move that — ”

Another member who agrees to this says: “I second
the motion.”

If the motion is not seconded at once, the Chairman
says : “Will anyone second the motion?”

After the motion has been moved and seconded the
Chairman immediately states the question as, “It has
been moved and seconded that the troop have a Rally on
May 2. Are you ready for the question?” or “The
question is now open for discussion.” If no one rises,
the Chairman proceeds to put the question. “All those
in favor say aye, opposed no.”

Then the Chairman says, “The motion is carried,” or
“The motion is not carried,” as the case may be.

After the old business has been attended to, the Chair-
man calls for new business, saying, “Is there any new
business to be discussed?”

The Chairman then dismisses the meeting by calling
for a motion for adjournment.

Adjournment : “Will some one move that the meeting
be adjourned?”

If this is moved and seconded it is not necessary to put
it to a vote.

The Chairman says: “The meeting is adjourned.

SECTION VII

GIRL SCOUT CLASS TESTS

1. Tenderfoot Test

Before enrolling as a Tenderfoot a girl must be ten
3^ears old and have attended at least four meetings, cov-
ering at least one month in time. In addition to the
material covered by the test, the Captain must have
thoroughly explained to her the meaning of the Pledge
of Allegiance to the Flag, the Scout Promise and the
Scout Laws, and be sure of her general understanding
of them as well as of her ability to respect them. This
test is given by the Troop Captain.

Tenderfoot Test
Head

1. What are the Scout Promise and the Scout Laws?
Give them as printed in Handbook.

2. Demonstrate the Scout Salute. When do Scouts
use the Salute?

3. What are the Scout Slogan and the Scout Motto?

4. How is the respect due the American Flag ex-
pressed? Give the Pledge of Allegiance.

5. What are the words of the first and last stanza of
The Star-Spangled Banner?

6. What is the full name of the President of the
United States?

What is the full name of the Governor of your
State ?

What is the full name of the highest city, town or
village official where you live?

Hands

7* Make or draw an American Flag, using correct
proportions.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

8. Tie the Reef, Bowline, Clove-hitch and Sheep-
shank knots according to instructions given in
Handbook, and tell use of each.

Whip the end of a piece of rope. Indicate and
define the three parts of a rope.

Helpfulness

9. Present record that you have saved or earned
enough money to buy some part of the Scout uni-
form or insignia.

Recommended : Practice Setting-up Exercises, Scout

positions and Tenderfoot Drill as shown in Handbook.

II. Second Class Test

While it is not necessary to devote any specified length
of time to the training for this test, it is well to remember
that if too long a time is taken, either because of lack of
interest on the part of the Troop, or too inflexible stand-
ards on the part of the Captain, the possibility of winning
Merit Badges is delayed and the feeling of steady pro-
gress is likely to be lost. The girls should be urged to
keep together as a body, and reminded that regular at-
tendance and team-work will be fairer to all. Quick
learners can spend their extra time on private or group
preparation for their Merit Badges, for which they be-
come eligible as soon as they have passed the test, but not
before.

This test may be given by the Troop Captain, or at her
request by another Captain or competent authority, such
as a registered nurse for bedmaking, health officer for
First Aid, fire chief for fire prevention, and so forth.

Second Class Scout Test
Head

1. What is the history of the American Flag, and for
what does it stand?

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

2. Describe six animals, six birds, six trees and six
flowers.

3. What are the sixteen points of the compass? Show
how to use a compass.

4. How may fire be prevented, and what should a
Scout do in case of fire?

5. Send and receive the alphabet of the General Ser-
vice or Semaphore Code.

6. Demonstrate ability to observe quickly and accurate-
ly by describing the contents of a room or a shop
window, or a table with a number of objects upon
it, after looking a short time, (not more than ten
seconds) ; or describe a passer-by so that another
person could identify him ; or prove ability to make
a quick rough report on the appearance and land-
marks of a stretch of country, not to exceed one-
quarter of a mile and to be covered in not more than
five minutes. Report should include such things as
ground surface, buildings in sight, trees, animals,
etc.

(Note: This territory must have been gone over by
person administering the test. The test is not to
be confused with the First Class requirement for
map making. It may be made the object of a hike,
and tested in groups or singly. Artificial hazards
may be arranged.)

» Hands

7. Lay and light a fire in a stove, using not more than
two matches, or light a gas range, top burner, oven
and boiler, without having the gas blow or smoke.
Lay and light a fire in the open, using no artificial
tinder, such as paper or excelsior, and not more
than two matches.

8. Cook so that it may be eaten, seasoning properly,

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

one simple dish, such as cereal, vegetables, meat,
fish or eggs in any other form than boiled.

9. Set a table correctly for a meal of two courses.

10. Make ordinary and hospital bed, and show how to
air them.

11. Present samples of seaming, hemming, darning, and
either knitting or crocheting, and press out a Scout
uniform, as sample of ironing.

Health

12. Demonstrate the way to stop bleeding, remove speck
from eye, treat ivy poisoning, bandage a sprained
ankle, remove a splinter.

13. What do you consider the mam points to remem-
ber about Health ?

(Note: This is based on a knowledge of the section
in the Handbook on Personal Health. It is sug-
gested that a good way to demonstrate practically
a knowledge of the main points is to keep for a
month the Daily Health Record. This will inci-
dentally complete one-third of the requirement for
Health Winner’s Badge.)

14. What are your height and weight, and how do they
compare with the standard?

Helpfulness

15. Present to Captain or Council the proof of satis-
factory service to Troop, Church or Community.

16. Earn or save enough money for some part of per-
sonal or troop equipment.

Recommended : Practice Setting-up Exercises and

Second Class Drill.

III. First Class Test

Work on this test should not be hurried. It is purposely
made m/ore thorough and more difficult, because it is

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

designed for the older and longer trained Scout. The
work for the Merit Badges, which all Scouts enjoy,
should not be considered as interfering with this period,
as such work is also the preparation for a possible Golden
Eaglet degree. As a general rule, girls under fifteen
are not likely to make thoroughly trained First Class
Scouts, nor is the community likely to take their technical
ability in the important subjects very seriously. The
First Class Scout is the ideal Scout, of whom the organi-
zation has every right to feel proud ; and ability to grasp
a subject quickly and memorize details is not so im-
portant as practical efficiency, reliability and demon-
strated usefulness to the Troop and the community.
While the standard must not be set so high as to dis-
courage the average girl, impatience to get through in
any given time should not be encouraged, as this is not
important.

First Class Scout Test
Head

1. Draw a simple map of one square mile of territory
seen on hike or about camping place, according to
directions in Handbook, using at least ten con-
ventional map signs.

2. Demonstrate ability to judge correctly height,
weight, number and distance, according to direc-
tions in Handbook.

3. Demonstrate ability to find any of the four cardinal
points of the compass, using the sun or stars as
guide.

4. Send and receive messages in the General Service
or the Semaphore Code at the rate of thirty and
sixty words a minute respectively.

5. Present the following Badges:

Home Nurse

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First Aide
Homemaker

and any two of the following:

Child Nurse
Health Winner
Laundress
Cook

Needlewoman

Gardener

Health

6. Take an overnight hike, carrying all necessary
equipment and rations ; or

Take a group of younger girls on a day time hike,
planning the whole trip, including where and how
to get the food, assigning to each girl her part in
responsibility, directing transportation and occupa-
tion, and so forth ; or

Be one of four to construct a practical lean-to; or
Demonstrate skating backwards, the outer edge,
and stopping suddenly ; or
Run on skiis ; or

Show your acquaintance from personal observa-
tion of the habits of four animals or four birds.

7. Be able to swim fifty yards, or in case of inaccessi-
bility to water, be able to shin up ten feet of rope,
or in case of physical disability, earn any merit
badge selected that involves out-of-door activity.

Helpfulness

8. Present a Tenderfoot trained by candidate.

9. Present to Captain or Council some definite proof
of service to the community.

10. Earn or save one dollar and start a savings account
in bank or Postal Savings, or buy Thrift Stamps.
Recommended : Practice Setting-up Exercises. Prac-
tice First Class Drill.

AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL

* Words by

Katharine Lee Bates
Maestoso

Music by

Will C. Macfarlane
Municipal Organist, Portland, Maine

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i. O beau ti - ful for spa-ciousskies,For am - ber waves of grain,

2.0 beau -ti- ful for pil -grim feet, Whose stern, im-pas-sion’d stress

3. O beau- ti —ful for he-roes proved, In lib - er - at - ing strife.

4.0 beau ti - ful for pa-triot dream That sees be -yond the years

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A thor-oughfare for freedom beat A-cross the wil-der-ness ! A- mer i - ca ! A

Who more than self their country loved. And mercy more than life ! Amer * i - ca ! A
Thine al a- bas-ter cit- ies gleam Undimm'd by human tears ! A- mer - i - ca ! A

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mer-i - ca ! God shed His grace on thee, And crown thy good with brotherhood, F rom
mer-i - ca! God mend thine ev’ry flaw, Con-firm thy soul in self-control, Thy

mer-i - ca ! May God thy gold re -fine, Till all success be no- ble- ness, And

mer-i ca IGod shed His grace on thee,And crown thy good with brotherhood, F rom

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sea to shining sea !
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sea to shining sea !

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A - mer - i - ca I A - mer -i-ca ! God shed His grace on thee!

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* By permission oi the author.

SECTION VIII

WHAT A GIRL SCOUT SHOULD KNOW

ABOUT THE FLAG

We take the star from Heaven, the red from our mother
country, separating it by white stripes, thus shozving we have
separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to pos-
terity representing liberty. — - George Washington.

The American flag is the symbol of the one-ness of
the nation: when a Girl Scout salutes the flog, there-
fore, she salutes the whole country. The American
Flag is known as “Old Glory, ” “Stars and Stripes,”
“Star-Spangled Banner,” and “The Red, White and
Blue.”

The flag today consists of the field of red and blue
stripes, with the blue field, sometimes known as the
Union in the upper left-hand corner, with forty-eight
white stars. The thirteen stripes stand for the thir-
teen original States — New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. The stars stand
for the States now in the Union.

The colors of the flag are red, representing valor;
white, representing hope, purity and truth; blue, rep-
resenting loyalty, sincerity and justice. The five-pointed
star, which is used, tradition says, at Betsy Ross’ sug-
gestion, is the sign of infinity.

History of the American Flag

We think of ourselves as a young country, but we
have one of the oldest written Constitutions under
which a Nation operates, and our flag is one of the oldest
in existence.

When our forefathers came from Europe to settle

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in this country, which is now the United States, they
brought with them the flags of their home countries*
and planted them on the new territory in symbol of
taking possession of it in the name of their liege kings
and lands. Gradually the colonies came to belong to
England, and the Union Jack became the flag of all,
with the thirteen colonies represented by thirteen
stripes and the Union Jack in the corner. This flag
was known as the Grand Union or Cambridge Flag,
and was displayed when Washington first took com-
mand of the army at Cambridge. It was raised on
December 3, 1775, on the Alfred , flagship of the new
little American Navy, by the senior Lieutenant of the
ship, John Paul Jones, who later defended it gallantly
in man}' battles at sea.

On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence
was signed in Philadelphia and the United Colonies
dissolved all ties that bound them to England and be-
came an independent nation — the United States. It
was immediately necessary to adopt a new flag, as the
new nation would not use the Union Jack. Tradition
says that in the latter part of May, 1776, George Wash-
ington, Robert Morris and Colonel Ross called on
Betsy Ross in Philadelphia to make the first flag, which
they designed. They kept the thirteen stripes of the
Colonial flag, but replaced the Union Jack by a blue
field bearing thirteen stars, arranged in a circle.

The birthday of the flag was June 4, 1777, when
Congress passed this resolution : Resolved : That the

flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes;
alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen
stars, white on a blue field, representing a constellation.

The first American unfurling the Stars and Stripes
over a warship was John Paul Jones when he took
command of the Rayer in June, 1777. Tradition says

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that this flag was made for John Paul Jones by the
young ladies of Portsmouth Harbor, and that it was
made for him from their own and their mothers’ gowns.
It was this flag, in February, 1778, that had the honor
of receiving from France the first official salute accorded
by a foreign nation to the Stars and Stripes.

It was first carried into battle at the Battle of Brandy-
wine in September, 1777, when Lafayette fought with
the Colonists and was wounded. This was the famous
flag made out of a soldier’s white shirt, a woman’s red
petticoat, and an officer’s blue cloak. A famous flag
now in the National Museum in Washington is the
Flag of fifteen stars and stripes, which floated over
Fort McHenry — near Baltimore- — in the War of 1812,
and which Francis Scott Key (imprisoned on a British
ship) saw “by the dawn’s early light” after watching
through the night the “rocket’s red glare, the bombs
bursting in air” as proof that the fort had not fallen
to the enemy. The next day he wrote “The Star-
Spangled Banner.”

It is said that peace has its victories as well as war,
and Scouts will want to know that our flag flew from
the first vessel ever propelled by steam — Robert Ful-
ton’s Clermont .

It was carried by Wilbur Wright on his first success-
ful airplane flight in France.

It was the flag planted at the North Pole by Robert
Peary.

It was the National emblem painted upon the first
airplane to make the transatlantic flight, May, 1919.

At first, when states came into the Union, a new
stripe and a new star were added to the flag, but it was
soon evident that the added stripes would make it very
unwieldly. So on April 4, 1818, Congress passed this
act to establish the flag of the United States:

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“Sec. 1. Be it enacted . . . That from and

after the 4th of July next, the flag of the United States
be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white ;
that the union have twenty stars, white on a blue field.

“Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, that, on admission
of every new State into the Union, one star be added
to the union of the flag; and that such addition shall
take effect on the 4th day of July succeeding such ad-
mission.”

In 1917 after the United States entered the World’s
War, the Stars and Stripes were placed with the
flags of the Allies in the great English Cathedral
of St. Paul’s in London, and on April 20, 1917, the
flag was hoisted beside the English flag over the House
of Parliament as a symbol that the two great English-
speaking nations of the world had joined hands in the
cause of human brotherhood.

RESPECT DUE THE FLAG

1. The flag should be raised at runrise and low-
ered at sunset. It should not be displayed on stormy
days or left out over night, except during war. Al-
though there is no authoritative ruling which compels
civilians to lower the flag at sundown, good taste
should impel them to follow the traditions of the Army
and Navy in this sundown ceremonial. Primarily, the
flag is raised to be seen , and secondarily, the flag is
something to be guarded, treasured, and so tradition
holds it shall not be menaced by the darkness. To leave
the flag out at night, unattended, is proof of shiftless-
ness, or at least carelessness.

2. At retreat, sunset, civilian spectators should stand
at attention. Girl Scouts, if in uniform, may give their
salute.

When the national colors are passing on parade or in

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

review, Scouts should, if walking, halt, and if sitting,
rise and stand at attention. When the flag is stationary
it is not saluted.

An old, torn, or soiled flag should not be thrown away,
but should be destroyed, preferably by burning.

The law specifically forbids the use of and the rep-
resentation of the flag in any manner or in any con-
nection with merchandise for sale.

When the “Star-Spangled Banner” is played or sung,
stand and remain standing in silence until it is finished.

The flag should, on being retired, never be allowed
to touch the ground.

Regulations for Flying the Flag

1. The flag should not be raised before sunrise, nor
be allowed to remain up after sunset.

2. In placing the flag at half mast, it should be raised
first to full mast, and then lowered to the half mast po-
sition, from which it should again be raised to full mast
before lowering.

3. The flag should never be draped.

4. When the flag is hung against a wall, the blue
field should be in the upper left corner if the stripes
are horizontal; in the upper right corner if the stripes
are vertical.

5. In the case of flags hung across the street it is
necessary to hang them by the points of the compass
instead of right or left, because the right or left nat-
urally varies according to whether the spectator is going
up or down the street. When the flag is hung across
a north and south street, the blue field should be toward
the east, the rising sun, when across an east and west
street, the field should be toward the north.

6. The flags of two or more nations displayed to-
gether should always be hung at the same level, and
should be on separate staffs or halyards.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

7. In the United States, when the American flag is
carried with one other flag, it should be at the right.
When it is carried with two other flags, it should be
in the middle.

8. When the American flag is hung against a wall
with other flags, it is placed at the spectator’s right, if
it is one of two; and in the middle, if it is one of three.

9. The flag at half mast is a sign of mourning.

10. The flag flown upside down is a signal of distress.

11. On Memorial Day, May 30, the flag is flown at
half mast during the morning, and is raised at noon
to full mast for the rest of the day.

Patriotic Songs for Girl Scouts

“The Star-Spangled Banner”

Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn’s early light.

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last
gleaming,

Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through
the perilous fight;

O’er the ramparts we watched were so gallant-
ly streaming !

And the rocket’s red glare, the bombs bursting in
air,

Gave proof through the night that our flag was
still there ;

Oh ! say, does that star-spangled banner yet
wave.

O’er the land of the free, and the home of the
brave ?

On that shore dimly seen through the mists of
the deep.

Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence
reposes,

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering
steep,

As it fitfully blows, now conceals, now dis-
closes ?

Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first
beam,

In full glory reflected now shines on the
stream ;

’Tis the star-spangled banner; Oh, long may it
wave,

O’er the land of the free, and the home of the
brave !

O ! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand

Between their loved homes and the war’s deso-
lation

Blessed with victory and peace, may the heav’n-
rescued land

Praise the power that hath made and preserved
us a nation.

Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,

And this be our motto — “In God is our trust” ;

And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall
wave

O’er the land of the free, and the home of the
brave.

— Francis Scott Key , 1814.

The Star Spangled Banner was written in 1814 by
Francis Scott Key at the time of the bombardment of
Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, by the British. Key
had been sent to the British squadron to negotiate the
release of an American prisoner-of-war, and was de-
tained there by the British during the engagement for
fear he might reveal their plans. The bombardment
lasted all through the night. In his joy the following
morning at seeing the American flag still flying over
Fort McHenry, Key wrote the first stanza of the Star

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Spangled Banner on the back of an old letter, which he
drew from his pocket. He finished the poem later in
the day after he had been allowed to land. The poem
was first printed as a handbill enclosed in a fancy border ;
but one of Key’s friends, Judge Nicholson, of Baltimore,
saw that the tune of Anacreon in Heaven , an old English
drinking song, fitted the words, and the two were quickly
united with astonishing success. The old flag which
prompted the poem is still in existence; it was made by
Mrs. Mary Pickersgill.

“ America”

My country, ’tis of thee.

Sweet land of liberty.

Of thee I sing;

Land where my fathers died.

Land of the Pilgrims’ pride.

From every mountain side
Let freedom ring.

My native country, thee.

Land of the noble free.

Thy name I love;

I love thy rocks and rills.

Thy woods and templed hills;

My heart with rapture thrills
Like that above.

Let music swell the breeze.

And ring from all the trees
Sweet freedom’s song;

Let mortal tongues awake.

Let all that breathe partake,

Let rocks their silence break.

The sound prolong !

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Our father’s God, to Thee,

Author of liberty,

To Thee we sing:

Long may our land be bright
With freedom’s holy light;

Protect us by Thy might.

Great God, our King.

—Samuel F. Smith, 1832.

“America” was written in 1832 by Samuel Francis
Smith, a graduate of Harvard, at that time studying for
the ministry at Andover, Mass. The circumstances at-
tending the writing of this hymn are told by the author in
the following letter :

Newton Centre, Mass., June 5, 1887.
Mr. J. H. Johnson:

Dear Sir: The hymn “America” was not written with
reference to any special occasion. A friend (Mr. Lowell
Mason) put into my hands a quantity of music books in
the German language early in the year 1832 — because, as
he said, I could read them and he couldn’t — -with the
request that I would translate any of the hymns and
songs which struck my fancy, or, neglecting the German
words, with hymns or songs of my own, adapted to the
tunes, so that he could use the music. On a dismal day
in February, turning over the leaves of one of these
music books, I fell in with the tune, which pleased me—
and, observing at a glance that the words were patriotic,
without attempting to imitate them, or even to read them
throughout, I was moved at once to write a song adapted
to the music — and “America” is the result. I had no
thought of writing a national hymn, and was surprised
when it came to be widely used. I gave it to Mr. Mason
soon after it was written, and have since learned that
he greatly admired it. It was first publicly used at a

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Sabbath school celebration of Independence in Park
Street Church, Boston, on the 4th of July, 1832.

Respectfully,

S. F. Smith.

The tune of “America,” which Samuel Smith took
from a German song book, was originally a French air.
This French air was borrowed in 1739 by an English-
man, Henry Carey, who recast it for the British national
anthem, “God Save the King.” Switzerland, Prussia and
other German States, and the United States have used
the music for their national hymns.

Letter and facts from The Encyclopedia Americana.

“Battle Hymn of the Republic”

Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord :
He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of
wrath are stored;

He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift
sword ;

His truth is marching on.

I have seen Him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling
camps ;

They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and
damps ;

I can read his righteous sentence by the dim and flaring
lamps :

His day is marching on.

I have read a fiery gospel writ in burnish’d rows of steel :
“As you deal with my contemners, so with you my grace
shall deal;

Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent with his
heel,

Since God is marching on.”

SOCUTING FOR GIRLS

He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call
retreat ;

He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment-
seat:

Oh, be swift my soul, to answer Him, be jubilant my
feet !

Our God is marching on.

In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea.
With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me ;
As He died to make men holy, let us die to make them
free,

While God is marching on.

—Julia Ward Howe.

How to Make an American Flag

The exact proportions of the American Flag have been
fixed by executive order; that is to say, by order of the
President, as have other features, such as the arrange-
ment and position of the stars. The exact size of the
flag is variable, though the army has several regulation
sizes. The cut given below shows the dimensions of
one of the regulation army flags. The proportions fixed
by executive order on May 26, 1916, are as follows:

If the width of the flag be taken as the basis and
called 1, then

The length will be 1.9,

Each stripe will be 1/13 of 1,

The blue field will be .76 long and 7/13 of 1 wide.
Other features of the officially designed flag are as
follows : The top and bottom stripes are red. Each state
is represented by a five-pointed star, one of whose points
shall be directed toward the top of the flag.

Beginning with the upper left-hand corner and read-
ing from left to right the stars indicate the states in order

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4 4

*9 f T

U. S. FLAG SHOWING OFFICIAL DIMENSIONS

To make a five-pointed star, take a square of cloth or
paper and fold and cut in the way shown in the cut.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

of their ratification of the Constitution and their ad-
mission to the Union. Find your State’s star in the fol-
lowing list, and remember its number and line.

1 — Delaware

2 — Pennsylvania

3 — New Jersey

4 — -Georgia

Second

11— New York

12 — North Carolina

13 — Rhode Island

14— Vermont

Third

17— Ohio

18 — Louisiana

19 — Indiana

20— Mississippi

Fourth

25 — Arkansas

26 — Michigan

27 — Florida

28 — Texas

Fifth

33 — Oregon

34 — Kansas

35 — West Virginia

36 — Nevada

Sixth

41 — Montana

42 — W ashington

43 — Idaho

44 — W yoming

8 — South Carolina

5 — Connecticut

6 — Massachusetts

7— Marvland

Row

1 5 — Kentucky

16 — Tennessee

9 — New Hampshire

10— Virginia

Row

21— Illinois

22 — Alabama

23— — Maine

24 — Missouri

Row

29 — Iowa

30 — Wisconsin

31 — California

32— Minnesota

Row

37— Nebraska

38 — Colorado

39— North Dakota

40— South Dakota

Row

45— Utah

46 — Oklahoma

47 — New Mexico

48 — Arizona

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SCOUTS

PARADE FORMATION FOR GIRL SCOUTS

The accompanying Cut 1 indicates a suggested formation
for patriotic, civic or Girl Scout parades when Scout officials
take part in the parade. It should be noted that the Scouts
are represented by a column of four ranks, the Color Guard

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

BIO

Color Guard-^O O Q<-Color Guard

American Flag

Officer Q in Charge

Q Lieut.

(3 Captain

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scon

SCOUTS

Q Lieut.

(3 Captain

SCOUTS

Q Captain

O Lieut

[ ~1 SCOUT

SIMPLE PARADE FORMATION

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marching in the center of the column. Should a larger num-
ber of Scouts participate in the parade, the Color Guard must
be changed to a position in the center of the longer column.

Cut 2 indicates a more simple form of parade which has
been found of service and effectiveness. In this formation
the Color Guard follows the band or Scout buglers. The
local director or her representative marches directly behind
the Color Guard and is followed by the Scouts in column
formation, each double rank commanded by a captain, who
marches three paces in front of the front rank, and a lieu-
tenant, who marches at the extreme left of the double rank,
one step ahead of the front rank. Front and rear ranks
march forty inches apart.

It is not usually possible, nor is it necessarily advisable, to
use one troop in forming a double rank. The important
thing is to have in each line the number of Scouts designated
by the person in charge of the parade. This number, de-
termined by the width of the street and the number march-
ing, will be either four, eight, twelve or sixteen. If girls of
the same height march together, the shorter preceding the
taller, the appearance of the column will be more uniform and
pleasing.

When Scout troop flags are used, they are carried in the
column at the extreme right.

SECTION IX

GIRL SCOUT DRILL

Although the simple exercises in opening and closing
a meeting are the only formal work necessary for Scouts,
the Scout Drill outlined in this Handbook is added for
Captains as a suggestion for handling one or more
Patrols in the club room, or on the street, in an orderly
dignified manner.

Where the Troop and Captain are interested in this
form of activity, it adds a great variety to the Scout meet-
ings, and its value in giving an erect carriage, alert habit
of obedience, and ability to think and act quickly are un-
doubted.

In case of rallies and parades it is practically the only
way of handling large bodies of Scouts from different
localities.

Every order and formation here recommended is taken
from the United States Infantry Drill Regulations, and
it is now possible for Captains in all localities to secure
the assistance of some returned soldier glad to give a
half hour occasionally to drilling the Scouts.

The simple formations selected have been divided into
Tenderfoot, Second Class and First Class groups entirely
for the convenience of the Captain; none of the work is
too difficult for a Second Class Scout and there is nothing
to prevent a Tenderfoot from taking all of it, if the troop
should be particularly interested in drilling.

Commands are divided into two classes :

(a) The preparatory, to tell the Scout what to do, and

(b) The command of execution, to tell hozv to do it.

Tenderfoot Drill Schedule
“FALL IN”

At this command each Scout immediately takes her
position in the Patrol to which she belongs, (the Captain

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

having already assigned to each Scout her exact place)
and without further order assumes the possition of “At-
tention.”

The position of Attention is: body and head erect,
head, shoulders and pelvis in same plane, eyes front, arms
hanging easily at the sides, feet parallel and about four
inches apart ; perfect silence to be maintained.

Patrol formation, two ranks (rows) of four Scouts
each, forty inches between front and rear ranks. The
patrol corresponds to the military unit of the squad.

Other patrols will fall in on the left of patrol No. 1
and on a line with it, in their numerical order. When
assembled a troop of four patrols will be in the position
indicated by the following diagram, and facing the cap-

tain> 5678 5678 5678 5678

1234 1234 1234 1234

Lieut. Capt.

If the Captain prefers, and where there are only a few
Scouts to be handled, they may be drawn up in a single
rank facing the Captain. In either position they are now
ready for the preliminaries of military drill.

1. Right (or left) Dress . 2. Front.

At the command “Dress” whether to right or left,
all Scouts place the left hand on the hip. Each Scout,
except the base file, Scout on right or left end from whom
the others take their alignment, when on or near the new
line, executes “Eyes Right!” and taking steps of two or
three inches, places herself so that her right arm rests
lightly against the arm of the Scout on her right, and so
that her eyes and shoulders are in line with those of the
Scout on her right; the rear rank Scouts cover in file.
The instructor verifies the alignment of both ranks from
the right flank and orders up or back such Scouts as may
be in rear or in advance of the line: only the Scouts
designated move.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

At the command “Front” given when the ranks are
aligned, each Scout turns her head and eyes to the front
and drops the hand at her side.

To march the patrol or troop in column of twos, the
preliminary commands would be as just given: 1. Fall in .
2. Right Dress. 3. Front.

The troop is then drawn up facing the Captain in two
ranks as described. The Captain then commands :

1. Right (or left) Face (According to the direction in
which the column is to proceed.)

2. Forward. 3? March.

At the command “March” each Scout steps off smartly
with the left foot.

Facings

To the flank: “Right (or left) Face.”

Raise slightly the left heel and the right toe; face to
the right, turning on the right heel, assisted by a slight
pressure on the ball of the left foot; place the left foot
by the side of the right. “Left Face” is executed on the
left heel in the corresponding manner. Right (or left)
Half Face is executed similarly, facing forty-five degrees.

To the rear : About Face.

Carry the toe of the right foot about half a foot length
to the rear and slightly to the left of the left heel without
changing the position of the left foot; face to the rear,
turning to the right on the left heel and right toe ; place
the right heel by the side of the left.

Eyes Right or Left

1. Eyes Right (or left). 3. Front.

At the command “Right,” turn the head to the right
oblique, eyes fixed on the line of Scouts in, or supposed
to be in, the same rank. At the command “Front,” turn
the head and eyes to the front.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

The Rests

Being at halt, the commands for the different rests are
as follows:

Fall Out, Rest, At Ease and 1 Parade, 2 Rest.

At the command Fall Out, the Scouts may leave the
ranks, but are required to remain in the immediate vicin-
ity. They resume their former places, at attention at
the command “Fall In.”

At the command ((Rest” each Scout keeps one foot in
place, but is not required to keep silence or immobility.

At the command “At Ease” each Scout keeps one foot
in place and is required to keep silence but not immo-
bility.

j ' A : '{

1 Parade, 2 Rest .

Carry the right foot six inches straight to the rear,
left knee slightly bent; clasp the hands, without con-
straint, in front of the center of the body, fingers joined,
right hand uppermost, left thumb clasped by the thumb
and forefinger1 of the right hand ; preserve silence and
steadiness of position.

To resume the attention: 1 Squad (or Company) 2
Attention.

Steps and Marchings

All steps and marchings executed from the halt, ex-
cept right step, begin with the left foot.

The length of the full step in “ Quick Time,” for a
Scout is twenty inches, measured from heel to heel, and
the cadence is at the rate of one hundred twenty steps
per minute.

The length of the full step in “Double Time,” for a
Scout, is about twenty- four inches; the cadence is at the
rate of one hundred eighty steps per minute.

The instructor, when necessary, indicates the cadence
of the step by calling “One, Two, Three, Four,” or “Left,

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Right, Left, Right,” the instant the left and right foot,
respectively, should be planted.

All steps and marchings and movements involving
march are executed in “Quick Time” unless the squad (or
company) be marching in “Double Time.”

Quick Time

Being at a halt, to march forward in quick time : 1 For-
ward, 2 March.

At the command “ Forward ” shift the weight of the
body to the right leg, left knee straight.

At the command “March,” move the left foot smartly
straight forward twenty inches from the right, sole near
the ground, and plant it without shock ; next, in like man-
ner, advance the right foot and plant it as above ; continue
the march. The arms swing naturally.

Being at a halt, or in march in quick time, to march in
double time; 1 Double time, 2 March.

If at a halt, at the first command shift the weight of
the body to the right leg. At the command “March” raise
the forearms, fingers closed to a horizontal position along
the waist line; take up an easy run with the -step and
cadence of double time, allowing a natural swinging mo-
tion to ihe arms.

If marching in quick time, at the command “March,”
given as either foot strikes the ground, take one step in
quick time, and then step off in double time.

To resume the quick time: 1 Quick Time, 2 March.

At the command March, given as either foot strikes
the ground, advance and plant the other foot in double
time ; resume the quick time, dropping the hands by the
sides.

To Mark Time

Being in march: 1 Mark Time, 2 March.

At the command March, given as either foot strikes the

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

ground, advance and plant the other foot; bring up the
foot in rear and continue the cadence by alternately rais-
ing each foot about two inches and planting it on line with
the other.

Being at a halt, at the command March, raise and plant
the feet as described above.

The Half Step

1 Half Step, 2 March.

Take steps of ten inches in quick time, twelve inches
in double time. Forward , Half Step, Halt and Mark
Time may be executed one from the other in quick or
double time.

To resume the full step from half step or mark time:
Forward March.

Side Step

Being at halt or mark time: 1 Right (or left) Step,

2 March. Carry and plant the right foot twelve inches
to the right ; bring the left foot beside it and continue the
movement in the cadence of quick time.

The side step is used for short distances only and is
not executed in double time.

Back Step

Being at a halt or mark time: 1 Backzvard, 2 March.
Take steps of twelve inches straight to the rear. The
back step is used for short distances only and is not
executed in double time.

To Halt

To arrest the march in quick or double time : 1 Squad
(or if the full troop is drilling, Company) , 2 Halt .

>At the command Halt, given as either foot strikes the
ground, plant the other foot as in marching; raise and
place the first foot by the side of the other. If in double
time, drop the hands by the sides.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

To March by the Flank

Being in march: 1 By the Right (or left) Flank,
2 March.

At the command March , given as the right foot strikes
the ground, advance and plant the left foot, then face to
the right in marching and step off in the new direction
with the right foot.

To March to the Rear

Being in march : 1 To the Rear , 2 March.

At the command March , given as the right foot strikes
the ground, advance and plant the left foot ; turn to the
right about on the balls of both feet and immediately step
off with the left foot.

If marching in double time, turn to the right about,
taking four steps in place, keeping the cadence, and then
step off with the left foot.

Change Step

Being in march : 1 Change Step, 2 March.

At the command March, given as the right foot strikes
the ground, advance and plant the left foot; plant the
toe of the right foot near the heel of the left and step off
with the left foot.

The change on the right foot is similarly executed, the
command March being given as the left foot strikes the
ground.

SECOND CLASS DRILL

Fall In. (Described in Tenderfoot Drill.)

Count Off.

At this command all except the right file execute Eyes
Right, and beginning on the right, the Scouts in each rank
count One, Two, Three, Four; each turns her head and
eyes to the front as she counts.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Alignments

1 Right (or left) Dress , 2 Front. (Described in Ten-
derfoot Drill.)

To preserve the alignment when marching; Guide Right
(or left). The Scouts preserve their intervals from the
side of the guide, yielding to pressure on that side and
resisting pressure from the opposite direction; they re-
cover intervals, if lost, by gradually opening out or closing
in; they recover alignment by slightly lengthening or
shortening the step ; the rear rank Scouts cover their file
leaders at forty inches.

To Take Distance

(Formation for signalling or for setting-up exercises )

Being in line at a halt having counted ofif : 1 Take

Distance at four paces, 2 March; 3 Squad (or company ),
Halt.

At the command March , each Scout in succession start-
ing at four paces apart and beginning with No. 1 of the
front rank, followed by 2, 3, 4 and 1, 2, 3, 4 of the rear
rank, marches straight forward until the order Squad,
Halt is given. The command Halt is given when all have
their distances.

(Word to instructors: Where the floor space is limited
it is advisable to have the Scouts take the half step in
executing this formation or1 move at two paces.)

If more than one squad is in line, each squad executes
the movement as above simultaneously.

Being at distances, to assemble the squad (or com-
pany) :

1 Assemble , 2 March.

At the command March , No. 1 of the front rank stands
fast; the other members move forward to their proper
places in the line.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

The Oblique March

For the instruction of the recruits, the squad being in
column or correctly aligned, the instructor causes the
Scouts to face half right and half left, points out to them
their relative positions, and explains that these are to be
maintained in the oblique march.

1 Right (or left) Oblique , 2 March.

At the command March , each Scout steps off in a direc-
tion forty-five degrees to the right of her original front.
She preserves her relative position, keeping her shoulders
parallel to those of the guide, and so regulates her steps
that the ranks remain parallel to their original front.

At the command Halt the Scouts face to the front.

To resume the original directions : 1 Forward, 2 March.

The Scouts half face to the left in marching and then
move straight to the front.

To Turn on Moving Pivot

Begin in line : 1 Right ( or left) Turn, 2 March.

(This applies to the single squad; if the whole troop
is drilling and is in column of squads, or twos, the com-
mand would be : 1 Column Right ( or left), 2 March.)

The movement is executed by each rank successively
and on the same ground. At the second command, the
pivot Scout of the front rank faces to the right in march-
ing and takes the half step ; the other Scouts of the rank
oblique to the right until opposite their places in line,
then execute a second right oblique and take the half step
on arriving abreast of the pivot Scout. All glance toward
the marching flank while at half step and take the full step
without command as the last Scout arrives on the line.

Right (or left ) Half Turn is executed in a similar
manner. The pivot Scout makes a half change of direc-
tion to the right and the other Scouts make quarter
changes in obliquing.

94 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

To Turn on a Fixed Pivot

Being in line, to turn and march: 1 Squad Right (or
left), 2 March.

At the second command, the right flank Scout in the
front rank faces to the right in marching and marks
time ; the other front rank Scouts oblique to the right,
place themselves abreast of the pivot, and mark time. In
the rear rank the third Scout from the right, followed
in column by the second and first, moves straight to the
front until in the rear of her front rank Scout, when all
face to the right in marching and mark time; the other
number of the rear rank moves straight to the front four
paces and places herself abreast of the Scout on her
right. Scouts on the new line glance toward the marching
flank while marking time and, as the last Scout arrives on
the line, both ranks execute Forward March without
further command.

Being in line to turn and halt : 1 Squad Right ( or left),
2 March, 3 Squad, 4 Halt.

The third command is given imrqediately after the
second. The turn is executed as prescribed in the pre-
ceding paragraph except that all Scouts, on arriving on
the new line mark time until the fourth command is
given, when all halt. The fourth command should be
given as the last Scout arrives on the line.

Being in line to turn about and march : 1 Squad Right
(or left) About, 2 March.

At the second command the front rank twice executes
Squad Right initiating the second Squad Right when
the Scout on the marching flank has arrived abreast of
the rank. In the rear rank the third Scout from the
right, followed by the second and first in column, moves
straight to the front until on the prolongation of the line
to be occupied by the rear rank ; changes direction to the
right; moves in the new direction until in the rear of

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

her front rank Scout, when all face to the right in
marching, mark time, and glance toward the marching
flank. The fourth Scout marches on the left of the
third to her new position ; as she arrives on the line, both
ranks execute Forward March without command.

FIRST CLASS DRILL

On right (or left) Into Line.

Being in columns of squads, to form line on right or
left; 1 On right (or left) into Line , 2 March, 3 Com-
pany, 4 Halt, 5 Front.

At the first command the leader of the leading unit
commands: Right Turn. The leaders of the other units
command: Forward, if at a halft. At the second com-
mand the leading unit turns to the right on moving
pivot. The command Halt is given when the leading unit
has advanced the desired distance in the new direction ;
it halts ; its leader then commands : Right Dress.

The units in the rear continue to march straight to
the front; each, when opposite its place on the line,
executes Right Turn at the command of its leader;
each is halted on the line at the command of its leader,
who then commands: Right Dress. All dress on the
first unit on the line.

If executed in double time, the leading squad marches
in double time until halted.

Front Into Line.

Being in columns of squads, to form line to the front :
Right (or left) Front Into Line, 2 March, 3 Company ,
4 Halt, 5 Front.

At the first command the leaders of the units in the
rear of the leading one command: Right Oblique. If at
a halt, the leader of the leading unit command : Forward
At the second command the leading unit moves straight
forward; the rear units oblique as indicated. The com-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

mand Halt is given when the leading unit has advanced
the desired distance; it halts; its leader then commands:
Left Dress . Each of the rear units, when opposite its
place in line, resumes the original direction at the com-
mand of its leader; each is halted on the line at the
command of its leader, who then commands : Left Dress .
All dress on the first unit in line.

To Diminish the Front of a Column of Squads

Being in column of squads: 1 Right (or left) By

Twos , 2 March. At the command March , all files except
the two right files of the leading squad execute In Place
Halt; the two right files of the leading squad oblique
to the right when disengaged and follow the right files at
the shortest practicable distance. The remaining squads
follow successively in like manner.

Being in columns of twos: 1 Right (or left) By File,
2 March. At the command March, all files evecute In
Place Halt, except the right file of the leading two oblique
successively to the right when disengaged and each fol-
lows the file on its right at the shortest practicable dis-
tance. The remaining twos follow successively in like
manner.

Being in column of files of twos, to form column of
squads ; or being in column of files, to form column of
twos: 1 Squads (Twos) Right (or left) Front Into Line,
2 March.

At the command March, the leading file or files halt.
The remainder of the squad, or two, obliques to the right
and halts on line with the leading file or files. The re-
maining squads or twos close up and successively form
in the rear of the first in like manner.

The movement described in this paragraph will be
ordered Right or Left, so as to restore the files to their
normal relative positions in the two or squad.

SECTION X

SIGNALLING FOR SCOUTS

A. GENERAL SERVICE CODE

The General Service Code, given herewith, also
called the Continental Code and the International Morse
Code, is used by the Army and Navy, and for cabling
and wireless telegraphy. It is used for visual signalling
by hand, flag, Ardois lights, torches, heliograph, lanterns,
etc., and for sound signalling with buzzer, whistle, etc.

The American Morse Code is used for commercial pur-
poses only, and differs from the International Morse in
a few particulars. A Scout need not concern herself with
it because it would only be used by the Scout who eventu-
ally becomes a telegrapher, and for this purpose the
Western Union Company offers the necessary training.

Wig Wag Signalling

GENERAL SERVICE CODE

The flag used for this signalling is square with a smaller
square of another color in the center. It may be either
white with the smaller square red, or red with the smaller
square white. A good size for Scout use is 24 inches
square with a center 9 inches square, on a pole 42 inches
long and one-half inch in diameter.

There are but three motions with the flag and all
start from, and are completed by, return to position, which
means the flag held perpendicularly and at rest directly
in front of the signaller.

Signaller should stand erect, well balanced on the
arches of the feet. The butt of the flag stick is held
lightly in the right hand; the left hand steadies and
directs the flag at a distance from six to twelve inches
above the right on the stick. The length of the stick will

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

determine the position of the left hand; the longer the
stick the further apart must the hands be placed in order
to obtain the best balance.

DOT: To make the dot, swing the flag down to the

right until the stick reaches the horizontal and bring it
back to Position.

DASH : To make the dash, swing the flag to the left

until it reaches the horizontal and bring it back to Posi-
tion. -

INTERVAL : The third position is made by swinging
the flag down directly in front and returning to Position.

In order to keep the flag from “fouling” when making
these motions., make a sort of figure 8 with the point
of the stick. A slight turn *of the wrist accom-
plishes this result and becomes very easy after a
little practice. Beginners should master the three motions
of the flag, exaggerating the figure 8 motion before they
attempt to make letters. It is also best to learn the code

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

THE GENERAL SERVICE CODE

(The International Morse or Continental)

Uses: Commercial wireless, submarine cables, Army and

Navy. Methods: flags by day, torches, lanterns, flashlight,
searchlight, by night; whistle, drum, bugle, tapping.

Period

Comma . — — . —
Quotation Marks .■ — . . — .

Colon — - — -■ — . . .
Semicolon — . — . — .
Interrogation . . . .

A convenient form for learning the letters is as follows:

DOTS

DASHES

T —

OPPOSITES

A .—

— . N

G — * — .

B— ...

...— V

F . . — .

D — ..

..— U

Y —

SANDWICH LETTERS

K — P . X—..— R.— .

LETTERS WITH NO OPPOSITES

z ... C — .— . J .—

100

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

before attempting to wig wag it, so that the mind will be
free to concentrate upon the technique or correct man-
aging of the flag .

Make no pause between dots and dashes in making a
letter, but make a continuous swing from right to left,
or left to right. A pause at Position indicates the com-
pletion of a letter.

One Interval (Front) indicates the completion of a
word.

Two Intervals indicate the completion of a sentence.

Three Intervals indicate the completion of a message.

Do not try for speed . In all signalling, accuracy

is the important thing, for unless the letters are
accurately made they cannot be easily read, and the mes-
sage will have to be repeated. Fall into a regular easy
rhythm in sending. Speed comes with practice.

Signalling with a Plash Light: Use a short flash for
the dot and a long steady flash for the dash. Pause the
length of three dots between letters, and the length of
five dots between words. A still longer pause marks the
end of a sentence.

Signalling by Whistle: Use a short blast for the dot,
and a long steady blast for the dash. Indicate the end
of a letter, a word, and a sentence by the same pauses
as explained in Flash Light Signalling.

Signalling with a Lantern: The motions used in sig-

nalling with a lantern are somewhat like those of the
wig wag flag. For Position hold the lantern directly
in front of the body; for the dot swing it to the right
and back to Position; for the dash swing it to the left
and back to Position ; and for Interval move it down and
up in a vertical line directly in front. A stationary light
should be placed on the ground before the feet as a point
of reference for the various motions.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

101

B. SEMAPHORE SIGNALLING
SEMAPHORE CODE

The semaphore is a machine with two arms which may
be moved into various positions to make letters. The
semaphore code shown in the accompanying picture may
also be employed by a person using two flags. It is the
quickest method of flag signalling but is available for
comparatively short distances, seldom over a mile, unless
extra large flags are employed or there is some extraor-
dinary condition of background or atmosphere.

The semaphore code is not adapted to as many uses
as is the general service code, but for quick signalling
over comparatively short distances, it is preferable in
every way.

The regulation flag is 18 inches square, either divided
diagonally into two triangles of white and red, or square
of white with small square of red in the center, or red
with small square of white. These flags are fastened on
poles 24 inches long and % inch in diameter.

The flags must be carefully held so that the sticks
make, as it were, a continuation of the arm bone; a bent
wrist will cause the flags to make an entirely different
angle, and consequently a different letter from the one
intended.

Swing the arms smoothly and without hesitation from
one letter to another. Hold each letter long enough to
make it clear to the person receiving it. Every word
begins and ends with “intervals,” the hands crossed down-
ward in front of the body, arms nearly straight, right
hand always over the left.

Indicate the end of a sentence by one “chip-chop” made
by holding both flags to the right, horizontally, and mov-
ing them up and down several times ; not together, but
one flag going down as the other comes up, making the
“chopping” motion.

112

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

CODE FOR SEMAPHORE SIGNALLING

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

103

From the very beginning practice reading as well as
sending. It is harder to do and requires more practice.
Instructors should always face the class in giving a
lesson; in this way the pupil learns to read at the same
time as she is learning to make the letters. This principle
applies to all visual signalling.

Whistle Signals

1. One blast, “Attention ;” “Assemble” (if scattered.)

2. Two short blasts, “All right.”

3. Three short, one long blast, calls Patrol Leaders

4. Alternate long and short blasts, “Mess Call.”

Hand Signals

These signals are advisable when handling a troop in
a street where the voice cannot be readily heard, or in
marching the troop into some church, theatre, or other
building where a spoken command is undesirable.
Forward , March:

Carry the hand to the shoulder; straighten and hold
the arm horizontally, thrusting it in the direction of the
march. (This signal is also used to execute quick time
from double time.)

Halt:

Carry the hand to the shoulder ; thrust the hand upward
and hold the arm vertically.

Double Time , March:

Carry the hand to the shoulder, rapidly thrust the hand
upward the full extent of the arm several times.

Squads Right , March:

Raise the arm laterally until horizontal ; carry it to
a vertical position above the head and swing it several
times between the vertical and horizontal positions.
Squads Left , March:

Raise the arm laterally until horizontal ; carry it down-

104

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

ward to the side and swing it several times between the
downward and horizontal positions.

Change Direction or Column Right (Left) March:

The hand on the side toward which the change of direc-
tion is to be made is carried across the body to the oppo-
site shoulder, forearm horizontal ; then swing in a hori-
zontal plane, arm extended, pointing in the new direction
Assemble:

Raise the arm vertically to its full extent and describe
horizontal circles.

SECTION XI
THE SCOUT AIDE
Introduction.

The six following subjects, Home Economics, Child
Care, First Aid, Home Nursing, Public Health, and Per-
sonal Health are grouped together, and for proficiency in
all of them a special badge called “Scout Aide” is awarded.

This badge will probably be regarded by the outside
world as the most important decoration the Girl Scouts
can win, and all Scouts who will try for it should realize
that those who wear it will represent the organization in
a very special sense and will be eager to prove their
practical knowledge and ability in the important subjects
it stands for.

No young child could pretend to represent all this
medal stands for. Any grown girl or woman should be
proud to own it.

Practical knowledge of Personal Health, Public Health
and Child Care will add to the efficiency and happiness of
this nation, and the women of today have a better chance
to control these things than ever before.

Home Nursing and First Aid will save lives for the
nation in the two great emergencies of illness and accident.

Household Economics, the great general business and
profession of women, if it is raised to the level of the
other great businesses and professions, and managed
quickly, efficiently and economically will cease to be re-
garded as drudgery and take its real place among the arts
and sciences.

When the girls of today have learned to do this, the
women of tomorrow will be spared the criticism of waste
and extravagance that our nation has had to bear. If
Girl Scouts make good as far as this medal is concerned
and become real “Scout Aides” the Scout reputation is
secure.

105

106

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

1. THE HOME MAKER

By Sara Louise Arnold

Dean Simmons College

The Keeper of the House. Every Girl Scout knows
that good homes make a country great and good ;
so every woman wants to understand home-making. Of
course that means “keeping” a house ; and of course that
means that Girl Scouts should try for the Housekeeper
Merit Badge, the “Home Maker.”

Now “making a home” doesn’t mean just having it,
owning it and holding its key. It means making it a
good place to live in, or helping to make it so. This
sounds like the House that Jack built; but all this belongs
4:o the making of a home.

Planning Your House. When you plan a house of
your own you must think what it needs most. You would
choose, first of all, to have abundant air, fresh and
clean ; a dry spot where dampness will not stay ; sunshine
at some time of day in every room of the house, which
you can have if your house faces southeast; and you
must be able to get a good supply of pure water. You
will want to make your house warm in the winter and
cool in the summer, so you will look out for windows,
doors and porches.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

107

Think what must be done in a house : eating, sleeping,
working, resting, by the whole family. How many
rooms must you have? Draw a plan of some house in
your neighborhood that seems good to live in. Make
up your mind what you like best in that house.

Furnishing. Then houses must be furnished with
the things that the family needs. The furniture will be
for use. You must ask every piece what it is good for.
What will you do with it? Could you get along without
it? Some things you would use constantly, others once
in a while. Which would you get first if you were
planning carefully? How much would it cost to furnish
the house for which you have drawn the plans : to furnish
the kitchen, the living room, the bed rooms? Make a
list of the furniture needed (not just wanted ) for each
room with the cost of each piece.

It is worth while for you to go to look at furniture in
stores and to think about buying it. Then you will dis-
cover that a piece of furniture that looks well in the store
might not look at all well in your house, for furniture
must “suit” the house and the room into which it goes.
It must “fit,” we say. No other furniture will do. So
the Girl Scout will make up her mind what will fit her
house; and of course this means also what will fit the
family purse. For the keeper of the house must not
let into her house one single thing that she cannot afford
to buy. She will take pride in that.

So when you make a list of furniture— with its price —
make sure that everything you choose, suits, or fits, your
house.

The Cellar. Most houses are built over cellars, for
purposes of sanitation, heating and water supply, as well
as for storage.

The Girl Scout who lives in the country probably
knows all about cellars for they are much needed there.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

The city girl may live in an apartment and may never
think of a cellar.

Look at the cellars of two or three houses. How are
they built? Did you plan for one in your house?

The cellar should be well ventilated, having light as
well as air. Its windows should be screened ; the floor
should be dry and if possible made of cement; the walls
should be whitewashed. Ashes should be kept in a
galvanized iron barrel, to prevent fire.

A cellar should be a clean place, corners and all.

The Kitchen. The kitchen is a work-shop; it should
be sunny and airy.

Look out for windows to let in the fresh air and sun-
shine. And while you are thinking of windows, be sure
that they can open at the top and bottom to let sweetness
in, and drive bad odors out.

Your kitchen should hold things that are necessary, and
nothing else. It should be easy to keep clean, having-
painted walls, and the floor should be of hard pine or
else covered with linoleum. When a Girl Scout takes
care of the kitchen she is in honor bound to keep all the
corners clean and to leave no dust nor crumbs of food
anywhere about. She will take great pains to keep flies
out of the kitchen and so will have her windows screened.

A good kitchen is provided with a sink and if possible
with running water ; and it must have a good stove, with
a place for keeping wood or coal if either is used.

The Kitchen Floor. The floor of the kitchen should be
made of hard wood. Maple or hard pine will make a
good floor. A hard-wood floor can be dressed with shellac
or with oil. The wood absorbs this dressing so that
water will not soak in. A floor which has been shellacked
should be wiped with warm water. Not much water
will be needed. The oiled floor can be wiped and dried,
then oiled lightly from time to time.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

109

Linoleum or oilcloth may be used to cover an old door.
If the floor is rough it should be made even by planing
before the linoleum is put down, and the cracks should be
filled. If you can’t get linoleum you can paint your floor
with a hard floor paint. Be sure to get a paint that dries
hard. The linoleum should be frequently washed with
warm water and soap and then rinsed carefully before
it is dried.

The Kitchen Stove. The chief business of the kitchen
stove is to provide heat for cooking. It must hold a fire,
and so must be made of something which will not burn.
Stoves are usually made of iron. Fire will not burn
without air, so a place must be arranged to let air into
the stove, and just enough to make the fire burn clearly
and furnish the right amount of heat. That is what the
front dampers or slides are for. The fuel, wood or
coal, is held in the fire-box. The heated air makes the
top of the stove hot for frying, broiling or boiling, and
the oven hot for baking.

The smoke and gases from the fire must not come out
into the room to blind our eyes or suffocate us ; the
chimney is built to take care of the smoke and gases, and
there must be a way for them to get into the chimney ;
the stove pipe is for this. But the game you have to
play with your stove is to let the smoke and gases run
up chimney, but to save all the heat you can for the
work to be done. So your stove is supplied with dampers.
When the fire is new, and there is much smoke or gas,
you open the damper into the stove pipe, and in the
stove pipe. Try to get a picture of the way the heated
air goes from the fire-box up into the chimney. We call
this direct draft. Of course a great deal of heat runs
away through the chimney, and so your fuel is wasted.
Now if you want to save heat, and particularly if you
want to bake, and must have a hot oven, you will close the

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

oven damper that has made the short easy way into the
stovepipe. Then the heated air must find another way to
get to the chimney, and it has to go around the oven to do
this. While the hot air is finding its way around the oven,
it heats it, ready for your baking. We call this the ‘‘in-
direct draft.” Look over your kitchen stove and see how
this happens. Take off the covers, open every door, and
examine every part.

Stoves must be carefully managed. The fires must
burn readily and the cooking must be done with the least
possible amount of wood or coal. This means a clean
stove, free from ashes and with a clear draft. Wood or
coal will burn freely in the air. They will stop burning
if there is no draft.

Learn to manage your draft. Remember that stoves
are made with a damper, in order to control the current
of hot air. If the oven damper is closed this heated air
must pass over and around the oven before it gets to the
chimney and so heat the oven. If it is open the hot air
can immediately escape up the chimney.

When starting the fire leave the damper open. As
soon as it is burning well, close it so that the oven will be
heated. Your stove should also have a damper in the
pipe, to save the- heat which would otherwise run up the
chimney. If there is none, have one put in. There are
also dampers or slides in front of the stove to control the
amount of air going in.

The housekeeper must learn how to manage her stove ;
she must get acquainted with it, for every stove has its
own way. Draw a picture or plan of the stove that you
know best. See if you can tell plainly how to build a
fire in your stove. If you use natural gas or a kerosene
stove tell how that should be managed.

Gas and Oil Stoves. Cooking may be done on an iron
stove with either coal or wood as fuel, or the stove may

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be planned for burning gas or kerosene. The coal fire
must be fed several times a day with coal and the ashes
must be removed to keep the fire burning clearly. Wood
burns out quickly and must be replaced often. Both
wood and coal stoves mean almost constant care for the
housekeeper.

Gas gives less trouble. It comes in pipes from out-
side the house. This means that somebody else— the
gas company — provides the supply. You turn on the
gas when you want to use it and turn it off, if you are
wise and thoughtful, the moment it is not needed. The
gas company measures the amount of gas that you use
by its meter, and you pay for every bit that you burn or
waste. The important thing, then, is to use as little
gas as possible in order to pay for as little as possible.
You would rather pay twenty-five cents for a thrift
stamp, than for gas that had burned simply because you
had forgotten to turn it off. Be sure that gas is turned
completely off at all places and never have a low light
burning, as the flame may be blown out and the unburned
gas escape. This would be dangerous and might even
kill persons in the house.

The kerosene stove may be used instead of a gas stove
in houses which are not piped for a gas supply. If wicks
are used they must be carefully trimmed, so that they will
be clean and even. A kerosene stove needs frequent
cleaning. It should be kept free from dust and from
drippings of oil.

The Fireless Cooker

When a Girl Scout gets to thinking about all the work
to be done in a kitchen she will ask some very important
questions. How much work is to be done? How long
does it take to do it? Can time be saved by doing it in
a better way ? How can I save labor. Save time ? Save
money ?

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The Girl Scout will find the answers one at a time,
if she does her own work. And if you do your own work
you will at once call for a fireless cooker. The name
sounds impossible, for you have always cooked with a
stove, and, of course, a fire. How can you cook without
a fire ?

The women of Norway taught us how. When they
went out to work in the fields or on the farm they took
the hot kettle of soup off the stove and hid it away
in a hay box. The hay kept the heat in the kettle instead
of letting it escape; so the soup kept on cooking, and
when the women came home from their work in the
fields there it was, all steaming hot and ready for dinner.

Everyone has noticed how some things carry or con-
duct heat and other things don’t. That’s why we use a
“holder,” when handling a hot dish or stove lifter or
tea-pot. The “holder” does not carry the heat to the
hand; it keeps it away. So the hay packed around the
hot kettle kept the heat in the kettle, refusing to “con-
duct” it away. Therefore the soup went on cooking.

Your English cousins use a “cosy” to cover the hot
tea-pot or coffee pot. This “cosy” is made of quilted
cotton; and looks like the quilted hood that your great-
grandmother used to have. This keeps the heat in the
tea or coffee, so that you can have a second cup for the
asking.

America was slow to learn from her thrifty cousins,
but at last she adopted the fireless cooker; and this is
what it does :

The fireless cooker, a case packed with some material
which refuses to conduct heat, is used to continue the
cooking of foods after they have been made hot on
the stove. When securely covered in the cooker they
will go on cooking for several hours because the heat is
retained by the protecting case. A Girl Scout may buy

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113

a fireless cooker, paying from $5 to $25 tor it, or she
may make one, which will cost less than one dollar. Of
course this is a challenge to make one. You may be
very sure that if you make a fireless cooker you will un-
derstand all about it. To make a fireless cooker you
will need :

(1) A cooker or container , which should be an agate

pail with a close fitting cover. No sides should be
straight up and down, the bottom just as big as the top.
You can choose a small one holding two quarts, or a gal-
lon pail which would be large enough for anything an
ordinary family would be likely to cook. * ;

(2) A case , which must be at least eight inches wider
than your container, for the packing must extend at least
four inches around the pail on every side. You may
use a round case like a big wooden candy pail, which
you can usually get at the ten cent store for ten cents ; or
it may be a galvanized iron can with a cover like the one
ordinarily used for garbage; or it may be a box shaped
like a cube.

(3) For packing you may use crumpled newspapers
tightly packed in ; or ground cork, which is used in pack-
ing Malaga grapes, is fine, and you may be able to get
it from a fruit store. Excelsior is good, and perhaps
you will find that in the shed in some packing case ; while,
if you live in the country, you may be able to get Spanish
moss. This should be dried, of course. And then there
is hay— which our Norwegian cousins use.

Let us try paper. Pack the box or can four inches
deep, with crumpled paper, making a very even layer.
Put a piece of pasteboard much larger than the bottom of
your pail upon this layer and set your pail in the middle
of it. Now pack the paper tightly around the pail up
to the very top, using a stick of wood or mallet to press it
down.

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Now you must make a cloth cover for your pail in the
shape of a tall hat. The rim of the hat must reach out
to the edges of your case and be tacked there. Take out
your pail, fit this cloth cover into the hole and tack the
edge evenly to the box.

You must now make a cushion to fill the rest of the
box, packing it full of the crumpled paper. Make hinges
for the lid of your box and put some sort of fastener
on the front to keep the lid down tight.

Now you have your fireless cooker. When your oat-
meal or your stew, or your chicken, or your vegetables
have boiled ten or fifteen minutes on the stove in your
agate pail, clap on its cover, set it into the nest, push the
cushion into the top of the cooker, clamp down the lid,
and your work is done, for the cooking will go merrily on
all alone by itself in your fireless cooker.

While you are making your fireless cooker, remember
that the thermos bottle is made on the same principle.
And remember, too, that your non-conducting packing
material will keep heat out just as well as it keeps heat in.
In the summer time you may wish to keep your ice cream
cold for a while in your fireless cooker. Perhaps you
will see how this might help in a hot summer’s day and
what a comfort a fireless cooker might prove in a sick
room.

The Ice Chest. How It Is Made

In taking care of food we must be provided with a cool
place, for the storage of milk, butter, cream, and all
cooked food that may spoil. In summer this is especially
important; in an apartment, and in most city houses the
ice chest is needed all the year around; in the country,
it is needed only in the warm months.

The ice chest is built much as the fireless cooker is
made. Its case is usually made of wood, its packing
material must be non-conducting, and its lining must be

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115

some smooth surface through which water cannot pass.
Some ice chests are lined with zinc and some with porce-
lain tiles. In some ice chests, food and ice are kept in
the same box, which usually opens at the top ; in other
chests there is a separate chamber for the ice. From the
ice chamber a drain pipe carries away the water which
drips from the melting ice.

Every ice chest must be kept clean and sweet. It
should be looked over every day and washed carefully
at least once a week. No crumbs of food should be left
on the shelves. If you spill anything, wipe it up clean
at once.

The drain pipe must be kept clean. A long wire brush
is used for this. If you are buying an ice box, get one
with removable pipes, which are easily cleaned. If there
is any odor from the chest, scald with water and soda,
a teaspoonful of soda to a quart of water. Rinse with
fresh cold water.

If your ice chest drips into a pan which must be
emptied daily, have a regular time for emptying it. An
overflowing pan in an apartment may damage the ceiling
below. If it drips into a pan which drains itself, be
sure that the drain is kept clean and the entrance to the
pipe unclogged. Clean the drip pan whenever you clean
the ice chest.

It is a good plan to keep food in closed containers like
fruit jars. Wide dishes take up too much space. Con-
tainers should be tall rather than broad.

Put no hot dishes in the ice box ; it wastes the ice.

The Iceless Refrigerator

An “iceless refrigerator” sounds like a “fireless cooker/5
This is an arrangement made to keep food cool in the
summer when there is no ice. A wooden cage with
shelves is covered with a cloth cover and placed near a

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window or out of doors. If in the house it should stand
in a large pan to prevent the dripping of water on the
shelf or floor.

A piece of the cloth cover should rest in a pan of
water. If this is not convenient a strip of cloth can be
sewed to the cover endwise and this piece should be
placed, in a pan or bowl of water which should be set on
top of the cage. This water will be sucked throughout the
cloth cover of the refrigerator until it is wholly wet. As
the water evaporates from the cover the air inside the
refrigerator is cooled.

The iceless refrigerator works well on days when
dry air is moving about. It does not do well on damp,
quiet days.

Another simple refrigerator which does very well for
a little milk or a pat of butter is a clean, earthen flower
pot, turned upside down in a shallow pan of water. This
will keep very cool the food which it covers.

The Kitchen Sink

Next to the stove, the sink is the most important piece
of kitchen furniture.

The best sinks are of enamel or are made of porce-
lain. They have a fine wire drainer so that nothing
solid will go into the trap and plug the pipes. The Girl
Scout uses boiling water, and plenty of it, to flush the
sink. She takes pains that no grease gets into the drain
to harden there. When grease is accidentally collected,
soda and hot water will wash it away, but it should never
collect in the pipes.

The Keeper of the House takes pride in a perfectly
clean sink.

Taking Care of the House and the Things in It

Taking care of a house and its furniture means keep-
ing the house clean, neat, and orderly, and keeping every-

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117

thing in good repair. This means a great deal of thought
on the part of the Keeper of the House. For there are
many sorts of work to be done, and there is a right way
of doing every bit of it. By paying attention a Girl
Scout may learn very fast, and become very helpful and
competent.

First, there’s the Dish Washing.

Dish Washing

In making ready for dish washing scrape every plate
carefully to remove crumbs that would get into the dish
water. Try using crumpled tissue paper to remove milk,
grease, or crumbs before the dishes are put into the pan.
Save tissue paper, and paper napkins for this.

Pile in separate piles, all dishes of each sort; wash
first glass, then silver, then cups, saucers, plates, then
the rest; do not put bone, ivory or wooden handles of
knives into the water. Use hot water and soap for dish
washing, then rinse with clean hot water.

Dish towels should be cleansed after every dish wash-
ing; wash clean in hot soapy water, then rinse all the
soap away in clean water. Cooking utensils should soak
in cold water until time for dish washing, unless they
can be washed as soon as used.

Use a tray for carrying dishes to the closet or pantry
instead of traveling with a handful back and forth. Strain
the dish water before pouring it down the sink. Be sure
that no greasy water is put into the sink. Let the grease
rise and cool ; skim it off and dispose of it after the
dishes are washed.

Taking Care of Rooms

Keeping a house in order means having everything in
its place in every room. It means sweet, fresh air in
every room ; it means removal of dust and litter. A good
housekeeper “tidies” her rooms as she goes along, always

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picking up anything that is out of place and putting it
where it belongs. But she also has an order for doing
things. Perhaps she sweeps the entire house every day
or every other day, or perhaps she puts one room in
order on one day and another on another and so on. The
important thing is to have a regular plan.

The Living Room

Taking care of a living room means cleaning the floor
and the rugs ; dusting the walls, the pictures ; cleaning,
dusting, and sometimes polishing the furniture. Open
the windows top and bottom, dust and brush them inside
and out; use a soft brush or a dust mop to take the dust
from the floor. Use a carpet sweeper for the rugs unless
you have electricity and can use a vacuum cleaner ; collect
the sweepings and burn them.

Dampen one quarter of your cheese-cloth duster and
roll it inside the rest of the duster, then wring. This
makes a dampish cloth for dusting the base-boards, win-
dow sills, and other woodwork as well as the furniture.

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119

Where the furniture is highly polished, or would be in-
jured by water, use oil on the duster instead.
Dust after the dust has settled, not when it has been
stirred into the air. Shake and replace doilies or covers.

Be sure that the pictures hang straight after dusting
and that every piece of furniture is put in its right place.
See how long it takes to clean the room ; then study
to find out how the time can be shortened.

Do not keep useless furniture nor have too many
things in your room.

The Bathroom and the bath tub require daily cleans-
ing. In the ordinary family every one who uses the tub
should leave it perfectly clean for the next one who needs
it. All the furnishings of the bathroom should be kept
sweet and clean. Use a flush closet brush daily, scalding
it after using it. And remember that fresh air and sun-
shine are cleansing agents. Get them to work for you.

The Bedroom . Your bedroom needs all the fresh air
it can get. The Girl Scout sleeps with her windows
open. As soon as you have dressed in the morning throw
the windows wide open again, if they have been closed.
Open the bed, so that both sheets may be reached by
the fresh air. Shake up your pillows and put them on a
chair near the window. Leave your night clothing spread
or hung where it will be well aired. Let your room have
a fresh air bath !

You know already how to make a bed. You will re-
member that all the bedclothing must be smooth and
even, when the bed is made. You are lucky if you have
a sister to help you make your bed, for this piece Of work
is easier for two than for one. You will see that the
mattress is lying straight. Once a week you (the two of
you) will turn the mattress, end over end one week, and
side over side the next week. Then your mattress will
wear evenly, and not have a hollow in the middle where

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you sleep all the time. Then you two will lay the mat-
tress cover straight, and tuck it in firmly, so that you will
have no hard wrinkles to sleep on. The under sheet,
smooth and straight, must be tucked in all around. You
will make that bed as smooth as the table. Now the itpper
sheet, which is the hardest thing to manage in bed-making,
must be neatly tucked in at the foot. But you must allow
eight inches at the top to be turned over the blankets and
spread. Now the blankets, straight and smooth, and
evenly tucked in at the foot. Then you may choose be-
tween tucking in the sides after folding the top sheet
down over the blankets, and afterwards covering the
whole bed with the spread, letting the sides and ends
hang down ; and laying the spread even with the blankets,
tucking in the sides, and turning down the sheet over all.
Try both ways.

Now, shake and pat the pillows, making them very
smooth and quite square-cornered ; then lay them or
stand them neatly at the head of the bed, meeting exactly
in the middle ; and your bed is fit for a queen, or a tired
Girl Scout after a tramp !

With the bed neatly made, everything must be put in
its proper place. The furniture and window sills must
be dusted with a clean cheese-cloth duster ; and the
bare floors must be nicely dusted with a dry floor-mop,
or a cloth pinned over a broom. If there are rugs, use
a carpet sweeper, if you have one, or a broom. If you
do any broom sweeping, however, you will do it before
you dust.

Now a last look to see that the room is tidy, every
chair in place and the shades even at the windows, and
your room is ready for the day. Of course any Girl
Scout who wants a Homemaker’s badee will do all these
things ; — not guess or suppose how others do them and
how long it takes. That is the honest way to learn. So

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

find out how long it takes to put your own room in order.
There is only one way to find out.

Fighting Germs

Keeping clean in these days means keeping free from
troublesome germs as well as visible dirt. Germs thrive
in dampness and darkness. They can be overcome by
sunshine. For thorough cleanness, the house needs fresh
air and sunshine as well as sweeping and dusting. The
Girl Scout must remember to let the fresh air blow
through every room in the house every day. She should
sleep with her windows open. She is fortunate if she
can sleep out of doors.

Of course she is in honor bound to have no dark, damp,
hidden, dirt-filled corners in any part of her house, not
even in shed or cellar. Let in the light and clean out
the dirt.

Fighting the House Fly and Mosquito

House flies carry disease. They breed in filth, human
waste, animal droppings, decayed animal or vegetable
matter, and are so made that they carry filth wherever
they go. Since the fly alights wherever it pleases, it
carries dirt from outside and distributes it wherever it
chooses.

Clean up all heaps of rubbish where flies may breed.
Keep your garbage pail absolutely clean. Disinfect out-
door water-closets and cover with gravel or slacked lime.
Get fly traps to set on your porches. Kill all flies that
come into the house, especially the early ones, in the
spring. Keep your windows and doors screened.

Fight mosquitoes just as you fight flies. Leave no
still water even in an old tin can, for the eggs of mos-
quitoes are deposited in still water and hatch there. The
mosquito, like many other insects, has an intermediate
stage between the egg and the grown mosquito. During

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this stage it swims about in quiet water. Mosquitoes in
great numbers may be growing in old cans or bottles, rain-
filled and hidden away under the bushes in your yard.
Watch for such breeding places ; clean up your yard and
banish the mosquito.

Taking Care of Waste

All waste must be carefully disposed of. It should
never accumulate in the kitchen ; but the important thing
is to have no real waste . See that everything is put to
the utmost use. If you live in the couqtry, chickens and
pigs will take the parings, the outer leaves of vegetables,
etc., and you can bury or burn waste. If you live in
the city the garbage man will collect all waste.

The garbage can must be kept thoroughly clean. It
should be rinsed and scalded whenever it is empty, so
that there will be no bad odors about the kitchen. Find
out how garbage is taken care of in your town. How
can you help to keep your neighborhood clean? What
should be done if there is carelessness about garbage?

Taking Care of Woolen Things

Housekeepers must fight moths as well as flies. The
clothes moth loves to lay its eggs in wool. It is very
keen in searching out bits of wool and finding a place
for its baby to thrive. Unless you have a care it will
lay its eggs in your best winter dress which you forgot
and left hanging in the hot summer days.

When the baby worm pokes its head out of the egg,
it begins to feed upon the wool ; and when some cold
winter morning you get your dress you will find holes
neatly cut where the little worm has gnawed, and be-
side the holes the little woven cradle which the tiny
creature spun for itself, and in which the crawling worm
changed to the flying, silvery moth.

The housekeeper must therefore, carefully brush and

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123

pack away all woolen things before the moths arrive.
After the garment is cleansed and brushed it may be
folded in newspapers carefully pinned at the ends, s#
that no crack is left for the moth to get in, or it may be
laid in a cedar box; or in any plain box with moth balls
or camphor. Every box should be labelled so that you
know without opening it what is in it.

Watch edges of carpets and rugs for the carpet beetle
and the “Buffalo bu g.” The last bothersome creature
may eat your cotton dresses in your closet. All clothing
must have care.

Make a list of the woolen things that must be taken
care of if the house is closed in summer and what per-
sonal clothing must be packed away for the summer
even if the house is not closed.

Storage of Food

Taking care of food so that it will “keep’" well is just
as important as the careful buying of food. Much waste,
and therefore loss of money and labor, comes from
carelessness in the storage of food. The bright Girl
Scout will keep her eyes open to see how foods are taken
care of in the house; which foods must be kept in the
cellar; which ones must be stored on the shelves of dry
closets ; which ones come in sealed parcels ; which in
paper bags ; which in boxes ; which in barrels. There
must be a place in the house for keeping all these things.
So you need to think which foods must be kept in the
house and which must be bought from day to day. And
in the house which you plan there must be ample space for
closets and shelves, for keeping properly all that must
be stored. No one can say which things must be kept in
the house by every family. If the Girl Scout happens to
live in a crowded city where rents are high, she will have
little storage space, and will not keep so many things on
hand. If she lives in the country, miles from a store, she

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must have a “store” of her own. So keep your eyes open,
Girl Scout, and see what is being done in your part of
the world. That is what eyes are made for.

Heating the House

A house may be heated by a furnace, by stoves, or
even by open fires in the fireplace, as in old days. Heat-
ing the house makes the chimney necessary. This must
be carefully arranged for in planning your house. Heat-
ing by stoves is the most common arrangement. In the
large city or town, the furnace is used. This is merely
a big stove in the cellar or basement, so planned that its
heat is distributed through the house. By this means
one big stove does the work of many little ones, and
warms the whole house.

The furnace may use its heat to turn water into hot
steam, which is sent through all the house through the
iron pipes and radiators. Or the water in the boiler
may be made quite hot, though not turned into steam, and
sent through the house in the same way, by means of
pipes. Or hot air from around this big stove or furnace
may be sent through big pipes directly to the various
rooms. This means dust and dirt, and we are learning
to use steam and hot water instead of the hot air system.

The fireplace is almost a luxury. It is found oftenest
in country houses where wood can be easily got and
stored. The town or city home may have its open fire,
however. Everyone loves an open fire ; and when you
plan your own house, you must manage to get one if
you can. The hearth is the heart of the house.

Labor Saving

The housekeeper must learn how to do her work in
the least possible time ; she must save steps. Look at the
house that you have planned and see whether everything
you need to use is within easy reach. Look carefully at

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the closets where you keep things. Are they big enough ?
Are they in the right place ? Suppose your water comes
from a well which is a long way from the house. What
difference will it make? What would you do about it?

The Water Supply

The water supply of every home should be carefully
guarded. If the water is defiled or contaminated by
germs of typhoid fever, diphtheria, or other diseases,
whose bacteria may be carried by water, the disease may
be spread wherever the water is used.

No earth closets or human or animal waste should be
in the neighborhood of the well. Water should come
from high ground and clean places with no possibility
of gathering infection on the way to the house. Great
pains should be taken to keep drinking water absolutely
clean. All drinking vessels should be washed and scalded
and the rims should never be handled.

In the country every home has a private water supply
and takes pains to guard it. In the city there is a common
water supply and everyone is responsible for keeping it
pure. Where does the water come from that supplies
your city or town? How is it kept clean? Who takes
care of it?

Whenever there is any question about the purity of
common drinking water, the table supply should be
boiled, for safety. Boiling will destroy any bacteria that
could produce disease. This boiled water should be used
for rinsing dishes as well as for drinking.

Girl Scouts will interest themselves in municipal or
neighborhood housekeeping, for that is a responsibility
which all share together.

Learning to take care of one’s own home is a good
beginning, if one is to share in providing good condi-
tions for the neighborhood.

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Little Things Worth Remembering

The stove should be cleaned with crumpled newspaper
whenever the kitchen is put in order. All ashes should
be neatly brushed off.

In lifting ashes from the ash pan with a shovel use a
newspaper to cover the pail into which the ashes are
poured, so that the dust will not scatter over the room.
Don’t dump them and raise dust; and never pnt hot
ashes into a wooden box or barrel.

Watch the floor of closets and see that no dusty corners
are hidden out of sight.

Air and dry soiled clothing before putting it in the
laundry basket. If damp clothes are hidden away they
will mildew.

Learn to make out a laundry list and to check it when
the laundry comes home.

Save soap chips and use in a soap shaker.

Get all the help you can from older housekeepers in
your neighborhood. Ask them how they do things and
why. Your mother may know something better than any-
body else does.

The Girl Scout asks questions and learns why things
are done as they are. She may think out a better way
some day, but first she must pay attention to the old
way.

Sing at your work; it goes better so. Besides, joy
belongs with housekeeping and your song helps to keep
her there. Always sing if the work drags, but let it be
a lively song!

Making Things Clean and Keeping Clean

Making things clean is a most important duty of the
Keeper of the House. But don’t forget, Girl Scout, that
keeping things clean is a constant duty. You know many
a body who “cleans up” with a lot of stir once in a

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while, but who litters and spills and spreads dirt and lets
dust collect in corners all the rest of the time.

“Keeping clean” is the housekeeper’s regular business,
and “cleaning up” never need stir up the whole house.

For keeping clean, soap and water must always be
had. The soap loves to wrestle with grease. The water
softens and rinses away both dirt and soap You will
use a scouring soap or powder to clean stained or dirty
metal or glass ; and you should cover water-closets and
other out-of-door places for refuse with clean slaked lime
now and then to keep them clean.

Ten Ways of Removing Stains

1. When you have raspberry or blueberry or straw-
berry stains on your white handkerchief or blouse or
skirt, do not be too much disturbed. Hold the stained
part firmly over an empty bowl, with the spot well in
the centre, and ask some one to pour boiling hot water
over the spot and into the bowl. The stains will disappear
like magic. Then the wet spot may be dried and pressed
with a hot iron, and the damage is repaired.

2. Peach stains are much harder to remove, but they
should be treated just as the others were treated. Often
several applications of hot water are necessary for these
stubborn stains. But you must not lose patience. And
you must not use soap! The stain will fade out at last
under the hot water.

3. Ink stains are a great bother, especially to the
school girl who carries a leaky fountain pen. Do not let
them get dry. They will be much harder to remove.
Sometimes cold water, applied immediately, will re-
move the ink, if the spot is rinsed carefully. Use the
cold water just as the hot water is used for the peach
stain. If that does not remove it try milk. If the milk
fails, let the spot soak in sour milk. Sometimes it must

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soak a day or two ; but it will disappear in the end, with
rinsing and a little rubbing.

4. Ink stains on a carpet are a serious matter. Let
us hope that no Girl Scout will be so unlucky as to upset
an ink bottle on a friend’s carpet or rug. If she does,
she should know the best way to set about removing it.
This should be done as quickly as possible before the
ink dries, or “sets.” Take cotton, or soft tissue paper or
blotting paper, and absorb all that has not soaked in. You
will see that the “sooner” is the “better” in this case.
Try not to increase the size of the spot, for you must keep
the ink from spreading. Then dip fresh cotton in milk,
and carefully sop the spot. Do not use the cotton when
it is inky; that will smear the carpet and spread the
stain. Use fresh bits of cotton, dipped in clean milk,
until the stain has disappeared. Then rinse with clean
water in the same way, and dry with dry cotton.

5. The spots made on silk or woolen by acids may be
removed by touching with ammonia or baking soda, dis-
solved in a little water. The bright yellow spot on a
black dress will sometimes run away like lightning when
touched by the wet cork of the ammonia bottle.

6. Egg stains on the napkin, or sometimes, unfortu-
nately, on a dress front, must be removed before washing.
Use cold water alone. The egg will dissolve and can be
rinsed out. Hot water will cook the egg and it will
be hard to remove.

7. Liquid shoe blacking is almost worse than ink. It
must be treated in the same way, and at once.

8. Coffee and tea stains will wash out with either
warm water or soap and water. A black coffee
stain on a fresh table cloth may be removed like the
berry stains, by the teakettle and bowl method.

9. Grease spots may be removed from washable
fabrics by soap and water. For silk and woolen, gaso-

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129

line should be used. Use gasoline in daytime only, to
avoid lamps or gas in the neighborhood ; and never near
a fire. Use carbona instead of gasoline or benzine when
possible, as it cannot burn. Remember that all grease or
sugar spots should be removed before putting a woolen
garment away. Moths always seek them out, and they
will find them if you don’t.

10. Paint can be removed by soaking the spot in tur-
pentine. This dissolves it, and a bit of rubbing shakes
it out. A brush helps, when the paint spot is on a woolen
garment, after the turpentine has done its work.

Remember: All spots and stains should be removed

before washing the garment.

GOOD MANNERS AND SOCIAL FORMS

It is easier to meet people socially if we are acquainted
with the simple forms of introductions, meeting and part-
ing, and so forth. A girl who is entertaining her friends
will be more successful in doing so if she plans ahead
how she can welcome them, and has all the necessary
preparations for a substantial good time, at hand. This
planning also makes it possible for her to be less occu-
pied when the time comes, and to have a good time her-
self.

Stand where guests can see you at once when they
enter.

Always introduce a younger person to an older one,
as “Mrs. Smith, may I present Miss Jones, or Mr.
Brown?” A man is always presented to a woman, or a
girl, as “Miss Brewster, may I present Mr. Duncan?”

If you have many guests, ask some of your friends to
join you in watching to he sure that no one is left out,
so that the evening may be a success for every one. It
is sometimes difficult for a hostess to do this alone.

If you ask other girls to help you, ask each to do a

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definite thing, as to arrange for wraps, sing or play, pay
special attention to some older person, etc. This saves
confusion, as the Pine Tree patrol does in camp.

A few intimate friends need no plan to make them
have a good time, but with a large number it is usually
better to plan games, music, charades, or some other
form of entertainment.

When invited to a house at a certain time, be prompt.
Promptness is always a mark of courtesy, as it means
consideration for the time and convenience of others. One
should also watch carefully the time of leaving, and not
stay about unless specially detained.

TABLE MANNERS

Accept what is offered or placed before you, with a
quiet “Thank you.” If you are asked what you prefer,
it is proper to name it.

Do not drink while food is in the mouth.

Take soup quietly from the side of the spoon, dipping
it into the plate from instead of towards you, to avoid
dripping the soup.

Break bread or roll, and spread with butter only the
piece which you are about to eat.

Use knife only as a divider, the fork to take food to
the mouth. Where one can dispense with a knife, and
use only the fork to divide the food, do so. When not
using either, lay them together across the side of the
plate, not resting on the table cloth.

A spoon should never be allowed to rest in a tall re-
ceptacle such as a cup or glass, as it is likely to overturn
the receptacle. Place the spoon on plate or saucer.

At close of meal, fold napkin, that table may be left
in orderly condition. When napkins are to be washed
at once, or when they are paper napkins, they need not
be folded.

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131

Do not begin a course until all are served.

Sometimes it is better to serve the hostess first, and
sometimes it is the custom to serve the guest first, that is
the guest of honor who sits on the hostess’ right. When
the host or hostess does the serving, the guest is served
first.

Do not be troubled if you use the wrong spoon or fork,
and never call attention to anyone else’s doing so. No
matter how you feel, or what the blunder or accident may
be, such as spilling something or dropping a plate, never
show displeasure to either servant or guest. Good breed-
ing and pleasant atmosphere are essential to all enter-
tainment.

Good breeding means first of all thoughtfulness of
others, and nothing shows lack of breeding so quickly as
a lack of such politeness to those who happen to be
serving us in hotels, at home, in shops, or when travelling,
or anywhere else.

When acting as waitress, stand at the left of the per-
son to be served, so that the portion may be taken with
the right hand.

Preparing the Meal

Plan the cooking so that the food that is to be served
may be kept hot; for instance, soup may be kept hot on
the back of the stove or where there is less heat, while the
meat or vegetables are being cooked. Food that is to be
served cold, should be kept in the ice-box or standing in
water until the last moment and served in chilled dishes.
In placing the food on the dishes and platters care should
be taken to make it look attractive.

Setting the Table

When setting the table keep in mind how many courses
there will be, and therefore, how many knives, forks, and
spoons are needed. Have everything clean, and lay every-

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thing straight. Air room well. Wipe table, and if a
tablecloth is used, cover table with a felt silence cloth.
If a tablecloth is used, it should be laid with the fold
in the center of the table. If a centerpiece and doilies
are used, they should be laid at even distances. Clean
white oil cloth and paper napkins make an attractive
looking table. At each cover the knife, edge in, is placed
at the right with the spoon, and the glass is placed at
the right in line with the end of the knife. The fork is
at the left and bread and butter plate and small knife
are at the left opposite the glass. Put the napkin between
the knife and fork.

Salt, pepper, water, bread and butter should be on the
table, and if necessary, vinegar, mustard, sugar, pickles,
etc.

When possible a few flowers add to the appearance of
the table.

Have as much ready as possible before sitting down
at the table. See at least that (1), glasses are filled;
(2) butter portioned; (3) chairs placed.

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133

Hard and fast rules as to table setting do not exist.
Local customs, the amount of service at hand, and com-
mon sense must govern this. The captain, assisted by
the council, must be the judges.

THE GIRL SCOUT COOK

By Ula M. Dow, A. M.

In charge of Division of Food, Simmons College

The Girl Scout who has earned the Cooking Badge
may be a great help at home if she has learned to work
quickly and neatly and may get much amusement both
at home and on camping parties. If the first trial of a
process is not a success, the Scout should have patience
to try again and again until her result is satisfactory.
If she has learned to prepare a few simple dishes well
she should have courage to try unfamiliar recipes which
are found in any good cook book. If she is to be ready
to take responsibility when it is necessary, she should
be able to plan the meals in such a way that nothing is
wasted and that the family is satisfied and well-nour-
ished.

When working in the kitchen the Scout should wear
a clean, washable dress, or a washable apron which
covers her dress. She should be sure that her hair is
tidy, and she should remember to wash her hands be-
fore beginning work. She should try to use as few
dishes as possible and not to spill or spatter. She
should remember that her cooking is not finished until
she has cleaned up after herself, has washed and put
away the dishes, washed the dish towels and left the
kitchen in order.

What to Have for Breakfast— Breakfast is in most
families the simplest meal of the day and the easiest
to prepare. Some people are satisfied with fruit, cereal,
toast or muffins, coffee for the adults, and milk for

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the children. Many families, however, like the addi-
tion of a heartier dish, such as boiled or poached eggs,
fish hash, or minced meat on toast. If a hearty dish is
served at breakfast this is a good time to use up such
left-overs as potato, fish, or meat.

Simple Breakfast

Apple sauce or sliced peaches.

Oatmeal or cornmeal mush.

Toast or muffins.

Coffee (for adults).

Milk (for children).

Hearty Breakfast

Apple sauce or sliced peaches.

Oatmeal or cornmeal mush.

Toast or muffins.

Coffee (for adults).

Milk (for children).

Poached eggs or minced lamb on toast.

Fruit — Raw fruit should be carefullv washed and
prepared in such a way that it can be easily eaten.
Berries may be cooked with no other preparation than
washing. Fruits, such as apples and pears, should be
washed, pared, quartered, and cored before cooking.
Any fruit which becomes dark on standing after it is
cut may be kept light colored by dropping the pieces
into a pan of water until they are ready to be cooked.
If this is done most of the water should be drained off
before they are cooked.

Dried fruits, such as prunes, which have a wrinkled
skin should be soaked for a short time in cold water
before they are washed. Otherwise it is impossible to
get them clean. After washing they should be covered
with cold water and soaked over night, or until they are
plump. They should be put on to cook in the water in
which they are soaked and cooked until tender. Sugar

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135

should then be added if they are not sweet enough.

The most common method of cooking fresh fruit is
to boil it gently with just enough water to prevent it
from burning. Sugar should be added just before the
cooking is finished, the amount depending on the acidity
of the fruit and the taste of the family.

In sampling food, the cook should remember that the
rest of the food is to be eaten by other people. She
should never taste from the cooking spoon, but should
transfer her sample to a tasting spoon which is not
returned to the kettle.

Cereal — Cereals, such as oatmeal, cornmeal, and
cracked wheat, should be cooked in a double boiler. A
double boiler can be improvised by setting a pail or pan
into a kettle of boiling water. Cereals for breakfast
may be cooked the day before and reheated in the
double boiler, but should not be stirred while reheating.
A tablespoonful or two of cold water on top will pre-
vent a hard skin from forming while standing. All
prepared cereals are better if cooked for a longer time
than the package directions indicate. It is hardly pos-
sible to cook any grain too long. The fireless cooker is
especially valuable for cooking cereals, but a longer
period of time must be allowed than for cooking in a
double boiler. A home-made fireless cooker, described
in another place, is interesting to make. Ready-to-
serve cereals are very expensive compared with those
cooked at home.

Cracked wheat, J4 cup 1° 1 CUP water; 3-12 hours.

Rolled oats, y2 cup to 1 cup water; y2-Z hours.

Cornmeal, 3 tablespoonfuls to 1 cup water; 1-4 hours.

Use y2 teaspoonful of salt to each quart of water.
Have the water boiling rapidly. Add the cereal gradually.
Let the mixture cook directly over the fire 5 minutes.
Place over boiling water or in the fireless cooker to

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cook slowly for a long time. Keep covered and do not
stir. The time of cooking given in the table means
that the cereal is eatable after the shorter time men-
tioned, but is better if cooked the longer time.

Toast— Good toast is worth knowing how to make.

The cook should not be satisfied with toast which is

either white or burned.

Toast is most easily made from stale bread, which
should be cut in one-third to one-half inch slices. A
single slice of toast may be made by holding it over
the fire on a fork. In camp a forked stick answers
every purpose. The easiest way to make several slices
is to put them in a wire toaster and hold them over hot
coals. Begin carefully and hold the bread some dis-
tance away from the fire, turning it often until it dries.
Then hold it nearer the coals until it is a golden brown
on both sides. With a new coal fire or wood fire toast
must be made on a toaster on the top of the stove to
prevent the bread from being smoked. If the top of
the stove is being used for other things, the drying may
be done in the oven.

Muffins — Any good cook book has numerous recipes
for muffins, most of which can be made easily if the
directions are followed exactly.

Cornmeal Muffins (for four persons) :

Four tablespoonfuls butter or oleomargarine, 3 table-
spoonfuls sugar, 1 egg, 1 cup milk, 1 1-3 cups flour, 2-3
cup cornmeal, 3 teaspoonfuls baking powder.

Cream the butter, add the sugar and the egg well
beaten. Sift the baking powder with the flour and
cornmeal and add to the first mixture, alternating with
milk. Bake in buttered muffin pans 25 to 30 minutes.
This mixture makes good corn bread if baked in a shal-
low buttered pan.

Coffee — If the family drink coffee, they will want

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

13/

coffee for breakfast, no matter what other items of the
menu may be varied. It should be served only to the
grown-up members of the family. Coffee of average
strength is made as follows :

One-half cup coffee finely ground, 4 cups cold water,
2 eggshells.

Mix the coffee, the crushed eggshell, and cupful
of cold water in a scalded coffee pot. Add the remain-
der of the water and allow the mixture to come gradu-
ally to the boiling point. Boil 3 minutes. Draw to the
back of the range and keep hot for 5 minutes. Add
cupful of cold water and let stand 1 minute to settle.
Strain into a heated coffee pot in which the coffee is
to be served at the table.

A method for making coffee used by the guides in
the White Mountains is as. follows:

Boil the water in an ordinary pail, remove the pail
from the fire, pour the dry coffee gently on the top of
the water, cover tightly and move it near the fire where
it will keep warm but will not boil again. In about
thirty minutes the coffee will have become moistened
and sunk to the bottom of the pail. If the coffee is slow
in becoming moist, time may be saved by removing the
cover for a moment and pressing gently with a spoon
on the top of the coffee, but the mixture must not be
stirred. It is essential that the water be boiling when
the coffee is added, that the cover be absolutely tight,
and that the coffee be kept hot without boiling. Half
a cup of coffee to four cups of water makes coffee of
average strength.

Milk — The little children of the family should have
whole milk at every meal. The older children should
have milk at breakfast and supper time. There is no
food so good for children who want to be well and
strong. A part of the family supply of milk is some-

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times skimmed to give cream for use in coffee and on
desserts. The cream contains most of the fat in the
milk, but the skimmed milk which is left is still a very
valuable food, containing the substances which make
muscle and bone, and every bit of it should be used in
the cooking or for making cottage cheese. The waste
of milk is the worst possible extravagance.

Eggs — Eggs may be prepared in countless ways, and
the ambitious cook will find much amusement in trying
some of the suggestions in the cook books. Eggs are
an entirely satisfactory substitute for meat and fish,
and are therefore often served for the main dish at
dinner or supper. Many people like an egg every morn-
ing for breakfast, but this is a rather extravagant
habit. If eggs are served for breakfast they are usually
cooked in the shell, poached or scrambled. The men of
the family sometimes prefer their eggs fried, but this
is not a good method for the children. Only fresh eggs
can be poached successfully, so that this is a good test
for freshness.

Poached Eggs — Oil the skillet and fill it within a half
inch of the top with water. Break each egg into a saucer
and let the water boil after the egg is placed in it. The
egg is done when the white is jelly-like and a slight film
is formed over the yolk. Remove the egg with a griddle
cake turner to a piece of buttered toast. Sprinkle light-
ly with salt. If the eggs are not absolutely fresh, the
white will scatter in the water. If the first egg to be
cooked shows this tendency oiled muffin rings may be
put in the pan to keep the rest of them in shape.

Soft Boiled Eggs — A soft boiled egg has much the
same consistency as a poached egg. It is easier to man-
age because the shell is unbroken, but it is harder to get
it of just the right consistency because the contents
of the egg are invisible. Most people are very partic-

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135

ular to have the egg just hard or soft enough to suit
them, and it is necessary for the cook to practice to be
sure of uniform results. Drop the eggs carefully into
a kettle of boiling water, draw the kettle back on the
stove so that the water does not boil again and (for a
soft egg) allow the eggs to remain for five minutes.
If the eggs are very cold they should remain longer.

Use of Left-overs for Breakfast — If the family
like a hearty breakfast this is a good meal at which to
use bits of left-over meat which might otherwise be
wasted. Meat may be chopped or ground, reheated in
the gravy which was served with it, and served on
toast. Lamb is especially good minced on toast. To
make hash mix equal quantities of meat and chopped
potato and brown nicely in a greased frying pan. Such
mixtures should be tasted to make sure that they are
salt enough. Some people like a very small amount of
onion with any of these made-over meat dishes.

DINNER

What to Have for Dinner — If all the members of
the family are at home at noontime it is usually more
convenient to have dinner then, but if members of the
family are away or hurried at noontime it may be bet-
ter to have dinner at night. Dinner may consist of
several courses, but if the mother or the daughter of
the family prepares the meal, the family is usually per-
fectly satisfied with two courses.

The main course of a simple family dinner consists
of meat, fish, eggs or a cheese dish served with potato,
rice or macaroni, and a vegetable such as string beans,
green peas, carrots, cabbage, tomatoes or corn. If the
family like salad, the vegetables are often served as a
salad. This is a very good way to use up small amounts
of vegetables which are left from the day before. Often

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little remainders of two or more vegetables may be very
attractively combined in this way.

Some families like hot bread at dinner, and hot breads,
such as baking powder biscuit (described under sup-
per), or corn bread (described under breakfast), are
particularly good with some combinations. Examples
are baking powder biscuit with meat stew or fricas-
seed chicken and corn bread with bacon and eggs or
ham. If fish is served in a chowder, buttered and
toasted crackers are usually served. An occasional
chowder for dinner is an excellent way to use up any
surplus of skimmed milk which may be on hand.

The kind of dessert served at dinner, besides depend-
ing on the taste of the family, depends on the amount
of money which is spent for food and whether there
are young children in the family. Pie and ice cream,
which are favorite desserts in many families, are ex-
pensive. Little children should not have desserts which
contain a good deal of fat, such as pie or doughnuts, or
which are the least bit soggy, as some steamed puddings
are inclined to be. The most economical desserts and
those best suited to the children are baked puddings
made with milk and cereal, such as Indian pudding,
rice pudding, and those made with cereal * and fruit,
such as Apple Betty or peach tapioca. If there is
skimmed milk on hand the possibility of using it in a
milk pudding should be considered. Chocolate bread
pudding and Apple Betty make a very attractive use
of left-over bread. Dessert should always be chosen
with reference to the heartiness of the first course. A
main dish which is not very filling can be balanced by
a more substantial dessert.

Simple Dinners:

1. Hamburg steak.

Baked potato.

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141

Squash or baked tomatoes.

Apple Betty.

2. Roast chicken or roast lamb with dressing and
currant jelly.

Mashed potato and gravy.

Peas or string beans.

Orange jelly and whipped cream.

Meat — The best way to learn about cuts of meat is
to go often to market and talk to the butcher whenever
he has a minute to spare. Some cuts of meat are tough
with coarse fibers and much connective tissue. They
should be ground if, like Hamburg steak, they are to
be cooked by a short process, such as broiling. If not
ground, the tougher meats are usually cooked a long
time with water and made into a stew, a pot roast, a
meat pie, or a meat loaf. These cuts are cheaper, but
require more care in preparation than the more expen-
sive cuts. Examples are the bottom of the round, the
shin, and the flank of beef. The more expensive cuts,
such the top of the round, tenderloin and sirloin, are
more tender, more delicately flavored, and are used for
broiling and roasting. Some cuts which seem inexpen-
sive really cost more than they appear because they
contain large amounts of bone or waste fat. The dif-
ference between lamb and mutton is a question of the
age at which the animal was slaughtered. Lamb is
much more tender than mutton, is more delicately
flavored and more expensive. There is a similar dif-
ference between chicken and fowl. Fowl is much tough-
er than chicken and requires careful and long cooking
to make it tender.

Pan Broiled Hamburg Steak — Hamburg steak may
be bought already ground at the butcher’s, or one of
the cheap cuts of beef, such as bottom of the round or
shin, may be bought and ground at home. Many people

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like a little salt pork or onion ground with the meat.

Make the meat into small, flat cakes and cook in a
smoking hot frying pan which has been thoroughly
rubbed over with a piece of fat. When one side is
seared over nicely turn the cakes (a griddle cake turner
or spatula is helpful) and broil on the other side. Place
on a hot platter, sprinkle with salt and pepper, dot
with bits of butter and garnish with a little parsley or
watercress.

A rump or sirloin steak may be broiled in a hot frying
pan in a similar way. Wipe and trim the steak, place
in a smoking hot frying pan and sear both sides. Re-
duce the heat and turn the steak occasionally (about
every 2 minutes) until it is cooked, allowing 8 minutes
for a rare steak, 10 minutes for medium cooked steak,
and 12 minutes for well done steak, for a steak 1 inch
thick. Avoid puncturing the meat with a fork while
cooking.

Many people prefer to broil a steak on a broiler.
This is practical with gas or electricity or over a wood
or coal fire which is reduced to clear coals Without
smoke or flame. It is very difficult indeed to cook
Hamburg steak on a broiler.

Lamb chops may be broiled in either way.

Roast Leg of Lamb - — Wash the leg of lamb, place it
on the rack in a roasting pan and put in a hot oven
with the roaster uncovered. When the roast is well
seared (15 to 30 minute), draw from the oven, sprinkle
with salt, pour a little water into the pan, and put on
the cover. Finish cooking at a lowered temperature,
allowing 20 or 25 minutes for each pound.

A dripping pan may be used in place of a roaster,
using a pan of similar size for a cover. A rack may
be improvised from a broiler, a toaster or a cake rack.

Beef is roasted in the same way, but is usually cooked

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143

for a shorter time (15 to 20 minutes for each pound).

Beef Stew (for four) :

2)4 pounds beef shoulder or shin.

2 cups diced potato.

1-3 cup turnip cut in half inch cubes.

1-3 cup carrot cut in half inch cubes,
onion chopped.

2 tablespoons flour.

Salt and pepper.

Wash the meat, remove from the bone and fat and
cut in iy2 inch cubes. Sprinkle with salt and pepper
and dredge with flour. Sear the pieces of meat in the
frying pan in the fat cooked out from the trimmings
of fat. Put the meat in a kettle, and rinse the frying
pan with boiling water, so that none of the juices will
be lost. Add the bone, cover with boiling water and
boil five minutes. Lower the temperature and cook un-
til the meat is tender (about three hours.) Add the
carrots, turnips, onions, pepper and salt in an hour, and
the potato in 15 minutes before the steak is to be served.
Remove the bone and any large pieces of fat. Stir
two tablespoons of flour to a smooth paste with a little
water and thicken the stew.

Such a stew may also be made with lamb, mutton, or
veal, using other vegetables as desired. Celery and
onion are better than turnip and carrot with veal.

Chicken — If a chicken is purchased at the market
it is usually delivered dressed. This means that the
head has been cut off, the entrails removed, and the
coarser pinfeathers pulled out. Many times, however,
it is necessary to know how to do this oneself.

To Dress and Clean a Chicken — Cut off the head and
draw out the pinfeathers. Remove hair and down by
holding the fowl over a flame (a gas flame, an alcohol
flame, or a piece of paper flaming in the wood or coal

144 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

(

range), constantly changing the position until all parts
of the surface have been exposed to the flame. Cut
off the feet. Wash the fowl thoroughly, using a small
brush, in water to which a little soda has been added.
Rinse and dry. Make a slit down the back of the neck.
Remove the crop and windpipe. Draw down the neck
skin long enough to fasten under the back. Make a
straight cut from ^4 inch below the tip of the breast-
bone to the vent. Cut around the vent. Slip fingers
in carefully around and fully loosen the entrails. Care-
fully draw out the entrails. The lungs, lying in the
cavities under the breast, and the kidneys, in the hol-
low near the end of the backbone, must be taken out
separately. Remove the oil sack and wash the chicken
by allowing cold water to run through it.

To clean giblets (the gizzard, the heart, and the liver)
proceed as follows : Separate the gall bladder from

the liver, cutting off any portion of the liver that may
have a greenish tinge. Remove the thin membrane, the
arteries, the veins and the clotted blood around the
heart. Cut the fat and the membranes from the giz-
zard. Make a gash through the thickest part of the
gizzard as far as the inner lining, being careful not to
pierce it. Remove the inner sack and discard. Wash
the gizzard carefully and boil in water to use for giblet
sauce.

If the chicken comes from the market dressed it
should be washed carefully and any pinfeathers re-
moved which were overlooked by the market man.

To Staff , Truss and Roast a Chicken — When the
chicken is clean and prepared as directed, fill it with
stuffing (described later), a little in the opening at the
neck, the rest in the body cavity. Sew up the opening
with a few long stitches. Draw the skin of the neck
smoothly down and under the back, press the wings

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

145

close against the body and fold the pinions under, so
that they will cross the back and hold down the skin
of the neck. Press the legs close to the body. Thread
the trussing needle with white twine, using it double.
Press the needle through the wing at the middle joint,
pass it through the skin of the neck and back,
and out again at the middle joint of the other wing.
Return the needle through the bend of the leg at the
second joint, through the body, and out at the same
point on the other side; draw the cord tight and tie it
with the end at the wing joint. Thread the needle
again and run it through the legs and body at the thigh
bone and back at the ends of the drumsticks. Draw
the drumstick bones close together, covering the open-
ing made for drawing the chicken and tie the ends.
Have both knots on the same side of the chicken.
When cooked, cut the cord on the opposite side and
draw out by the knots.

Lay the stuffed and trussed chicken on its back on
a rack in a roasting pan. Lay a strip of salt pork on
breast. Place in a hot oven until the chicken begins
to brown, then lower the temperature and cook the
chicken until very tender. Baste often with the drip-
pings in the pan. From 3 to 4 hours will be required
for a five-pound chicken. If a fowl is used it should
be steamed for 3 or 4 hours and then roasted for J4
hour.

Stuffing — For a large chicken mix thoroughly 4 cups
of finely broken stale bread, \y2 teaspoon of salt, J/g
teaspoon of pepper, 1 teaspoon of poultry dressing and
4 tablespoons of fat. Pour over the mixture hot milk
*or water, stirring lightly until the mixture is moist.

Giblet Gravy — If the chicken was properly roasted
the drippings in the pan should be nicely browned, but
not burned. Make a gravy from these drippings and

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

the water in which the giblets were boiled. To do this
pour the water into the pan, set the pan over the fire
and stir until the contents of the pan are dissolved.
Thicken with a smooth paste of flour and water, using
two tablespoons of flour for every cup of liquid. Boil
until the flour tastes cooked. Strain. Add the giblets
cut in small pieces.

Vegetables — All vegetables should be clean, crisp
and firm when ready for cooking. Vegetables are pre-
pared and cooked in a variety of ways, but almost all
vegetables should be carefully washed as the first
process. It is convenient to keep a small brush for
washing the vegetables, like potatoes, sweet potatoes,
and beets, which must be scrubbed to get them clean.
Vegetables which are to be eaten raw, such as lettuce
and celery, should be washed with special care, wrapped
in a clean, wet cloth and put in the ice box to keep them
crisp.

Baked Potato — Select smooth potatoes of even size.
Scrub them carefully and bake them in a hot oven. The
time required is from 45 to 60 minutes, depending on
the size of the potatoes and the temperature of the oven.
When the potatoes are done, slash each one with a knife
to let the steam escape, and serve immediately.

Mashed Potato — Wash the potatoes, pare, cover with
boiling salted water (1 level teaspoon of salt to a pint
of water), and cook until tender (30 to 45 minutes).
Drain off the water and return to the fire a moment to
dry. Mash the potatoes, add butter, salt, pepper and
hot milk, and beat vigorously until light and creamy.
For three cups of potato use 2 tablespoons of butter
and 4 tablespoons of hot milk. Pile lightly in a hoft
dish and serve immediately.

Steamed Squash — Wash and cut in one-inch slices.
Steam until tender, scrape from the shell, mash thor-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

147

oughly, season with salt, pepper and butter, and serve.

String Beans — Snap the ends from the beans, remove
any strings, cut into short pieces, wash, cover with boil-
ing salted water (1 level teaspoon to a pint) and cook
until tender. The time required will vary from one
hour to three hours, depending on the age and kind of
bean. Drain the beans, season with salt and butter,
and serve.

Canned string beans should be rinsed, reheated in as
little water as possible, drained, and seasoned.

Baked Tomatoes — Select smooth tomatoes* otf even
size. Wash the tomatoes, remove the thin slice from
the stem end and remove a spoonful of pulp. Sprinkle
with salt, pepper and scraped onion, fill the cavity with
buttered crumbs, place in a pan (preferably one which
can be used as a serving dish at the table), and bake in
a moderate oven until the tomatoes are tender. Serve
in the dish in which they were cooked or remove them
carefully to the platter on which the Hamburg steak
is being served, arranging them in a ring around the
meat.

The buttered crumbs are prepared by melting a table-
spoon of butter or oleomargarine and stirring in six
tablespoonfuls of dry .bread crumbs.

Desserts — Most desserts are easy to make if the
directions given in the cook books are followed exactly.
Many people take pride in making beautiful cake or
pie, who are careless about making good toast or bak-
ing a potato well.

Apple Betty — Prepare well sWeetened apple sauce
and thin slices of lightly buttered bread cut in small
triangles. Fill a shallow baking dish with alternate
layers of apple sauce and toast, beginning with apple
sauce and ending with toast. Sprinkle lightly with

148 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

)

sugar and cinnamon and heat in the oven. Serve with
cream.

Orange Jelly — Swell 1*4 tablespoons of powdered
gelatin in a half cupful of cold water. Mix 1 cupful
of orange juice, cupful of lemon juice, }4 cupful of
sugar and 1^4 cupfuls of boiling water. Add the gela-
tin and stir carefully until it is dissolved. Strain into
a wet mould and chill until the jelly is firm. Unmould
the jelly and serve with whipped cream or a custard
sauce. To unmould the jelly, run the point of a knife
around the edge of the mould, dip the mould quickly
in warm water, place an inverted serving plate on top
of the mould, turn both over and lift the mould care-
fully.

SUPPER OR LUNCH

What To Have for Supper. — Supper shows more
variation between families than other meals of the day.
Some men insist upon meat, even though meat is served
for their dinner, but this is rather extravagant unless
there is left-over meat which should be used. Hash and
minced lamb on toast, which were suggested for the
hearty breakfast, would be equally well liked by most
families for supper. Many families prefer for supper
some milk dish such as macaroni and cheese or a cream
soup served with either stewed or fresh fruit or followed
by a fruit or vegetable salad. Hot rolls or baking powder
biscuits are a very attractive substitute for plain bread
if someone has time to make them at the last minute. If
the mother and daughter do all the work of the family,
they usually like to have on hand cookies or cake, which
can be used for supper rather than to have to prepare
some special dessert. Cold meat has the advantage that
it is ready to serve with little preparation, but many
other dishes such as the macaroni and cheese and the
creamed soup, suggested in the menus, may be made

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

149

when dinner is being prepared and simply reheated for
supper.

A hot drink at night usually seems desirable except on
hot days in the summer. If tea is served for adults, the
children should have cocoa or milk.

If dinner is served at night, luncheon is served in the
middle of the day. The suggestions made in regard to
supper apply equally well to luncheon.

Little children should have their hearty meal in the
middle of the day and a light meal at night no matter
what arrangement of meals the rest of the family may
have.

Simple Suppers

1. Macaroni and cheese or cold meat
Stewed or fresh fruit

Bread and butter
Tea (for adults)

Milk or cocoa (for children).

2. Cream of potato soup
Vegetable or fruit salad
Baking powder biscuit
Tea (for adults)

Milk or cocoa (for children).

Macaroni and Cheese — For macaroni and cheese the
macaroni must be cooked and white sauce prepared.
Break three-quarters of a cup of macaroni in inch pieces
and cook in two quarts of boiling water to which a table-
spoon of salt has been added. The water must be boil-
ing rapidly when the macaroni is added and must be kept
boiling constantly. When the macaroni is tender, drain
it in a strainer and run enough cold water through it to
prevent the pieces from sticking together. To prepare
the sauce, melt two tablespoons of butter or oleomar-
garine in the top of a double boiler, stir in two tablespoons

150

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

of flour and a half teaspoon of salt and pour over the
mixture a cup and a half of cold milk. Cook this mix-
ture directly over the heat, stirring constantly until it
begins to thicken. Then place the dish over the lower
part of the double boiler, containing boiling water, and
let it continue cooking for fifteen minutes. Put a layer
of the boiled macaroni in a buttered baking dish and
sprinkle with cheese, either grated or cut into small
pieces. Pour on a layer of the sauce. Follow this by
layers of macaroni, cheese and sauce until the dish is
full. Cover with buttered crumbs and bake until the
crumbs are brown. To make the buttered crumbs, melt
one tablespoon of butter or oleomargarine and stir in six
tablespoons of crumbs. *

The macaroni and cheese may be prepared in the morn-
ing if desired and baked at supper time in a moderate
oven. It should be left in the oven long enough to be-
come thoroughly hot. If there are little children in the
family a dish of creamed macaroni should be made for
them without the cheese.

Cream of Potato Soup —

3 potatoes 1 y2 teaspoons salt

1 quart milk teaspoon celery salt

2 slices of onion 34 teaspoon pepper

3 tablespoons flour 2 tbsp. butter or oleomargerine

Cook the potatoes in boiling salted water. When soft

rub through a sieve. Scald the milk with the onion in a
double boiler, remove the onion, unless the family likes it
left in, add the salt, celery salt and pepper. Melt the
butter in a small sauce pan, stir the flour into it and then
add this mixture to the hot milk, stirring briskly. Cook
for ten minutes over boiling water in the double boiler.

A good creamed soup may be made from almost any
vegetable, substituting vegetable pulp for the potato.
Celery soup and corn soup are very good With these

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151

and most other vegetables, the celery salt should be
omitted. Onion salt is very useful.

Creamed soups are very good made from skimmed
milk if there is a supply in the house which should be
used.

Salad — The pleasure in a salad is in its crispness, at-
tractiveness of arrangement, and pleasant combination of
flavors. A salad may be arranged in a large dish and
served at the table if it is the chief dish of the meal, such
as chicken salad or fish salad, but it is usually arranged
in individual portions and made to look as dainty and
pretty as possible. All fresh vegetables and fruits used
should be crisp and cold and thoroughly washed. Canned
or leftover vegetables or fruit may often be used.

To wash lettuce. — Handle delicately. Remove leaf by
leaf from the stalk, examining for insects. Pass the
leaves backwards and forwards through clean water un-
til all sand is removed. Fold in a wet cloth and keep in
the ice-box until it is used. The lettuce leaves should be
dried when they are used.

French Dressing. — Mix 24 teaspoon of sugar, 1 tea-
spoon of salt and *4 teaspoon of paprika. Add oil and
vinegar alternately, beating constantly with a fork until
5 tablespoons of vinegar and 10 tablespoons of oil have
been used. A quick way to make French dressing is to
mix all the ingredients in a bottle with a tightly fitting
stopper and shake vigorously until the ingredients are
blended. Some persons prefer less vinegar, and reduce
the amount to 2*4 tablespoons vinegar to 10 of oil.

Cooked Salad Dressing . —

J4 tablespoon sugar J4 tablespoon flour

}4 tablespoon butter % teaspoon mustard

1 egg yolk J4 teaspoon salt

*4 cup vinegar Dash of red pepper.

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SCOUTIMG FOR GIRLS

Heat the vinegar in the upper part of double boiler
over direct heat. Sift the flour, mustard, salt and pepper
thoroughly. Pour the boiling vinegar gradually upon the
mixture, stirring constantly. Return to the upper part
of the double boiler and cook over hot water until the
mixture thickens, stirring constantly. Add the butter and
remove from the fire. Chill before using.

Mayonnaise . —

1 egg yolk

2 tablespoons lemon juice or 2 tablespoons vinegar
y2 teaspoon mustard

2/3 teaspoon salt
Dash of cayenne pepper.

2/3 cup of oil (olive oil, cotton seed oil or other edible
oil).

Have the ingredients chilled. Place the mixing bowl
in crushed ice. Mix the egg yolk, mustard, salt and
cayenne pepper. Add a few drops of vinegar or lemon
juice, then a .teaspoon of oil, drop by drop, until all the
ingredients are used. Constant beating is necessary
throughout.

Fruit and Vegetable Salads. — Good combinations for
salad are (1) potato and beet, (2) carrot and green peas,
(3) tomato and celery, (4) asparagus and pimento. Com-
binations of fruit and vegetables are, (1) apple and
celery, (2) orange and green pepper. Combinations of
different kinds of fruit and nuts or cheese are especially
good. Examples are, (1) pineapple and orange, (2)
white cherries stuffed with nuts, (3) banana rolled in
chopped nuts or (4) half pears (cooked or raw) with a
ball of cream cheese and chopped nuts in the cavity made
by the removal of the core.

Magazines which devote a page to cooking usually have
in their summer numbers pictures of salads from which
suggestions tin regard to arrangement may be taken.

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153

Baking Powder Biscuit. —

2 cups flour

4 teaspoons baking powder

1 teaspoon salt

3 tablespoons shortening

y to 1 cup milk or milk and water.

Sift the flour, baking powder and salt, twice. Put in
the shortening, then add the milk gradually, mixing with
a knife. The dough should be as soft as can be handled
without sticking. Turn onto a lightly floured board, roll
lightly y inch thick and cut with a floured cutter. Bake
in a hot oven 12 or 15 minutes.

Tea. — People who like tea have very decided ideas
about how strong it should be and how long it should be
steeped. The following gives tea of moderate strength.

Scald the teapot and put in 4 teaspoonfuls of tea
leaves. Pour over them four cups of boiling water, cover
and steep 3 minutes. Strain into a tea pot and serve at
once.

Cocoa— The children of the family should never have
tea. On a cold night cocoa is a very pleasant variant
from the usual glass of milk.

Mix 4 tablespoons of cocoa with 3 tablespoons of sugar
and a little salt. Add 1 cup of boiling water and
cook until the mixture is smooth and glossy. Add a
quart of milk and heat to boiling. This may be done
more safely in a double boiler. Just before serving beat
with an egg beater.

General Suggestions

If the Girl Scout who is preparing for her ex-
amination will look back over the menus which have
been suggested, she will notice that milk is emphasized.
It is absolutely essential that the children in the family
shall have milk. If the family do not like milk to drink.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

it should be remembered that every bit which is used in
cooking serves the same purpose as if it were taken from
a glass, but little children do not ordinarily get enough
milk unless they drink some. Fruit should be served at
least once a day and better twice, and some vegetable
other than potato should be not only served but eaten
by the family. Children who are not taught to like vege-
tables when they are little sometimes never learn to like
them, and it is really important to eat vegetables, not only
because they contain important substances for growth,
but because it is only good manners to learn to like all
the ordinary foods which are served. Anyone who has
cooked knows how discouraging it is to feel that some
member of the family does not like the food. There is
a temptation in the city where fruit, vegetables and milk
are high, to use too much meat and but little of these
foods. It has been suggested recently that in forming
an idea as to whether the money is being spent to the
most advantage, the money spent for fruit and vegetables,
for milk and cheese, and for meat and fish should be
compared. In a well-balanced diet these amounts should
be nearly equal. An increasing number of people are
becoming lacto-vegetarians, which means that they eat no
meat or fish, but balance their absence by using more
milk, eggs and cheese.

Before starting to prepare a meal the Scout should not
only have her menu in mind, but should have an idea
how long it will take to prepare each dish so that every-
thing will be ready to serve at the same time with all the
hot dishes very hot and all the cold dishes very cold. If
all the dishes of the meal require about the same length
of time in their preparation the ones should be started
first which can be most easily kept in good condition.

Enjoyfnent of a meal depends quite as much on neat
and comfortable service as it does upon good food. The

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

155

table cloth, napkins, dishes and silver should be clean
and the dishes should be arranged so that there is as
little danger as possible of accident. This is the reason,
for example, for the rule that a spoon should never be
left in a coffee or tea cup. The arrangement is usually
more comfortable if nothing is placed on the table which
is not going to be actually used at the meal, except that
a few flowers or a little dish of ferns in the center of the
table is very much liked by most people, if there is room
for it. It often happens that the family see more of each
other at meal times than at any other time in the day
and everyone should try to make meal time a pleasant,
restful, good humored time.

Household Weights and Measures

The careful housewife soon becomes skilled in weigh-
ing and measuring the various goods she buys and uses.
At the store she is on guard against short measures, and
if she does not market in person, she has machines at
home to test what is delivered. The following table is
given for frequent reference use by the Girl Scout while
earning her badges in Homecraft. She will also find it
useful in learning to judge weights and distances for her
First Class test.

Table of Household Weights and Measures
(Reprinted by permission of publisher from “House-
wifery,” by L. Ray Balderston, M. A .

J. B. Lippineott, 1919)

Linear Measure:

12 inches
3 feet
Sy2 yards
320 rods
1760 yards
5280 feet

1 foot
1 yard
1 rod
1 mile
1 mile
1 mile

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Square Measure :

144 square inches
9 square feet
30*4 square yards
160 square rods

1 square mile
36 square miles

Avoirdupois Weight:

27.3 grains
16 drams
16 ounces
100 pounds
2,000 pounds

Liquid Measure:

4 gills

2 pints
4 quarts

31 gallons

Dry Measure:

2 pints
8 quarts
4 pecks

105 dry quarts

Miscellaneous Household
4 saltspoonfuls :

3 teaspoonfuls
16 tablespoonfuls ■

2 gills =

2 cupfuls :

1 cupful :

32 tablespoonfuls :

2 cups of butter :
1 lb. butter :

4 cups flour :

= 1 square foot
= 1 square yard
= 1 square rod
= 1 acre
= 1 section
= 1 township

= 1 dram
= 1 ounce (oz.)

= 1 pound (lb.)

= 1 cwt. (hundredweight)
= 1 ton

= 1 pint
= 1 quart
= 1 gallon
= 1 bbl.

= 1 quart
= 1 peck
= 1 bushel

= 1 bbl. (fruit, vegetables,
etc.)

Measures:

— 1 teaspoonful
= 1 tablespoonful
= 1 cupful
= 1 cupful
= 1 pint
= 8 fluid ounces
= 1 lb. butter
= 1 lb.

=40 butter balls

= 1 lb.

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157

2 cups sugar = 1 lb.

5 cups coffee = 1 lb.

1 lb. coffee = 40 cups of liquid coffee
1 7/z cups rice =r 1 lb.

2 2/3 cups oatmeal = 1 lb.

2 2/3 cups cornmeal — 1 lb.

1 cup of liquid to 3 cups of flour = a dough
1 cup of liquid to 2 cups of flour = a thick batter
1 cup of liquid to 1 cup of flour = a thin batter
1 teaspoonful soda to 1 pint sour milk
1 teaspoonful soda to one cup of molasses
1 teaspoonful cream of tartar plus teaspoonful
soda = 2 teaspoonfuls baking powder

2. THE CHILD NURSE

There always are and always will be children to be
taken care of. There is no way in which a girl can
help her country better than by fitting herself to under-
take the care of children. A Girl Scout thinks for her-
self, and, knowing the Health Laws, she knows the im-
portant things to consider in caring for children:

1. The care necessary for the child’s bones.

2. When it should exercise its muscles.

3. Its rest.

4. The air, sun and food and water which it needs.

5. How to keep it clean.

Bones — Great care must be taken in handling a baby.
Its bones are soft and easily injured, and for this reason
a baby should not be handled more than necessary. When
very young its entire spine should be supported, and no
undue pressure made upon the chest, as often happens
if the baby is grasped under the arms. In lifting a young

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

baby from its bed, the right hand should grasp the
clothing below the feet, and the left hand should be
slipped beneath the infant's body to its head. It is then
raised upon the left arm. An older child should be
lifted by placing the hands under the child's arms, and
never by the wrists. If children are jerked or lifted
by the arms, serious injury may be done to the bones.
The bones, when a child is growing, are partly composed
of soft tissue which is easily destroyed, and further
growth is prevented. Many children are brought to the
hospital with injuries done to their arms from being
jerked across the street. Do not let a child walk too
soon, especially a heavy child. Bow legs and knock
knees come from standing and walking when the bones
are soft.

Exercise — At least twice a day an infant should be
allowed for fifteen or twenty minutes the free use of
its limbs by permitting it to lie upon a bed in a warm
room, with all clothing except the shirt and diaper re-
moved. In cold weather leave on the stockings. Later,
when in short clothes, the baby may be put upon a thick
blanket or quilt, laid upon the floor, and be allowed to
tumble at will.

Rest— Healthy children never sleep too much. A new
born baby should sleep nine-tenths of the day. A child
should have a nap during the day until four years old,
and, if possible, until seven or eight years old. It should
go to bed before six. It should have a crib or bed to
itself, placed where it will have fresh air, but protected
from draughts, and its eyes protected from direct rays
of light.

Air and Sun— A little child is in its room so much it
is very important that fresh air and sunlight should be
brought to it there. Rooms may be well aired twice or
three times a day, removing the baby to another room

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

159

while the windows are open. The child may be placed
in its crib or carriage before an open window, dressed
as if for the street. After children are three months
old they may be taken out, but the sunny part of the
day should be chosen, between 10 a. m. and 3 p. m. in
cold weather. At night the windows should be partly
opened, but care should be taken that the infant does not
become chilled. Be careful that sheet and blankets do
not get over a baby's head. The clothes may be pinned
to the side of the bed.

Food and Water — Even little babies should be given
water twice a day. The water should be boiled, cooled
and kept covered. It is hardly possible for children or
older persons to drink too much water. During hot
weather a child needs more water than during cold
weather.

Mother’s milk is the only perfect food for an infant
during the first nine or ten months. If it is necessary
to give artificial food from a bottle, the greatest possible
care must be taken. The milk used should be the best
obtainable. To obtain clean milk it is necessary that
everything that touches it be clean, sterilized when pos-
sible, and that the cows, and men who handle the milk
be healthy. In New York City all milk is classified
according to its cleanliness and butter fat content. The
cleanest and richest milk is called “certified milk" and
is sold raw. The other milks are classified according to
cleanliness. Grade A, B and C are all pasteurized. Only
certified and Grade A should be used for infant feeding.
You know that sterile means free from germs or bac-
teria. Milk or water may be made comparatively sterile
by boiling. Pasteurized milk is milk which has been
heated to 155° Fahrenheit, kept at that temperature for
thirty minutes and cooled quickly by placing the bottles
in cold running water.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Punctual feeding makes good digestion, and even if
the baby takes an extra nap it is better to wake a healthy
baby to give him his meals at regular hours than to let
his digestion get out of order. Between meals a little
water which has been boiled and cooled and kept cov-
ered will wash out its mouth as well as refresh the child.
The average infant is fed every three hours until it is
five months old. After that it is fed every four hours
until it is fifteen or sixteen months old, when it is shifted
to three meals a day with perhaps a cup of milk in long
intervals. Solid food, such as zweiback and milk or
cereal, is begun at seven months, and by thirteen or four-
teen months the child will be eating cereal, bread, broth,
beef juice, potato, rice, vegetables, etc. Candy is harm-
ful for children, and even older children should eat candy
only after meals. Raw fruit, except orange juice, is apt
to be upsetting in summer.

Keep the baby and everything around him clean. The
baby’s food is the most important thing to keep clean.
The cleanliness of the bottle, when it is necessary to feed
the baby from one, is very important. Choose a bottle
of fairly heavy glass with rounded bottom and wide
mouth, so that it may be easily cleaned. Short rubber
nipples which clip over the neck of the bottle and which
can be easily turned inside out, should be selected, and
discarded when they become soft, or when the openings
become large enough for the milk to run in a stream
instead of drop by drop. Remove the bottle from the
baby’s mouth as soon as empty, rinse at once in cold
water and then fill with a solution of bicarbonate of
soda (baking soda), about one teaspoonful to a pint
of water. Before rinsing wash in hot soapsuds, using
a bottle brush, rinse well in plain water, and boil for
twe minutes, placing a clean cloth in the bottom of
the basin to protect the bottle from breaking. Before

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

161

using new nipples they should be scrubbed inside and
out and boiled for at least five minutes. After using
they should be carefully rinsed in cold water and kept
in a covered glass containing a solution of boric acid
(one teaspoonful dissolved in a pint of boiling water),
and at least once a day be turned inside out and thor-
oughly washed with soap and water, then rinsed. Nip-
ples should be boiled twice a week.

Bath— A baby should have a bath every day, not
sooner than one hour after feeding. The room should
be warm ; if possible there should be an open fire in
the room. The temperature of the water for a baby
up to six months old should be 98°. Then it should
gradually decrease, next temperature being 95°, until
at the age of two it should range between 85° to
90°. Before a baby is undressed the person who is
bathing the baby must be sure that everything needed
for the bath and dressing is at hand. The hand basin
or small tub of warm water, a pitcher of hot water
in case it is needed, castile or ivory soap, soft wash
cloths, towels, brush, powder, fresh absorbent cotton,
boric acid solution, and the baby’s clothes laid out in
the order in which they will be needed in dressing the
child, the soft flannel bandage, the diapers, the shirt,
flannel petticoat, dress and shawl.

For some people it is easier to handle a baby when
laid on a bed or table than on one’s lap, having under
the child a soft bath towel or canton flannel large enough
to be wrapped around it. Its nose may be cleaned with
a bit of absorbent cotton rolled to a point, using a fresh
piece for each nostril. To bathe the eyes use fresh
pieces of absorbent cotton dipped in boric acid solution.
Wash the baby’s face carefully so that the water does
not drip into its ears. Dry the face carefully. Wash
the head gently and thoroughly with soap, being careful

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

to rinse completely. Soap the baby’s body before putting
it into the bath. As a soapy little baby is difficult to hold,
support him firmly all the time he is kicking and splash-
ing, by placing the arm or hand at the baby’s back be-
tween its shoulders. Wash particularly, under the arms,
the creases in the back of the neck, between the legs,
fingers and toes. The bath should be given quickly
and the baby lifted out on the bath towel or flannel,
covered and dried quickly, using a soft towel. Rub
the baby very slightly. All the folds of the skin should
be dried and well powdered: under the arms, behind
the ears, about the neck, legs, etc. Do not put too much
powder on, as it forms a paste. Dress the infant and
lay it on its crib while putting away all the things used
for its bath. It is perfectly proper for a baby to exer-
cise its lungs by crying, so do not be alarmed, but be
sure that its clothing is comfortable and that the child
is clean. Garments worn at night should always be
different from those worn during the day. The gar-
ments next to the skin should be of wool or part wool,
except the diaper, which should be soft cotton, and
when new, washed several times before using. Wet
diapers should be rinsed in cold water and dried before
using a second time; about every twenty-four hours
diapers should be washed, scalded, rinsed in cold water
and hung in the air to dry.

Daily Routine — Child Under Two Years of Age

6.00 A.M. Feed warm milk.

7.30 A.M. Seat on chair or hold over chamber not
more than ten minutes. If the child has
no movement of the bowels at this time,
try later.

9.00 A.M. Give bath, and immediately after, feed, then

put to bed in a well ventilated room, dark-

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163

ened, or out of doors in carriage or crib.
Be sure no strong light is in the child’s eyes.
Child should sleep until one o’clock.

1.00 P.M. Take up, make comfortable, and feed.

2.00 P.M. Take child out of doors again, but do not

stay after 3 P.M. in winter time. Later in
summer. Stormy days keep in house in
crib or carriage, well wrapped up in room
with window open.

3 to 5 P. M. Hold child, or let it stay in crib and play or
kick.

6.00 P.M. Undress, rub with soft, dry towel, put on

nightclothes, feed and put to bed in well
ventilated room.

10.00 P.M. A young baby should be fed at this time,
dried, and not fed again until 6 A.M.

A baby needs to be kept quiet. Do not make loud
noises near it. Do not play with infant too much.
Leave it to itself to grow. Keep the baby clean, every-
thing about it tidy. Do not give a child pointed toys
or playthings small enough to go into the infant’s mouth.
Tie toys to the crib or carriage so that they do not fall
on the floor.

Things to Remember

Emphasize “tidy as you go,” sleep, water, bowel move-
ments, exercise for older children, especially in cold
weather, nothing in mouth, do not use pacifiers, tying
toys to crib or carriage, a baby over two years of age
should not be fed oftener than every four hours.

Bowel Movements

At least once a day.

Should be medium soft, not loose, smooth, and when
on milk diet, light in color.

If child is constipated, give one teaspoonful of milk
of magnesia clear, at night.

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See doctor if child is not well.

Feedings

Children from birth to five months should be fed every
three hours.

Children over one and a half years old need three
meals a day, dinner in the middle of the day.

Little children need to be kept very quiet. No con-
fusion or loud noises around them. They will then
grow better and stronger.

Colds

Never neglect a cold. Do not “pass it on” to a child
by coughing, sneezing, talking or breathing into its face.
Do not kiss anyone when you have a cold. Never allow
the handkerchief used by a person with a cold to touch
a child. If you must handle a child when you have a
cold, wear a piece of gauze over your mouth and nose,
and be sure to keep your hands clean. Be very careful
with the handkerchiefs used ; see that no one touches
or uses them. It is preferable to use gauze or soft
paper for handkerchiefs and burn them. When a child
has a cold put it to bed. Keep quiet as long as there
is any fever. Give a cathartic, such as castor oil, as
soon as cold appears. Reduce the child’s diet and give
plenty of drinking water. Consult a doctor. Do not let
the child go out until thoroughly well.

3. THE FIRST AIDE IN ACCIDENTS AND

EMERGENCIES

General Rules

The sorrow and unhappiness of the world is increas-
ed enormously every year by injury and loss from

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165

accidents, more than half of which might be prevented
if someone had not been careless, or if someone else
had taken a little trouble to correct the results of that
carelessness before they caused an accident.

It therefore becomes the plain duty of Girl Scouts
not only to be careful but to repair, if possible, the
carelessness of others which may result in accident.

Let us review briefly some of the many small things
in our daily lives which cause accidents, and therefore
suffering and loss.

1. Carelessness in the Street. As, for example, tak-
ing chances in getting across in front of a car or auto-
mobile; running from behind a car without looking to
see if some vehicle is coming from another direction;
catching a ride by hanging on to the rear end of cars
or wagons ; getting off cars before they stop ; getting on
or off cars in the wrong way; being too interested to
watch for open manholes, cellarways, sewers, etc. ; reck-
less roller skating in the street, throwing things like
banana peels on the street or sidewalk where people
are likely to slip on them ; teasing dogs, or trying to
catch strange ones; many dogs resent a stranger petting
them and use their only means of defense — biting.
Other examples will occur to you of carelessness in the
streets which space does not allow us to mention here.

Wait until the car stops before trying to get off. In
getting off cars you should face in the direction in which
the car is going. A simple rule is to get off by holding
a rod with the left hand and putting the right foot
down first. This brings you facing the front of the
car and prevents your being swept off your feet by
the momentum of the car.

If you see any refuse in the street which is likely
to cause an accident, either remove it yourself or report
it to the proper authorities to have it removed at once.

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2. Carelessness at Home. As, for example, starting the
fire with kerosene; leaving gas jets burning where cur-
tains or clothing may be blown into the flame; leaving
clothing or paper too near a fire ; throwing matches you
thought had been put out into paper or other material
which will catch fire easily ; leaving oily or greasy rags
where they will easily overheat or take fire spontane-
ously; leaving objects on stairs and in hallways which
will cause others to fall ; leaving scalding water where a
child may fall into it or pull it down, spilling the scalding
water over himself ; leaving rags or linoleum with up-
turned edges for someone to fall over; and innumerable
other careless things which will occur to you.

3. Disobedience, playing with matches; building fires
in improper places ; playing with guns ; trying the “med-
icines” in the closet ; throwing stones ; playing with the
electric wires or lights; playing around railroad tracks
and bridges. We could multiply the accidents from dis-
obedience indefinitely. Remember, a caution given you
not to do something means there is danger in doing
it, which may bring much sorrow and suffering to your-
self and to others.

It is a very old saying that “An ounce of prevention
is worth a pound of cure,” but it is just as true today
as it was hundreds of years ago.

After the Accident

When the time for prevention is past, and the acci-
dent has happened, then you want to know what is
the best thing to do, and how best to do it in order to
give the most help and relief immediately, before ex-
pert help can arrive, and to have the victim in the best
condition possible for the doctor when he comes, in
order that he may not have to undo whatever has been
done before he can begin to give the patient relief from
his suffering.

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167

1. Keep cool. The only way to do this effectually
is to learn beforehand what to do and how to do it.
Then you are not frightened and can do readily and
with coolness whatever is necessary to be done.

2. Send at once for a doctor, if you have a messen-
ger, in all except the minor accidents. This book will
help you learn to judge of whether a doctor will be
necessary. If in doubt, send for the doctor anyway.

3. Prevent panic and keep the crowd, if there is
one, at a distance. The patient needs fresh air to
breathe, and space around him.

4. Loosen the clothing, especially any band around
the neck, tight corsets or anything else that may inter-
fere with breathing.

5. Keep the patient flat on his back if the accident
is at all serious, with the head slightly down if his face
is pale and he is faint, or slightly raised if his face is
flushed and he is breathing heavily, as though snoring.

6. If there is vomiting , turn the head to one side in
order that the vomited material may easily run out of
the mouth and not be drawn into the windpipe and pro-
duce choking to add to the difficulties already present.

7. Remove clothing , if necessary, gently and in such
manner as to give the patient the least amount of suf-
fering. Move any injured part as little as possible. At
the same time, as a secondary consideration, injure the
clothing as little as possible. If, as often, it becomes
necessary to cut off the clothing, it may be possible to
rip up a seam quickly instead of cutting the cloth, but
saving the clothing is always secondary to the welfare
of the patient. Little or no consideration should be
shown for clothing where it is necessary to keep the
patient motionless, or where quick action is needed.

8. Transportation. There are three methods for

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emergency transportation of accident victims which can
be used according to the degree of the injury:

(a) Fireman's Lift. If it is necessary for one per-
son to carry a patient, it is easily possible to lift and
carry quite a weight in the following manner:

First, turn the patient on his face; then step astride
his body, facing toward his head, and, with hands un-
der his armpits, lift him to his knees; then clasp your
hands over the patient's abdomen and lift him to his
feet; then draw his left arm around your neck and
hold it against the left side of your chest, the patient's
left side resting against your body, and supporting him
with your right arm about the waist. Then drop the
patient's left hand and grasp his right wrist with your
left hand and draw the fight arm over your head and
down upon your left chest; then stooping, clasp his
right thigh with your right arm passed between the
legs (or around both legs) and with a quick heave lift
the patient to your shoulders and seize his right wrist
with your right hand, and lastly, grasp the patient's
left hand with your left hand to steady him against your
body. (Work this out with a companion as you read it.)

(b) A seat made of four arms and hands (which
you have no doubt used in your play), may be used for
the lesser injuries. If the patient can, he supports him-
self by putting his arms around the necks of his carriers,
each of whom in the meantime grasps one of his own
wrists and one of his partner's. This makes a comfort-
able seat for carrying. If the patient needs supporting,
a back may be improvised by each carrier grasping the
other’s arm below the shoulder to form the back and their
other hands clasped to form the seat. A better seat may
be made with three hands clasping the wrists, while the
fourth arm is used as a back, by one clasping the other's
arm below the shoulder. This does not provide a very

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169

secure back, however, as it is not easy to hold the arm
against much of a weight from the patient's body.

(c) Improvised Stretcher. When the patient shows
any sign of shock, is unconscious, has a serious frac-
ture of some bone or bones, has a serious injury to any
part of the body, or is bleeding excessively, he must be
carried lying down. It may be that there will be no
regular stretcher at hand. In that case one must be
improvised. A serviceable one can be made from ordi-
nary grain or flour bags by cutting the two corners at
the bottom and running two poles inside the mouth of
the bags and through the holes.

A workable stretcher can be made from coats by turn-
ing the sleeves inside out, passing the poles through the
sleeves and buttoning the coat over the poles. This brings
the turned sleeves on the inside. A five-bar gate or a door,
if it can be gotten without delay, also make satisfactory
emergency stretchers.

A stretcher may also be made out of dress skirts,
with or without poles. Put the skirts together, bottoms
slipped past each other, and slip the poles through, as
with the bags. If no poles are available, roll the edges
of the skirts over several times to form a firm edge,
and carry with two or four bearers, as the size and
weight of the patient make necessary.

Minor Injuries and Emergencies

Minor injuries may or may not need the aid of a
doctor, and you must learn to use judgment as to the
necessity of sending for one. We will consider these
minor injuries in groups to remember them more easily.

1. (a) BRUISES; (b) STRAINS; (c) SPRAINS

(a) A Bruise is produced by a blow which does not
break the skin, but does break the delicate walls of the
capillaries and smaller veins, thus permitting the blood

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to flow into the surrounding tissues, producing the dis-
coloration known as “black and blue/5

(b) A Strain is produced by the overstretching of
muscles or ligaments, or both, but not tearing them. It
may or may not be accompanied by breaking of capillary
walls with discoloration. Any muscle or ligament may be
strained.

(c) A Sprain is produced by the overstretching of
the muscles or ligaments or both about a joint. There
may also be some tearing of the fibres or tearing loose
from their attachments. This always breaks capillaries
or small veins, making the surface black and blue. This
discoloration usually appears some time after the acci-
dent, because the broken blood vessels are far below
the surface.

Treatment — For bruises and strains it is seldom nec-
essary to call a doctor. Apply cold, either by wringing
cloths out of cold water and applying, or by holding the
injured part under the cold water tap. Do this at
intervals for several hours, until the pain is lessened.
The cold may be alternated with hot water which must,
however, be quite hot, just enough not to burn, as luke-
warm water is almost useless. Some patients will prefer
to use only hot water. The water followed by applications
of tincture of arnica, witch hazel, or alcohol and water,
half and half, and bandaging will be sufficient.

If, however, there has been no black and blue at first,
as in a bruise, but it begins to show later, and the pain
continues severe, and there is a good deal of swelling,
then you should send for a doctor, as more than first
aid is needed.

In case of sprain, send for a doctor, and in the mean-
time elevate the joint and apply hot or cold water, or
alternate hot and cold, as patient prefers. This will
give relief by contracting the blood vessels.

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171

2. (a) BURNS; (b) SCALDS; (c) SUNBURN;

(d) FROSTBITE

(a) Burns are produced by dry heat, as a fire, acids,
alkalis, etc., and may be of all degrees, from, a super-
ficial reddening of the skin to a burning of the tissues
to the bone.

(b) Scalds are produced by moist heat, and may be
of the same degrees as those produced by dry heat.

(d) Frostbite is produced by freezing the tissues and
is usually not dangerous. The more severe types will be
treated later under Freezing.

Treatment— { a) Burns ; (b) Scalds

1. Except in the minor burns and scalds, send for
the doctor at once.

2. The first thing to do is allay pain by protecting
the injured part from the air, since the oxygen in the
air keeps the fire burning in the flesh as it does in wood.

3. For a burn produced by fire, cover with a paste
made of baking soda and water, or smear with grease
— as lard, carron oil (mixture of linseed oil and lime
water — half and half) or vaseline. Cover with a piece
of clean cloth or absorbent gauze and bandage loosely
or tie in place. Gauze prepared with picric acid, if at
hand, is a most satisfactory dressing. It can be pur-
chased and kept on hand for emergencies.

4. In burns from alkalis or acids, wash off as quickly
as possible and neutralize (make inactive) the acids
with baking soda, weak ammonia or soapsuds ; the alka-
lis with vinegar or lemon juice. Afterward treat like
other burns.

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by gradually accustoming the skin to exposure to the
sun. It is treated as are other minor burns.

(d) Frostbite — Prevention — 1. Wear sufficient cloth-
ing in cold weather and keep exposed parts, such as
ears and fingers, covered.

2. Rub vigorously any part that has become cold.
This brings the warm blood to the surface and prevents
chilling.

3. Keep in action when exposed to the cold for any
length of time. The signs of danger are sudden lack
of feeling in an exposed part, and a noticeably white
area. Chilblain is an example of frostbite.

Treatment — The circulation of the blood through the
frozen part must be restored gradually. This must be
done by rubbing the part first with snow or cold water,
which will be slightly warmer than the frozen part, and
gradually warming the water until the circulation and
warmth is fully restored. Then treat as a minor burn.
If heat is applied suddenly it causes death of frozen
parts.

3. SPLINTERS, SMALL CUTS, SCRATCHES

AND PIN PRICKS

None of these injuries will usually require a doctor
if properly treated in the beginning. The bleeding from
any of them is not sufficient to be dangerous. But
whenever there is a break in the skin or mucous mem-
brane there is danger of infection by germs, and this is
what makes the first aid treatment in these cases so
important. A tiny scratch is sometimes converted into
a bad case of blood poisoning by not being properly
treated at first.

Splinters should be removed by using a needle (not
a pin) which has been sterilized by passing it through
a flame (the flame of a match will do if nothing better

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173

is at hand). After the splinter is our, the wound is
treated like a cut or scratch.

The germs which produce poisoning do not float
in the air, but may be conveyed by anything which is
not sterile, as, for instance, the splinter or the instru-
ment that did the cutting, scratching or pricking. They
may be carried to the scratch by our hands, by water,
or cloth used for dressings.

Treatment — Wash your own hands thoroughly with
soap and water, using a nail brush. Clean the injured
part well with disinfectant, as, for instance, alcohol and
water, half and half, or peroxide of hydrogen— paint
the spot with iodine, and cover with sterile gauze (if
this is not to be had, use a piece of clean cloth that
has been recently ironed), and bandage in place. If
the bleeding is severe, a little pressure with the bandage
over the dressing will stop it. Use the same precau-
tions if the wound has to be re-dressed.

4. STINGS AND BITES OF INSECTS

The poison injected by the sting or bite of an insect
is usually acid, and the part should be washed at once
with a solution of ammonia or soda (washing soda) to
neutralize the poison. Then apply a paste of soda bi-
carbonate (baking soda) or wet salt and bandage in
place. If the sting is left in the wound it must be pulled
out before beginning treatment.

5. FOREIGN BODIES IN THE (a) EYE (Cinder),
(b) EAR (Insect), (c) NOSE (Button)

(a) Eye — If a cinder, eyelash, or any tiny speck gets
into the eye it causes acute pain, and in a few minutes
considerable redness.

Treatment — Do not rub the eye, as this may press
the object into the tender cornea so that it can be re-
moved only with difficulty and by a physician. First

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close the eye gently, pull the eyelid free of the ball,
and the tears may wash out the speck. If this is not
successful, close the eye, hold the lid free, and blow
the nose hard. You may then be able to see the speck
and remove it with a bit of clean cotton or the corner
of a clean handkerchief. If the object is lodged under
the lid, and the foregoing efforts do not dislodge it,
proceed to turn the lid up as follows:

Ask the patient to look at the floor, keeping the
eyeball as stationary as possible. Take a clean wood-
en toothpick or slender pencil, wrapped with cotton,
place on the upper lid about one-fourth of an inch
from the edge, grasp the eyelashes with the other hand,
give a slight push downward toward the cheek with the
toothpick, a slight pull upward on the lashes and turn
the lid over the toothpick. Remove the speck and slip
the lid back in position. Wash the eye with boric acid
solution.

If you are still unable to dislodge the body, discon-
tinue any further efforts, apply a cloth wet in cold boric
acid solution and send for the doctor. Anything done
to the eyes must be done with the greatest gentleness.

If an acid has entered the eye, neutralize it with a
weak solution of soda bicarbonate in water. If an alkali
(lime) is the offending substance, neutralize by a weak
vinegar solution. Follow in each case with a wash of
boric acid solution.

(b) Ear (Insect) ; (c) Button in Nose — Foreign
bodies in the ear and nose are not very common.

But sometimes a child slips a button or other small
object into these cavities, or an insect may crawl in.
Drop in a few drops of sweet oil and if the object
comes out easily, well and good. If not, do not keep
on trying to extract it, for fear of greater injury. Send
for the doctor.

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175

6. IVY AND OAK POISONING

There are a poison ivy and a poison oak which are
very poisonous to some people, and more or less so to
all people. The poison ivy has a leaf similar to the
harmless woodbine, but the leaves are grouped in threes
instead of fives. The poison given off by these plants
produces a severe inflammation of the skin. In the
early stages it may be spread from one part of the body
to another by scratching.

Treatment— Wash the irritated surface gently with
soap and water, and then apply a paste of soda bicar-
bonate or cover quickly with carbonated vaseline. An-
other remedy is fluid extract grindelia robusta, one
dram to four ounces of water. Sugar of lead and alco-
hol have also been found useful. For severe cases con-
sult a doctor, especially if the face or neck or hands
are affected.

7. (a) FAINTING; (b) HEAT EXHAUSTION

(a) Fainting is caused by lack of blood in the brain,
and usually occurs in overheated, crowded places, from
fright or from overfatigue.

Symptoms — 1. The patient is very pale and partially
or completely unconscious.

2. The pulse is weak and rapid.

3. The pupils of the eyes are normal.

Treatment — 1. If possible put the patient flat on his
back, with the head slightly lower than the rest of the
body.

2. If there is not room to do this, bend the patient
over with his head between the knees until sufficient
blood has returned to the brain to restore consciousness.

3. Then get the patient into the fresh air as soon as
possible.

4. Keep the crowd back.

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5. Loosen the clothing about the neck.

6. Apply smelling salts to the nose.

7. When the patient has recovered sufficiently to
swallow, give him a glass of cold water, with one-half
teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia if necessary.

(b) Heat Exhaustion is exhaustion or collapse due
to overheating where there is not sufficient evaporation
from the surface of the body to* keep the temperature
normal.

Symptoms - — 1. The patient is usually very weak.

2. The face is pale and covered with a clammy sweat.

3. The pulse is weak and rapid.

4. The patient is usually not unconscious.

Treatment — 1. Remove the patient to a cool place

and have him lie down.

2. Loosen the clothing.

3. Give him a cold drink to sip.

4. Put cold cloths on his head.

5. Send for the doctor.

6. If necessary, give stimulant as in fainting.

8. (a) CHOKING; (b) HICCOUGH

(a) Choking — Choking is produced by something
lodged in the throat, does not require artificial respira-
tion, but a smart slap on the back to aid in dislodging
whatever is blocking the air passage. It may be neces-
sary to have the patient upside down, head lower than
feet, to aid in getting out the foreign body. This is a
comparatively simple matter with a child, but is not
so easy with an adult. When the object is not too
far down the throat it may be necessary for someone
to use his fingers to pull out the offending substance to
keep the patient alive until the doctor can arrive. In
this case wedge the teeth apart with something to pre-
yent biting before trying to grasp the object.

(b) Hiccough — This is usually due to indigestion or

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177

overloading of the stomach. Holding the breath for
one-half a minute will usually cure it, as it holds quiet
the diaphragm (the large muscular and fibrous parti-
tion between the chest and abdomen), and overcomes
its involuntary contractions which are causing the hic-
coughs. A scare has the same effect sometimes. If
the hiccoughs still continue troublesome after these sim-
ple remedies try to cause vomiting by drinking luke-
warm water, which will get rid of the offending ma-
terial causing the hiccough, and relieve the distress.

9. NOSE BLEED

The ordinary nose bleed will soon stop from the
normal clotting of the blood and does not require treat-
ment.

(c) Keep head elevated, with patient sitting up if
possible. Do not blow the nose, as this will dislodge
any clot which may have formed, and the bleeding will
begin again. Any tight collar around the neck should
be loosened.

(d) If the bleeding seems excessive, apply cloths
wrung out of ice water to the back of the neck and over
the nose.

(e) If the bleeding still continues and is abundant,
pack the nostril with a cotton or gauze plug. Pack
tightly (with the blunt end of a pencil if nothing else
is at hand) and send for the doctor at once .

Major Injuries and Emergencies

1. (a) DISLOCATIONS; (b) FRACTURES

(a) Dislocations— In a dislocation the head of a bone
is pushed or pulled out of its socket. A person may
be falling and in trying to save himself catch hold of
something in such a way that he feels a sharp, sudden,
severe pain, and may even feel the head of the bone
slip out at the shoulder or elbow.

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Symptoms — 1. When you look at the injured part
it does not look like the other side.

2. If you attempt to move it you find it will no longer
move as a joint does, but is stiff.

3. There is great pain and rapid swelling usually.

4. There may or may not be black and blue spots
around the joint.

Treatment — Send for a doctor at once. While wait-
ing for the doctor, place the patient in the easiest posi-
tion possible, and apply hot or cold cloths, frequently
changed, to the injured part. /

In dislocation of the jaw it may be necessary for
someone to try to replace it before the doctor arrives.
The mouth is open and the jaw fixed. The patient may
even tell you he has felt the jaw slip out of its socket.
Wrap your thumbs in cloth to prevent biting when the
jaw snaps back in place. Place the thumbs on the tops
of the lower teeth on each side, with the fingers outside,
and push firmly down until the head of the bone can
slip over the edge of the socket into place. As you feel
the bone slipping into place, slide your thumbs out to the
inner side of the cheek to prevent biting when the jaws
snap together with the reducing of the dislocation.

(b) Fractures — Broken bones — There are two classes
of fractures:

1. Simple — In a simple fracture the bone is broken,
but the skin is not broken; that is, there is no outward
wound.

2. Compound — In a compound fracture not only is the

bone broken, but the jagged ends pierce through the

skin and form an open wound. This makes it more

dangerous as the possibility of infection by germs at

the time of the accident, or afterward, is added to the

difficultv of the fracture.

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179

Symptoms — As in dislocations, you should be famil-
iar with the main symptoms of a broken bone.

1. When you look at the injured part it may or may
not look like its mate on the other side. In the more
severe fractures it usually does not.

2. When you try to move it you find more motion
than there should be if the bone has broken clear
through; that is, there will seem to be a joint where no
joint should be.

3. The least movement causes great pain.

4. The swelling is usually rapid.

5. The discoloration (black and blue) appears later;
not at once, unless there is also a superficial bruise.

6. The patient is unable to move the injured part.

7. You may hear the grate of the ends of the bone
when the part is moved, but you should not move the
injured bone enough to hear this, especially if the limb
is nearly straight; the detection of this sound should
be left for the doctor.

Treatment — Send for a doctor at once, and if it will
be possible for him to arrive soon, make the patient as
comfortable as possible and wait for him. However,
if it will be some time before the doctor can arrive you
should try to give such aid as will do no harm and will
help the sufferer.

You must handle the part injured and the patient
with the utmost gentleness to avoid making a simple
fracture into a compound one, or doing other injury,
and also to give him as little additional suffering as
possible. You will need to get the clothing off the part
to be sure of what you are doing. Rip the clothing in
a seam if possible when the fracture is in an arm or
leg, but if this cannot be done, you will have to cut the
material. Do not try to move the broken bone trying
to get off a sleeve or other part of the clothing.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

With the greatest gentleness put the injured part,
for instance, the arm or leg, as nearly as possible in
the same position as the sound part, and hold it in that
position by splints. Do not use force to do this. There
is no great hurry needed to set a broken bone. The
important point is to get it set right, and this may
better be done after complete rest of several days, al-
lowing for the passing of the inflammation.

The Most Important “What Not to Do Points” for
Fractures Are:

1. If there is reason to think a bone may be broken
try in all ways to prevent motion at point of fracture
lest it be made compound.

2. Do not go hunting for symptoms of fracture
(such as the false point of motion or the sound
“crepitus”) just to be sure.

' 3. The best treatment is to try to immobilize the
part till the doctor comes.

Splints — Anything that is stiff and rigid may be used
for splints. Shingles, boards, limbs of trees, umbrellas,
heavy wire netting, etc. Flat splints are best, however.
All splints should be padded, especially where they lie
against a bony prominence, as, for instance, the ankle
or elbow joint.

If the patient is wearing heavy winter clothing this
may form sufficient padding. If not, then other cloth,
straw or leaves may be used. Cotton batting makes
excellent padding, but if this is not to be had quickly,
other things can be made to do to pad the first rough
splints which are applied until the patient can reach a
doctor or the doctor arrives on the scene of the acci-
dent.

In applying splints remember they must extend be-
yond the next joint below and the next joint above.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

181

otherwise movement of the joint will cause movement
of the broken part.

The splints are tied firmly in place with handker-
chiefs, strips of cloth, or bandages, tied over splints,
padding and limb. Do not tie tight enough to increase
the pain, but just enough to hold the splints firmly.
Do not tie directly over the break. There must be an
inner and outer splint for both the arms and the legs.

2. (a) SERIOUS WOUNDS; (b) SERIOUS

BLEEDING

Send for the doctor at once, and then stop the bleed-
ing and keep as clean as possible till he arrives.

Dangers — 1. In any wound with a break in the skin,
there is the danger of infection or blood poisoning, as
you have already learned.

2. In serious wounds through the skin, flesh and
blood vessels there is also the danger of severe bleed-
ing, with the possibility of the patient’s bleeding to
death.

Infection— You already know how the germs which
can cause the blood poisoning get into the wound

(a) by the object that makes the wound

(b) from the clothing of the patient through which
the wound is made

(d) from water which has not been sterilized used
in washing the wound

(e) from dirty dressings, that is, dirty in the sense

that they have on them germs which can get into
the wound and cause infection or blood poisoning.

The first two of these chances the Girl Scout will
not be able to control. The last three she can to some
extent prevent. Do not wash , touch or put anything
into a serious wound unless a doctor cannot be found.
Only this sort of thing justifies running risk of infec-

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

tion. Otherwise just put on a sterile dressing and band-
age. In reality washing wounds only satisfies the aes-
thetic sense of the operator without real benefit to the
patient in many cases. If a wound has to be cleansed
before the doctor comes use boiled water; if this cannot
be had at once, use water and alcohol half and half.

1. Always wash your hands thoroughly with water,
soap and a nail brush, unless there is necessity for
immediate help to stop bleeding which admits of no
time to clean one’s hands. Be sure your nails are
clean.

2. Try not to touch the wound with your hands un-
less it is absolutely necessary.

3. Many wounds do not have to be washed, but
dressing may be applied directly.

4. Apply sterile cloth for dressing, having cleansed
the wound as best you can, or all that is necessary.
This may be gotten at a drug store in a sterile pack-
age ready for use immediately, and is very satisfac-
tory. If, however, these cannot be had, remember any
cloth like a folded handkerchief that has been recently
washed and ironed is practically sterile, especially if
you unfold it carefully and apply the inside which you
have not touched, to the wound. Bind the dressing on
with a bandage to keep in place util the doctor arrives.

fb) Serious Bleeding:

It is important that you should learn what is serious
bleeding and this will often help you to be cool under
trying circumstances.

As you learned in your work in minor emergencies,
the bleeding from the small veins and capillaries is not
usually sufficient to be dangerous, and the pressure of
the dressing when put on and bandaged in a place will
soon stop it. It may sometimes be necessary to put
more dressing outside of that already on (called re-in-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

183

Showing
where shorn?
for [oressiw
dgdin$t>^

artery is
placed

Tourniquet

Loop through

which stic\(,
{or tightening
is insetted

forcing it) and bandage again snugly. But if you have
made sure first that there is no large vein or artery
cut, you need not be troubled for fear there will be
serious bleeding before the doctor arrives.

Bleeding from an Artery: If an artery is cut the
blood spurts out, the size of the stream depending on
the size of the artery cut. This is the most serious

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

bleeding because the heart is directly behind, pumping
the blood through the artery with all its power. If
it is a small artery the pressure with the finger be-
tween the cut and the heart for a few minutes will
give the blood time to clot behind the finger and form
a plug. This will stop the bleeding aided by pressure of
the bandage. If it is a larger vessel the force in the
heart muscle pumping the blood will force out any plug
formed by holding the finger there, as the finger tires
too easily.

Tourniquet: In this case it will be necessary to put
on a tourniquet to take the place of the finger until
a clot can form in the vessel big enough and strong
enough to prevent the force of the blood current from
pushing it out. This of course can be used only on
the legs or arms.

A tourniquet is something put on to make pressure
on a blood vessel to stop serious bleeding. There are
five points to remember about a tourniquet:

1. It must be long enough to tie around the limb—
a big handkerchief, towel or wide bandage.

2. There must be a pad to make the pressure over
the artery greater than on the rest of the limb — a
smooth stone, a darning ball, a large cork, cloth folded
into a large pad or a rolled bandage.

3. The pad must be so placed that the artery lies be-
tween pad and the bone on the limb, in order that the
pressure may stop the flow of blood by forcing the walls
of the artery together between the pad and the bone.

4. Unless the tourniquet is put on tight enough, its
application increases bleeding. It is extremely rare to
find a tourniquet put on tight enough. In almost every
such case removing the tourniquet will stop or partly
lessen bleeding. A short stick or handle is needed,
about a foot long, with which to twist the tourniquet

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

185

sufficiently to cut the flow of blood. Usually it cannot
be twisted tightly enough by hand alone. Tie the
twisted part firmly so it will not slip, after it has been
made tight enough to stop bleeding.

5. Remember, a tourniquet stops most of the circu-
lation below it as well as in the cut artery, and must not
be left in place too long for fear of injury to the rest
of the limb by cutting off the circulation. Usually it
should not he left on for more than an hour .

Bleeding from Veins— Bleeding from the veins is not
so dangerous as from an artery. The blood from the
heart has to go through the little capillaries before it
gets into the veins, and therefore the force Of the
heart muscle on the blood in the veins is not so great
as in the arteries. The blood does not spurt out, but
flows out as it would from a bottle tipped on its side.

You have already learned what to do to stop the
bleeding from the smaller veins, and that it is not seri-
ous. From the larger veins, however, it can be very
serious, and it may be necessary for you to put on a
tourniquet before the doctor arrives in order to save
the patient's life.

Almost always bleeding from a vein can be con-
trolled by clean gauze or handkerchief pad and pressure
by hand directly over the bleeding wound. Tourniquets
are almost never needed in bleeding from a vein. If
necessary, it is wisest to apply them in the same way as
for arterial hemorrhage and stop the circulation in the
whole limb.

It is important to know in a general way where the
blood vessels are in order to put the pad over them to
stop the bleeding. Roughly speaking, the artery of the
arm runs down about in a line with the inner seam of the
coat. The large vein lies close beside it, carrying the
blood back to the heart. The artery and vein of the leg

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

run about in a line with the inside seam of a man’s
trousers.

Stimulants — In serious bleeding of any kind do not
give stimulants until the bleeding has been stopped, as
the stimulants increase the force of the heart and so
increase the flow of blood. After the tourniquet is
on and bleeding is stopped, if the patient is very weak,
he may have a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of am-
monia in half a glass of water.

fa) SHOCKS; (b) APOPLEXY; (c) CONVUL-
SIONS

(a) Shocks — In any injury, except the slight ones,
the ends of the nerves in the skin are bruised or jarred.
They send this jar along the nerves to the very delicate
brain. The blood is drawn from the brain into the
larger blood vessels, and the result produced is called
shock. If you have jammed your finger in a door some-
time, perhaps you have felt a queer sick feeling and
had to sit down. A cold sweat broke out all over you,
and you were hardly conscious for a moment or two.
This was a mild case of shock. In more severe in-
juries a shock to the brain may be very serious.

Symptoms of Shock — 1. The patient may or may not
be unconscious, but he may take no notice of what is
going on around him.

2. The face is pale and clammy.

3. The skin is cold.

4. The pulse is weak.

5. The breathing is shallow.

In any serious injury the shock is liable to be severe
and will need to be treated before the doctor arrives.

Treatment — Send for the doctor if serious.

1. Lay the patient flat on his back with head low, so
that the heart can more easily pump the blood back into
the Brain.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

187

2. Cover warmly; if they can be gotten, put around
him several hot water bottles or bricks, being extremely
careful to have them covered so that they will not burn
him. Persons suffering from shock are more easily
burnt than usual. Do not put anything hot next him
unless it can be held against your own face for a minute
without feeling too hot.

3. Rub the arms and legs, toward the body, but under
the covers.

4. Give stimulants" only after the patient has recov-
ered enough to swallow, and when there is no serious
bleeding.

Stimulants — Strong, hot coffee, or a half teaspoonful
of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a half glass of warm
water. The latter may be given if the coffee is not ready.

(b) Apoplexy — When a person has a “stroke** of
apoplexy send for the doctor at once.

This condition resembles shock only in that the patient
is unconscious. The blow to the delicate brain does
not come from the outside along the nerves, but from
the inside by the breaking of a blood vessel in the brain,
letting the blood out into the brain tissue and forming
a clot inside of the brain, and thus making pressure
which produces the unconsciousness.

Symptoms of Apoplexy— 1. The patient is unconscious.

2. The face is usually flushed — red.

3/ The skin is not cold and clammy.

4. The pulse is slow and full.

5. The breathing is snoring instead of shallow,.

6. The pupils of the eyes are usually unequally di-
lated.

Treatment — 1. Lay the patient flat on -his back with
head slightly raised.

2. Do not give any stimulants.

3. Wait for the doctor.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Symptoms of Convulsions — 1. The patient is uncon-
scious.

2. The face is usually pale at first, but not so white
as in shock, and later is flushed, often even purplish.

3. The skin is not usually cold.

4. The breathing may be shallow or snoring.

5. There are twitchings of the muscles of the face
and body or a twisting motion of the body.

6. The pulse may be rapid, but is usually regular.

7. The mouth may be flecked with foam.

8. The pupils of the eyes may be contracted or equally
dilated.

Treatment — Convulsions come from various causes,
and are always serious, therefore send for the doctor
at once.

1. Put a wedge of some kind between the teeth if
possible, the handle of a spoon protected by a cloth
cover, or a rolled napkin does well. This is to prevent
biting the tongue, which the patient is apt to do in un-
consciousness with convulsive movements.

2. Lay the patient flat on his back, and prevent him
from hurting himself in his twisting, but do not try to
stop convulsive movement. It will do no good.

3. No stimulant is needed.

(a) SUNSTROKE; (b) FREEZING

(a) Sunstroke — Sunstroke is caused by too long ex-
posure to excessive heat, or to the direct rays of the
sun, and is much more serious than heat exhaustion,
which you have already studied.

Prevention — Do not stay out in the direct sunlight too
long on a hot summer day. Wear a large hat which
shades the head and face well, if obliged to be in the

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

189

hot sun for any length of time. Do not wear too heavy
clothing in the hot weather. Leaves or a wet sponge
in the top of the hat will help to prevent sunstroke.
Drink plenty of cool water between meals.

Symptoms of Sunstroke — 1. The patient is uncon-
scious.

2. The face is red.

3. The pupils large*

4. The skin very hot and dry, with no perspiration.

5. The pulse is full and slow.

6. The breathing is sighing.

Treatment — 1. Get the patient into the shade where
it is as cool as possible.

2. Send for the doctor.

3. Remove the greater part of the clothing.

4. Apply cold water or ice to the head, face, chest
and armpits.

Often the patient recovers consciousness before the
doctor arrives ; give cold water to drink ; never stimulants.

(b) Freezing — This is a much more serious condition
than frost bite, which you have studied, but only because
more of the body is frozen and the tissues are frozen
deeper. Much more care must therefore be taken to pre-
vent bad effects after the thawing-out process.

Symptoms of Freezing — 1. The patient may or may
not be unconscious.

2. The frozen parts are an intense white and are
without any feeling or motion.

Treatment — Send for the doctor at once.

1. Take the patient into a cold room.

2. Remove the clothing.

3. Rub the body with rough cloths wet in cold water.

4. Very gradually increase the warmth of the water
used for rubbing.

5. Increase the temperature of the room gradually.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

6. When the patient can swallow, give him stimulants.

7. When the skin becomes more normal in color and
the tissues are soft, showing that the blood is once more
circulating properly through the frozen flesh, cover the
patient warmly with hot bottles or bricks outside of the
bed clothing, or wraps, and give hot drinks. In using
hot water be sure it is not too hot.

MAD DOG AND SNAKE BITES

The wounds made by the bite of a mad dog or a
poisonous snake are not so important as wounds, as be-
cause of what gets into the wound from the dog’s teeth
or the fangs of the snake. In both cases the poison from
the bite is quickly absorbed and affects the brain of the
victim. The poison from the snake is much quicker in
its results than that from the mad dog, but not more sure.

Treatment — This is similar in both cases. To pre-
vent absorption of the poison as much as possible, im-
mediately tie a handkerchief or bandage or string tightly
above the bite; that is, between the bite and the heart.
Do not leave on too long.* This, of course, could be
done only on the limbs, but fortunately most bites, espe-
cially snake bites, are on the arms or legs.

Soak the wound in hot water and squeeze or suck the
poison out; sucking the poison out is not dangerous un-
less one has cuts or sores about one’s mouth. In that
case do not do it. Otherwise, remember you may save
a life by doing it.

Then burn the wound with strong ammonia. This
is not aromatic spirits of ammonia, but the stronger am-
monia. Most households use it diluted for cleaning,
and you can usually find some at the nearest house.

When it is a snake bite, stimulants should be given;
if a grown person, whiskey, one or two tablespoonfuls,
or aromatic spirits of ammonia, one or two teaspoonfuls,

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

191

in water. Send for the doctor at once, but carry out
these instructions while you wait for him.

WATER ACCIDENTS

When it is possible, Girl Scouts should learn to swim
well. It is fear when suddenly thrown into the water
that causes many of the deaths by drowning, and learn-
ing to swim well takes away this fear. A Girl Scout
should also learn how to prevent accidents, and how
best to help the victims of accidents in the water.

Prevention

Below are five rules for preventing drowning accidents.

1. Do not change seats in a canoe or rowboat.

2. Do not rock the boat.

3. Do not go out alone in a canoe, rowboat or sailboat
unless you are thoroughly competent to manage such a
boat, even in a sudden squall or storm.

4. Very cold water exhausts a swimmer much quicker
than warm water, therefore do not take any chances on
a long swim in cold water unless a boat accompanies you
to pick you up in case of necessity.

5. Be careful not to get too far out when there is a
strong undertow; that is, a strong current below the
surface of the water flowing relentlessly out to sea.

Rescue

When a person gives up the struggle in the water, the
body goes down, and then because of its bouyancy it
comes to the surface and some air is expelled from the
lungs, making the body less bouyant. It immediately
sinks again, this time a little lower, and again comes
to the surface, and more air is expelled. This process
may be repeated several times, until sufficient water is
taken into the stomach and lungs to overcome the buoy-
ancy of the body and it no longer appears at the surface ;
but the buoyancy is barely overcome, and therefore the

192

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

193

body will float easily. This can be easily utilized in
saving the drowning person by making the water carry
most of the weight of the body.

To do this, place the hands on either side of the drown-
ing person’s head, and tow him floating on his back
with the face above the surface of the water, while you
swim on your back and keep the body away from you.
Remember, if possible, to go with the current and thus
save necessary strength. In some cases it may be easier
and safer to grasp the drowning person by the hair
instead of trying to clasp the head.

Emergencies

Grips • — A drowning person is always a frightened per-
son, and is governed by a mad instinct to grab anything
which subconsciously he thinks may save his life. Usu-
ally he is past any reasoning. He grabs his would-be
rescuer with a death grip that is hard to break, but re-
member he instinctively grabs what is above the sur-
face and will not try to grab below the shoulders.

Wrist Grip—li the drowning person grasps the res-
cuer’s wrists, the rescuer throws both hands above his
head, which forces both low in the water, and then turns
the leverage of his arms against the other’s thumbs and
breaks the grip.

Neck Grip — To release a grip around the neck and
shoulders from the front, immediately cover the mouth
of the other with the palm of the hand, holding the nose
between the first two fingers, and at the same time pull
the other body toward you with the other hand, mean-
while treading water. Then take a full breath and apply
your knee to the other’s stomach quickly, thus forcing
him to expel any air in his lungs and preventing him
from getting more air by the hand on mouth and nostrils.

If the grip of the drowning person does not allow
use of the arms, then try to raise your arms to the

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

level of the shoulder, thus slipping his arms to the neck
and leaving your own arms free to use, as described.

Back Grip — This strangle hold is perhaps the most
difficult to break, and it is necessary to break it instantly
if the rescuer is not also to be in the rescued class.

Grasp the wrists of the other and push sharply back
with the buttocks against the abdomen of the other, and
thus make room to slip suddenly out of the encircling
arms.

If this is not successful, do not despair, but tfirow
the head suddenly back against the nose of the drowning
person and then slip out of the grip before he recovers
from his daze.

It is often necessary to dive from the surface in res-
cuing a drowning person, and this requires practice, and
should be learned thoroughly before the necessity for
saving a life is presented. Remember that to dive from
the surface to a depth of more than ten feet will usually
require a weight in addition to the weight of the body.
Carry a stone or other heavy object in diving. Then
when wishing to rise to the surface, drop it and push
against the bottom with the feet. This will send the
swimmer to the surface in short order.

In carrying a weight in the water, carry it low on the
body, close to the waist line, leaving one hand and both
feet free for swimming. Or if for any reason it is neces-
sary to swim' on the back, it leaves both feet free to use as
propellers.

Artificial Respiration

If the apparently drowned person is to be saved, no
time must be lost in the rescue from the water or in
getting the water out of him, and breathing re-established
after he is brought to land.

If there is a messenger handy send for the doctor at

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

195

once, but in the meantime lose no time in attempting
restoration.

The best method for getting the water out of the lungs
and breathing re-established is the Schaefer Method , be-
cause it is the simplest, requires only one operator and
no equipment. It can be kept up alone for a long time.

1. Every moment is precious. Immediately lay the
patient face downwards, with the arms extended above
the head and the face to one side. In this position the
water will run out and the tongue will fall forward by
its own weight, and not give trouble by falling back and
closing the entrance to the windpipe. Be sure there is
nothing in the mouth, such as false teeth, gum, tobacco,
etc. Do not put anything under the chest. Be sure there
is no tight collar around the neck.

2. Kneel astride of the patient facing toward his head.

3. Place your hands on the small of the patient’s back,
with thumbs nearly touching and the hands on the spaces
between the short ribs.

4. Bend slightly forward with arms rigid so that the

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

weight of your body falls on the wrists, and makes a firm
steady pressure downward on the patient while you count
one, two, three, thus forcing any water and air out of
the lungs.

5. Then relax the pressure very quickly, snatching
the hand away, and counting one-two — the chest cavity
enlarges and fresh air is drawn into the lungs.

6. Continue the alternate pressing and relaxing about
twelve to fifteen times a minute, which empties and fills
the lungs with fresh air approximately as often as he
would do it naturally.

It may be necessary to work for an hour or two before
a gasp shows the return of natural breathing. Even then
the rescurer’s work is not over, as it will be necessary
to fill in any gaps with artificial breathing. When natural
breathing is established, aid circulation by rubbing and
by wrapping him in hot blankets and putting hot bottles
around him, being careful that they are protected to pre-
vent burning the patient.

If at any time it is necessary to pull the tongue for-
ward and to hold it to prevent choking, remember to put
a wedge between the teeth to prevent biting. Do not
give anything liquid by mouth until the patient is con-
scious and can swallow readily. Aromatic Spirits of
Ammonia or Spirits of Camphor may be used on a hand-
kerchief for the patient to smell. The patient should be
carefully watched for an hour or two even after he is
considered out of danger.

ICE RESCUE

Prevention: Below are two rules for preventing ice
accidents :

1. Do not skate or walk on thin ice.

2. Watch for air holes.

Rescue : In trying to rescue a person who has broken
through the ice, always tie a rope around your own body

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

197

and have this tied to some firm object on shore. Do
not try to walk out to the rescue as the ice will probably
break again under the weight of your body on so small
an area as the size of your feet. Always get a long
board, ladder, rail or limb of a tree, and either crawl
out on this, which will distribute the weight of your
body over a larger surface of ice, or lie flat on your
stomach and crawl out, pushing the board ahead of you
so that the person in the water may reach it. If you
yourself break through the ice in attempting a rescue,
remember that trying to pull yourself up over the edge
of the ice only breaks it more. If rescuers are near it is
much wiser to support yourself on the edge of the ice
and wait for rescue.

After getting the person out of the water use artificial
respiration if necessary and bend every effort to get the
patient warm and breathing properly.

ASPHYXIATION

Prevention : Below are seven rules for preventing
asphyxiation :

1. When coal stoves and furnaces are freshly filled
with coal, coal gas may escape if the dampers are not
properly regulated. See that all dampers in coal stoves
and furnaces are correctly arranged before leaving them
for any long time, as the for the night.

2. Do not go to sleep in a house or room with a gas
jet or gas stove turned low. The pressure in the pipes
may change and the flame go out, or a breeze may blow
out the flame leaving the gas leaking into the room.

3. Do not blow out a gas jet.

4. Be careful to turn off gas jet completely.

5. Report gas leaks promptly.

6. Charcoal stoves and braziers are especially danger-
ous from escaping gas and should not be used in sleeping
rooms.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

7. Do not go into unused wells or underground sew-
ers without first lowering a lighted candle which will go
out at once if the air is very impure, because of lack of
oxygen to keep it burning.

Rescue: 1. Remove the patient at once to the fresh

air. Gas is lighter than air, and therefore will not be
found close to the floor and it will often be possible to
crawl out when one would be overcome by the gas if he
tried to walk out. For this reason it is sometimes best
in trying to rescue anyone already unconscious from gas
to tie the wrists together with a handkerchief, put his
arms around your neck, and crawl out on all fours, drag-
ging the insensible body with you, under your own body.
If you attempt to walk out and carry the patient, cover
your mouth and nose with a wet handkerchief, go very
quickly, and do not breathe until you reach the fresh air.

2. If there is a messenger handy, send for the doctor
at once, but in the meantime if necessary, perform ar-
tificial respiration as outlined under the Schaefer System
in the preceding paragraphs, until the patient is restored
to normal breathing.

ELECTRIC SHOCK

This is caused by some part of the body coming in
contact with a live electric wire. The seriousness of the

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199

shock depends on how heavy a charge of electricity the
wire is carrying at the time.

The patient is usually unable to release himself from
the wire. The first thing to be done, if possible, is to
turn off the current by means of the switch, but if this
cannot be done at once , the patient must be rescued by
pulling him away from the wire.

Remember his body will easily carry the charge to
yours while he is against the wire. Therefore you must
“insulate” yourself — that is, put on your hands some-
thing that will not let the electricity into your body — or
stand on something that will “insulate” you ; for instance,
rubber gloves or rubber tobacco pouches, dry silk hand-
kerchiefs, other silk garments or newspapers used in
place of gloves if necessary. Stand on a rubber mat or
on dry boards, or glass, or in dire necessity dry clothes
can be used to stand on. They must not be wet as then
they will carry the electric current through your body
and you must also be rescued instead of rescuing.

Prevention: 1. Do not touch the “third rail” of elec-
tric railways.

2. Do not catch hold of swinging wires, they may be
“live wires.”

3. Report broken wires to the right authorities.

Treatment :

1. Get patient loose from the current

2. Send for the doctor.

(

3. Lay the patient flat on his back.

4. Loosen the clothing, and perform artificial respira-
tion according to Schaefer method if necessary.

5. Give first aid treatment to the burns.

FIRE ACCIDENTS

The first thought about a fire is to get it put out before
it spreads any further. There are methods which will

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do this 'work effectually and Girl Scouts should learn
these methods beforehand thoroughly, in order that when
the emergency arises they may act quickly, coolly and
effectively.

Fire in Clothing

If this happens in your own clothing, do not run for
help, as the draft made by the motion of your body will
only fan the flames to burn more fiercely.

Grab the nearest thing that will cover you; overcoat,
blanket, rug, wrap it tightly around you at the neck first
to prevent flames from burning the face and lie down
and roll over and over. This will smother the flames
quickly. If you can get nothing to wrap around you, lie
down and roll slowly over and beat the fire with your
hands covered by some part of your clothing not on fire.

If the fire is in the clothing of another, wrap him in
the nearest thing available, lay him on the floor and roll
him over, smothering the flames as described before.

Woolen material will not catch fire as easily as cotton,
therefore, if you have a chance to choose, take woolen
material for smothering the flames.

Results

Results of fire in the clothing are sure to be more
or less serious burns.

When you have discovered the extent of the burn, if
it is at all serious, send for the doctor at once, and in the
meantime treat the burn as you have already learned
to do in minor burns.

Fire in Buildings

Keep cool, in order to remember what to do, and do it
quickly.

Turn in a fire alarm at once. Send some one else if
possible who may not know what to do to the fire. The
quickest way is by telephone call, “Fire Department/’

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201

and tell them the exact address of the building where
the fire is. Or you may go to the nearest alarm box,
smash the glass, open the door, and pull down the hook
that sounds the alarm. (Generally the directions are
printed on the box.) If you cannot sound the alarm
alone, call upon the nearest person to help you. Wait
there until the firemen arrive and direct them to the fira.
When the firemen come do just as they tell you, for they
know exactly what to do.

People trying to escape from a burning building often
get frightened and then there is a panic. Panic kills more
people than fire. Keep cool, and others will follow your
example.

Never jump from a window unless the flames are so
close that it is your only means of escape. If outside a
burning building put mattresses and bedding piled high
to break the jumper’s fall and get a strong hold on a rug
to catch the jumper, and let many people hold the rug.

If the fire is just beginning, it can easily be put out
by smothering with a rug or blanket; sand, ashes, salt,
or a few pails of water will answer the same purpose.

Keep the doors and windows closed if possible to pre-
vent draughts from fanning the flames to fiercer effort.

Remember this point when you go into a burning
building, and leave some responsible person guarding the
door, in order that it may not be left open by some one
in excitement and the flames fanned beyond control.

If you need fresh air in your search for people in a
burning building, open a window, put out your head and
draw your lungs full of fresh air and then close the win-
dow again. In any case it is best to tie a wet handker-
chief or towel over the nose and mouth while in a burn-
ing building, as this will prevent you from breathing a
good deal of smoke.

In searching for persons remember always to begin

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at the top of the building if psmMe, and search every
room. When on stairs keep to wall side, where air is
relatively free from flames and smoke. If a room is
locked, try to rouse the people by pounding and calling
and then break in the door if unsuccessful m rousing
them, and you suspect there is some one there.

Remember, the air within six inches from the floor is
usually free from smoke, and if the smoke makes breath-
ing too difficult, you can still accomplish your end by
crawling along the floor and dragging the rescued one
with you as you learned to do in gas rescue.

Form a bucket brigade from the fire to the nearest
water supply ; passing the filled pails from one to another
rapidly, the last throwing the water on the fire and pass-
ing the empty pails back along another line to be filled
again and passed on as before.

Fires from Kerosene, Gasoline, Benzine

Prevention . — 1. Do not light a fire with kerosene.

2. Do not clean gloves or clothing with gasoline or
benzine in a room with a lamp or gas jet lighted.

3. Do not try to dry clothing that has been cleaned
with gasoline or benzine near a hot stove or lighted gas
jet.

Extinction . — Do not use water to put out a fire of kero-
sene, benzine, or gasoline, as that only scatters the flames.
Smother with blankets, rugs, sand, ashes, salt, or any-
thing which is at hand and can be used ; remember that
woolen will not catch fire as easily as cotton.

COMMON POISON AND ANTIDOTES

Poisoning — Cases of poisoning happen most often be-
cause people do not examine the bottles before taking
medicines from them.

Prevention — Disinfectants, liniments and medicines

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203

Bottles and boxes should be correctly and plainly
labelled.

Bottles containing a poisonous substance should be
rough outside, or with notched corks or marked with
something beside the label stating that their contents are
poison.

Treatment — 1. Send for the doctor at once, telling
him what kind of poison you think the patient has taken
in order that he may bring the right antidote and the
right implements to give the quickest and most effective
relief.

2. Give demulcent or mucilaginous drinks, as for
example, milk, raw egg, one or two tablespoonsful of
salad oil, sweet oil, or barley water — whichever can be
obtained most readily.

3. Give something to produce vomiting, provided the
lips are not burned or stained as they are with an acid
or alkali. A simple but effectual emetic can be made by
mixing two teaspoonsful of salt or a tablespoon of mus-
tard in a glass of lukewarm water. This may be re-
peated if necessary.

4. If the patient seems drowsy, suspect opium and
keep patient awake at all costs till the doctor arrives.

5. If delirium threatens, dash cold water on the
patient’s head and face to try to prevent the fit from
coming on.

6. When the poison taken has been acid, the anti-
dote should be an alkali, but different poisons require
different antidotes, and it would be unwise to trust to
one’s memory as to the proper one to take in each case.
It would be well to have a list of the more common
poisons and their antidotes attached to the First Aid Kit,
but do not trust to the memory. If a Girl Scout does
not know, and if the patient’s lips are not stained or
burned, give an emetic.

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Bandages

Bandages form the most convenient way of keeping
dressings on wounds and for making pressure when
necessary. They are also used to correct some de-
formities, but you will not need to concern yourselves
with the latter, as this is in the province of doctors.

There are three varieties of bandages which you will
need to use and with which you should be familiar: the
roller, trangular and four-tailed. The materials used
for bandages are absorbent gauze, muslins or flannels.
The kind you will use most will be gauze and muslin.
The gauze is best to use in dressing wounds because
it is pliable and absorbent, and muslin, if you may
choose, in applying pressure, because it is firm. In an
emergency there will usually be little chance to choose.
Anything at hand, as underclothing, sheets, blankets,
etc., may be torn into strips or triangles and used. Have
the material which is used clean if possible.

The width of the roller bandage depends on the part
of the body to be bandaged, from one inch for the little
finger to four inches for the body. They can be rolled
very well by hand with a little practice, and every Girl
Scout should learn to do this or to improvise a bandage
roller by running a very stiff wire through a small
wooden box and then bending one end on the outside
of the box like a handle.

A bandage must be rolled sufficiently tight so that
the center will not fall out. By folding one end back
and forth a few times to make a core, and then laying
the bandaging over one’s knees lengthwise of the thigh
with the core uppermost, it can be rolled quite tightly
and answer every purpose for emergencies.

Learn to put on all bandages smoothly and securely,
but not too tightly.

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205

Triangular Bandages — These bandages have advan-
tages for first aid work. They can be quickly made,
easily applied and are not apt to be put on too tightly
even by a beginner.

The size of the piece of cloth varies with the part
to be bandaged. Take a square piece of cloth (it should
not be less than 34 to 38 inches), fold it diagonally
from corner to corner and cut across the fold, making
two bandages.

The bandage may be applied unfolded or folded into
a narrow strip, called cravat bandage.

To fold the cravat bandage, the point of the triangle
is brought to the middle of the diagonal side and the
bandage folded lengthwise to the desired width.

The cravat bandage is convenient to use in bandaging
the hand, foot, head, eyes, throat and jaw; for trying on
splints ; for tying around the limb in case of snake bite,
and in making a tourniquet.

Always tie the bandage with a square knot to prevent
slipping. Care must be used in applying the triangular

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

bandage to have it smooth and firm, folding the loose
ends into pleats evenly.

Bandage for Hand — For wound of the palm, lay
cravat in straight line, place palm across it at the mid-
dle. Fold ends over the back of hand, carry around
wrist and tie. Reverse the order for injury to the
back of the hand.

To cover entire hand, unfold cravat, lay flat with
point of triangle beyond the fingers. Fold the point
of the bandage over the fingers, cross the ends, and
pass around wrist and tie at the back.

Bandage for Foot — Place foot on the smooth triangle
with the point extending beyond the toes several inches.
Fold the point back over the instep, cross the ends,
carry around the ankle and tie.

Bandage for the Head — The bandage may be used
flat or as a cravat, according to the nature of the in-
jury and the part to be bandaged.

For a cap bandage, fold over the edge of the diagonal
edge, place on the head with the folded edge just above
the eyes; pleat the edges hanging down over the ears

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207

into small folds so that the bandage lies smoothly;
carry the ends around the head; cross at the back, and
tie in a square knot in front. The cravat bandage may
be used to hold on small dressings where the whole
head does not need to be covered.

For the eyes, jaw and throat the triangular bandage
is used by folding smoothly into a cravat and tying
securely over the part to be covered.

Arm Sling . — The triangular bandage makes the best
arm sling to support the forearm or for supporting
injuries to the elbow or shoulder.

An arm sling is firmer and more satisfactory if the
triangle is double; that is, simply fold over the square
diagonally, but do not cut it along the fold. An arm
sling will need to be about a yard square before folding.

To adjust the arm sling, put one. end over the shoul-
der on the uninjured side; slip the point of the triangle
under the injured arm, so that it will extend beyond
the elbow a few inches; then take the end of the ban-
dage over the arm, carry around the back of the neck
on the injured side, meeting the other end; and tie
securely. To prevent slipping, pin the point of the
bandage around the arm just above the elbow.

A temporary sling can be made by pinning the sleeve
of the injured arm to the dress or coat in such a way
as to support the arm.

The Four-tailed Bandage — This bandage is useful for
bandaging the head, and especially in fracture of the
jaw. Use a piece of cloth about six or eight inches
wide and a yard long. Cut each end into two equal
parts, leaving about three or four inches in the middle
uncut.

When the bandage is applied, the split ends are
crossed so that they may be tied over different parts
of the head and thus hold the bandage more securely

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

209

in place. For instance, in the jaw bandage the uncut
middle part is placed over and under the chin, the ends
crossed, and two ends tied at the back of the neck and
two over the top of the head.

Roller Bandages — Roller bandages are a little more
difficult to put on so that they will stay on, and at the
same time be smooth and have a uniform pressure on
the part of the body bandaged. This last point is most
important.

Rules for applying roller bandages:

1. Lay external surface of bandage against the part
to be bandaged, holding the roll in the right hand,
unless you are left-handed, unrolling it as a roll of
carpet unrolls to show you a pattern in the shops.

2. Hold the loose end with the left hand and catch
it with two or three turns of the bandage before be-
ginning to put on the bandage. Never have more than
four or five inches of the bandage unrolled at once.

3. Be careful to have the same pressure from every
turn of the bandage. This is most important if the
bandage is to stay on and be comfortable and not inter-
fere with the circulation of the blood. Judgment of
the pressure is only acquired by practice, and there-
fore you should practise enough to acquire this before
the real emergency happens.

4. Do not bandage too tightly. Blueness of the skin
above or below the bandage always means the bandage
must be loosened. Remember in applying a bandage
immediately after an injury that considerable swelling
may occur later, and apply your bandage more loosely
than if bandaging after the swelling has gone down.
Always loosen a bandage that is tight enough to cause
pain or blueness.

5. Bandage from below upward. That is, from the
tip of a finger or toe toward the hand or foot. From

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the hand or foot toward the shoulder or groin. This
is in the general direction of the return of the circulation.

6. Bandage over a splint and not under it.

7. Bandage arms, legs, fingers, etc., in the position
the patient is to keep the part in when the bandaging
is completed. For instance, bend the elbow to a right
angle before putting on the arm bandage. This will
be more comfortable for the patient, allowing him to
carry the arm easily in a sling and also permit him to
use the hand to some extent if the nature of the injury
will permit. In bandaging a leg both above and below
the knee, the bandage must be put on with a view
to the necessary bending of the knee in walking and
sitting, if the patient is expected to use the leg.

8. Never apply a wet bandage, as you cannot judge
of just how much pressure will be exerted when the
bandage dries, because of the shrinkage of cloth with
drying; much greater in some cloth than in others.

Kinds of roller bandages:

1. Circular for parts uniform in size, as the body.

2. Spiral for conical surfaces, as fingers or toes.

3. Reverse for more conical surfaces, as arms and
legs.

Circular Bandages — Any part of the body which is
of uniform size may be covered with a circular bandage.
Each turn covers about two-thirds of the previous turn.
This holds each turn firmly and prevents slipping and
exposing the dressing or wound underneath. Bandage
in general direction of the return of the blood to the
heart. Fasten the bandage with a strip of adhesive
plaster or safety pin. If there is possibility of restless-
ness or much activity on the part of the patient, it is
best to run several narrow strips of adhesive plaster
along the whole width of the bandage when finished to
prevent possible slipping of the turns of the bandage

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211

when the muscles move under it with the activity of
the patient. This is especially true of a body bandage.

Spiral Bandage — A conical part, if not too conical,
may be covered with a spiral bandage. Each turn
ascends at a slight angle, with one edge of the bandage
a little tighter than the other. In putting on this kind
of bandage it is necessary to learn to have the tight
edges all of a uniform pressure and each turn overlap
the turn below in such a way that these tight edges
make the uniform pressure without regard to the upper
edge underneath, which is covered in each turn by the
tighter edge of the turn above it.

Reverse Bandages — The reverse bandage is a modi-
fication of the spiral one, in order to cover the gapping
between spirals which occurs when the surface is very
conical, as, for instance, on the leg.

In putting on this bandage the loose end is caught
by two or three turns first as in other bandages. Then
start to make a spiral turn, but at the mid point of the
front of the part being bandaged place the thumb of
the left hand, and fold the bandage down so that it
lies smoothly and continue the turn around to that same
point. Repeat the process with each turn. (See illus-
tration.) Each turn covers two-thirds of the one below
in order to hold firmly. The pressure must be uniform
when the bandage is finished. Fasten the ends as de-
scribed under circular bandages, or divide the end of
the bandage into two parts for several inches — long
enough to wind around the part bandaged. Tie a single
knot at the base to prevent further dividing, and wrap
the ends around the part in different directions; tie in a
hard knot to hold firmly.

Bandaging Fingers and Toes — In bandaging fingers
and toes it is usually best to bandage the whole of the
injured member. Cover the end of the finger, for in-

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

stance, by passing the end of the half inch or one inch
bandage several times the whole length of the finger,
over the end and to the base of the other side. Hold
this in place with one hand, start the spiral at the end
of the finger, and bandage smoothly toward the hand.
The spiral or the reverse spiral may be used.

Bandaging Two or More Fingers or Toes— It is some-
times necessary to bandage two or more fingers, for
instance, at once, as in case of a burn, where it is neces-
sary always to have the burned fingers separated while
healing to prevent the raw places from growing to-
gether.

Pass a finger bandage twice around the wrist and
pass obliquely to the base of the thumb. Carry to the
cud of the thumb and bandage as described above.
When the thumb is bandaged, carry the bandage back
to the wrist ; pass around the wrist in one or two cir-
cular turns, and carry the bandage to the first finger

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213

and bandage as before. Repeat this until all the fingers
are bandaged. Carry the bandage back to the wrist,
after the last finger you wish to bandage is done; make
one or two turns around the wrist and fasten.

In bandaging the foot, carry the bandage to the ankle
to make secure and hold in place.

Bandaging Arms and Legs — The reverse spiral is
usually best for bandaging these, because of the conical
shape. Practice alone can teach you to put this on
smoothly, firmly, not too tightly, and at the same time
quickly. A reverse bandage will not stay in place on
the leg of the person walking around unless pinned in

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many places or stuck by sizing in the cloth (which has
been wet), plaster, etc. Only a figure eight caught
over the top of the calf, in each alternate loop, will do so.

The Figure Eight Bandage — The figure eight is a
modification of the spiral used in bandaging over joints
in such a way as to permit some motion and at the
same time keep the bandage firm and in place.

The bandage is carried first below and then above
the joint; then below and then above, the turns over-
lapping the usual two-thirds of the width of the bandage,
leaving the joint free until the last. Then it may be
covered with two or three circular turns of the bandage.
This admits of considerable motion without disturbing
the bandage to any extent.

The National Red Cross and Girl Scout Instruction

in First Aid

By special arrangement with the National Red Cross,
it is possible for a Girl Scout completing satisfactorily

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215

the requirements for the First Aid Proficiency Badge
to secure with slight additional work the Red Cross cer-
tificate in First Aid. Or the course may be taken en-
tirely under Red Cross auspices, though arranged by
Scout officials, in which case the Scout may receive both
the Proficiency Badge and the Red Cross certificate. The
conditions of this co-operation between the Girl Scouts
and the National Red Cross are as follows:

Classes are to be organized with not less than four or
more than twenty-five in a class. The best size is ten to
fifteen. Scouts must be at least sixteen years of age to
be admitted to these classes.

The instructor must be a physician appointed by the
Chairman of the First Aid Committee of the local
chapter of the Red Cross. He or she may be supplied
upon request by the Chapter, or chosen by the class and
the name submitted to the Chapter for appointment.

The Red Cross class roll m'ust be sent in to the local
Chapter early in the course.

A Secretary to handle the records should be chosen,
and where the class is made up of Scouts, the officials
should be preferably a Scout Captain or Scout Official.

The examiner must be a physician appointed by the
local Red Cross chapter and is preferably some one other
than the instructor, but this is not necessary. Like the
instructor, the examiner may be supplied by the Chapter
or chosen by the class.

The Red Cross examination roll, which may be ob-
tained from the Chapter, should be used in giving exam-
inations and then returned to the Chapter, who will issue
the certificates. Follow the directions on the roll care-
fully.

If a Scout holds a First Aid Proficiency Badge she
may complete the course in seven and one-half hours.
If she does not hold a Proficiency Badge in First Aid

216 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

then fifteen hours will be required. A Girl Scout hold-
ing a Proficiency Badge in First Aid and taking a school
course held under Red Cross auspices which she passes
with a mark of at least seventy-five per cent, can, when
the school principal certifies to this, get the Red Cross
certificate without further examination by applying to
the local Red Cross Chapter.

Advanced Courses

Advanced courses are open to those who have the
Red Cross certificate. There must be an interval of at
least six months after the elementary course before an
advanced course can be taken, and the same interval be-
tween repetitions of it. The course of instruction is
seven and one-half hours, mainly practical demonstra-
tions. A Red Cross medal is given on completion of
this course. Each time it is repeated, up to three times,
a bar (engraved with year) is given to be added to the
medal.

Fees

A fee of fifty cents is required for the elementary
course. The local Red Cross Chapter has the right to
reduce this fee.

The fee for the advanced course is one dollar, which
covers the cost of certificate, examination and medal.
The fee for bar and engraving is fifty cents. These fees
cannot be reduced.

These fees cover the cost to the Red Cross of postage,
certificates, medals, bars, and so forth, but do not cover
that of instructor, examiner, or classroom supplies, which
the Red Cross requires the class to take care of.

Information

Where there is no local Girl Scout organization refer
to the local Red Cross Chapter; or if there is none, either
to the Girl Scout National Headquarters, 189 Lexington

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

217

Avenue, New York, N. Y., or to the Department of
First Aid, American Red Cross National Headquarters,
Washington, D. C.

4. THE HOME NURSE

The Girl Scout who has earned the Home Nurse
Badge may be of great help where there is illness. But,
she should remember that only such people as doctors
and trained nurses who have knowledge and skill gained
by special training and thorough practice are fitted to
care properly for those who are very ill.

If the Scout with the badge keeps her head and shows
herself steady, reliable and willing, when called upon
for help in illness or emergencies, she proves herself a
true Scout who is living up to the Scout motto of “BE
PREPARED.”

To earn the badge she should know:

How to keep the sick room clean and comfortable.

Plow to make a bed properly.

How to prepare for and help a sick person in taking
a bath.

Plow to make a sick person comfortable in bed, chang-
ing position, etc.

How to take temperature, pulse and respiration.

How to prepare and serve simple, nourishing food for
the sick.

How to feed a helpless person.

How to prepare and use simple remedies for slight ail-
ments.

How to occupy and amuse the sick.

When helping about the sick, the Scout should wear a
wash dress or an apron which covers her dress. She
should be very neat and clean. She should wash her

218 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

hands frequently, always before her own meals, and
after coming into contact with the sick person and after
handling utensils, dishes, linen, etc., used in the sick
room. Great cleanliness is necessary not only for her
own protection but to prevent illness spreading.

She should move quickly and quietly, but without
bustle or hurry, taking care not to let things fall, not to
bump against the furniture, not to jar the bed, not to
slam doors, in fact not to make any unnecessary noises,
as sick people are not only disturbed but may be made
worse by noises and confusion. If a door is squeaky the
hinges should be oiled. Too much talking, loud talking
and whispering are to be avoided. Only cheerful and
pleasant subjects should be talked of, never illnesses
either that of the patient nor of others.

The best nursing aims not only to bring relief and com-
fort to those already sick, but to guard against spreading
sickness.

We know, now, that many diseases are spread by
means of germs which are carried from person to person
by various means, such as air, water, milk, and other
food ; discharges from the mouth, nose, bowels, bladder,
wounds ; clothing ; the hands ; the breath, and so forth.

It has been found that great heat, intense cold, sun-
shine and some powerful drugs called disinfectants kill
germs. Germs thrive and multiply in dirt, dampness and
darkness. That is why it is important to have fresh
air, sunshine and cleanliness in order to keep well, and
to help in curing those who get sick.

The Room, Its Order and Arrangement

The hangings and furniture of a sick room should be
of a kind that can be washed and easily kept clean. Plain
wooden furniture is better than upholstered furniture
which collects and holds the dust. If there is a rocking

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

219

chair it should be for the use of the sick person only.
Seeing and hearing other people rock may be very dis-
turbing.

If carpets are movable, so much the better, as they can
be taken out to be cleaned.

The room should be bright and attractive. Sick people
like flowers and pretty things, but the flowers should not
have a strong perfume, and there should not be too
many ornaments around to collect dust and to take up
too much room. Flowers should be taken out of the
room every night and the water changed before returned
to the room in the morning. Never have faded flowers
around.

The room should be kept neat — a place for everything
and everything in its place.

Neatness and attractiveness are not only pleasing to
the sick person and those who come into the room but
may really make the sick person feel better.

Medicines should not be kept in sight. All dishes and
utensils not in use should be taken away and should be
washed immediately after use.

Ventilating and Lighting the Room

The room of a sick person should be so situated that
it will get plenty of sunlight and be easily aired. A room
that has two or more windows can be better ventilated
than a room with only one. When there is only one win-
dow, it should be opened both top and bottom. If there
is not a screen, one can be made by hanging a shawl or
a blanket over a clothes horse or a high-backed chair, or
over a line stretched across the lower part of the window.
A fire place or a stove keeps the air circulating — the air
being constantly drawn up the chimney — and so helps in
ventilating a room.

When “airing” the room great care must be taken to
keep the sick person free from draughts.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Unless special orders have been given to the contrary
there should be plenty of sunshine let in. The eyes of
the sick person should be protected from the glare by a
screen.

If possible there should be a thermometer in the room.
The proper heat is between 65 and 70 degrees. If the tem-
perature of the room is as high as 70 degrees and the sick
person is cold, it is better to give her a hot water bag
and to put on more covers than to shut the windows, thus
keeping out the fresh air. Cool air acts as a tonic for
the sick.

Cleaning the Room

The carpet should be gone over every day to remove
the surface dust. Use the carpets sweeper, being care-
ful not to knock the furniture nor to jar the bed. Raise
as little dust and make as little noise as possible. Torn-
up wet paper scattered on a small part of the carpet at
a time and lightly brushed up into a dustpan with a whisk
broom, or a broom, cleans the carpet very well without
raising dust.

If the carpet cannot be taken out to be swept or beaten
but requires thorough sweeping, an umbrella with a sheet
over it may be hoisted over the head of the sick person
to keep the dust from her nose and nostrils. The bare
parts of the floor should be gone over with a damp duster
or a damp mop.

The dusting should be done witri a damp or oiled duster
also, so that the dust may not be scattered. A basin of
soapy water should be at hand and the duster washed in it
frequently while dusting, so that the dust collected on it
from one surface will not be carried to another. While
dusting special attention should be paid to the door-
knobs and that part of the door around them.

♦

When the dusting is finished the dusters should be

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

221

thoroughly washed and scalded and hung out of doors
to dry.

The Bed

A metal bedstead is better than a wooden one, as wood
holds odors and moisture, and is apt to have more cracks
and crevices for germs or bugs to lodge in. It should be
white, for then it shows when it needs cleaning and bed
bugs keep away from white surfaces which show them
up easily.

If possible, have the bed in a part of the room, where
the drafts will not strike the patient every time a door
or window is opened, and where the light does not shine in
the eyes. If it can be placed so that the patient can see
from the window so much the better.

To Make an Unoccupied Bed

Remove pillows and bedclothes, one at a time, being
careful not to let corners drag on the floor, and put to
air. Turn the mattress over from end to end one day,
and from side to side next day. If the patient does not
have to return to bed at once leave to air for at least half
an hour.

An old blanket, old spread or a quilted pad, spread over
the mattress not only protects the mattress but prevents
the sheets from wearing out, and may make the bed more
comfortable. These should be kept clean.

The bed for a sick person is frequently made with a
rubber sheet and a draw sheet. The draw sheet is so
called because its proper use is to be drawn through under
the patient without greatly disturbing her and give her
a cool fresh place to lie on. Therefore it should be long
enough to tuck in sufficiently under one side to allow
of this being done. An ordinary sheet folded in two
from top to bottom and placed with folded edge toward
the head of the bed may be used. It should entirely

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cover the rubber sheet, which is usually put on between
the bottom and the draw sheet.

When the mattress is sufficiently aired, put on the pro-
tective covering. Over this spread the lower sheet so
that the middle fold of the sheet lies up and down the
centre of the mattress from head to foot. Keep per-
fectly straight. The sheet should be long enough to
have at least fourteen inches over at ends and sides to
tuck in. Tuck ends under mattress at head and foot
drawing tightly so that it will be smooth and firm. Now
tuck under at one side, folding neatly at corners, so that
they will be mitred when finished. If there is no rubber
nor draw sheet to put on, go to the other side of the bed
and tuck in firmly at corners. Then, pulling the middle of
the sheet very tightly with one hand, push the mattress

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

223

with the other and tuck the sheet under. This under
sheet should be very smooth without a wrinkle in it. If
it is not long enough to tuck in well at both head and
foot, leave plenty at the head to tuck in securely and
tuck in at the sides tightly rather than risk having it
come loose at the head. Be sure, however, that the mat-
tress is entirely covered.

When Rubber and Draw Sheets Are Used

Before going around to the other side, lay the rubber
sheet over the bed, so that the top edge will be well above
where the lower edge of the pillow will come. Put the
draw sheet over it. Tuck both well under the mattress on
that side. Then, go to the other side and tuck ;n the
corners of the lower sheet as directed, then stretching
draw, rubber, and under sheet very tightly, tuck in
separately.

Next spread the upper sheet, wrong side up, leaving as
much at the head to turn back over the blankets as you
left in the under sheet to tuck in. Have the middle fold
over that of the lower sheet. Spread the blankets so
that their upper edges will be even with the upper edge
of the mattress. If the blankets are not long enough to
reach as far up as they should, and yet tuck under firmly
at the foot, place the lower one as directed, and the upper
one so that there will be enough to tuck under at the foot,
and hold the others in place. Tuck all in at once at foot
and lower corners, mitring the corners as you did those
of the lower sheet. Pull and straighten the sheet at the
top and turn back smoothly over the blankets. If the bed
is not to be occupied right away, tuck in both sides,
stretching well so that it will have a smooth surface. Put
on the spread, having the top edge even with the top of
the covers. Tuck in neatly at foot and lower corners.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

letting the sides hang. Shake and beat the pillows thor-
oughly, make smooth and even, and put in place.

To Change the Under Sheet When the Patienit Is

in Bed

Loosen the bedclothes, without jarring the bed. Take
off covers one at a time, until only one blanket and sheet
remain. (If the patient feels cold, leave as many blankets
as necessary to keep her warm.) Holding blankets with
one hand or having patient hold it by the top, draw off
the upper sheet, being careful not to uncover the patient.
Remove the pillows. Have the patient as near the
side of the bed as is safe, on her side, and facing the
side on which she is lying. Roll the under sheets on the
side of the bed close to the patient’s back, making them
as flat as possible. Pleat about half of the fresh under
sheet lengthwise, and place close to the soiled sheets.
Tuck in the other half, at the head, foot and side, draw
the rubber sheet back over this fresh sheet, arrange the
fresh draw sheet in place, tuck both in at that side and
roll the free part close up to the patient’s back. Now
lift the patient’s feet over the roll of fresh and soiled
linen to the freshly made part, then have her roll her body
over that side. Going to the other side of the bed, re-
move all the soiled linen and tuck the fresh sheets in,
pulling tightly, being sure that there are no wrinkles under
the patient. All the time keep the patient well covered.
Now, spread the upper sheet and blankets over the cover-
ing the patient has had on while the lower sheets were
being changed and, having the patient hold the coverings
you have just put on, draw off the others, just as you
took off the top sheet at first. Finish making the bed
as you would an unoccupied one.

If the Bed Is to Be Occupied at Once

If the bed is to be occupied at once the coverings should

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS 225

be tucked in only at foot, corners and one side, then
turned back diagonally from the head to foot.

The bed clothes should never be drawn too tightly over
a person in bed, or they may irritate the skin, especially
at the knees and toes. Bed sores may be started in this
way. Perhaps the commonest cause of bedsores is from
wrinkles in the under sheets. If the spread is heavy it
should not be used over a patient. Use a sheet instead to
protect the blankets.

Bathing

Bathing is more important for the sick than for the
well. It not only keeps the skin clean and in condition
to do its work, but it is soothing to the nerves, makes
the sick person rest better and is refreshing.

If the room is the right temperature and the bath is
carefully taken there is no danger of a sick person taking
cold. On the other hand bathing helps to keep people in
condition to avoid taking colds. (See Red Cross Text
Book on Home Hygiene and Care of the Sick, page 156.)

When a patient is very sick or helpless, the bath should
be given by someone who is able to do it deftly and quick-
ly, with the least exertion to the patient.

Very often, however, a person in bed is quite able to
bathe herself, with a little help, if the necessary things
are brought to her.

To Prepare for a Bath in Bed

Have the room warm and free from draughts. A good
temperature is 70 degrees. An old person or a baby may
have it warmer.

Bring into the room everything needed. This will in-
clude :

An extra blanket to wrap around the sick person.

Two or more bath towels.

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Two wash cloths — one for the face and another for the
rest of the body.

Soap — Ivory or castile are good.

Pitcher of good hot water, and slop jar.

Alcohol and toilet powder if you have it.

Nail file and scissors.

Comb and brush.

Clean bed linen and nightgown. In cold weather these
may be hung near the fire or radiator to warm.

A basin of water of a temperature that the sick person
finds comfortable.

When everything is ready the Scout can help by loosen-
ing the bedclothes, arranging the extra blanket, removing
the nightgown, and in holding the basin and towels, in
changing the water or in any way that will make the bath
easier for the sick person, perhaps washing the feet
and back, being careful to keep all the rest of the body
covered and warm, and in protecting the bed by bath
towels spread under the part being washed. When doing
this the wash cloth should not be so wet that it will drip
and wet the bed. It should be held so that the corners do
not touch against the bedclothes. There should not be
too much soap used as it makes the skin feel sticky.
Every part should be dried thoroughly. Warm towels
are a great help in this.

When the bath is finished alcohol or witch hazel may
be used to rub the parts where there is most pressure
as the back, shoulder blades, hips, buttocks, elbows, knees
and ankles. This not only gives comfort but it prevents
bedsores.

If a sick person gets a bath, so that it does not disturb
nor tire her nor make her chilly she will usually enjoy it.
By getting everything ready, by helping, where needed,
and by clearing up nicely the Girl Scout may make the
bath a pleasure instead of something to be dreaded.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

227

Sometimes sick people are able to go to the bath room
to take their own baths, if everything is gotten ready for
them beforehand, so that they will not get tired doing so.
People who are not well should never be allowed to lock
themselves in the bathroom alone.

Getting Ready a Tub Bath

The bathroom should be well aired but warm. The
water in the bath tub helps to warm it up. A bath towel
or bath mat should be spread beside the tub on the floor
and a chair with a blanket and a bath towel on it for
the person to sit on while she is drying herself. The
water should be about 105 degrees or a temperature that
the person finds comfortable. Always let a patient try it
herself with her hand and arm before getting in. Five
to ten minutes is long enough to stay in the water. The
towels should be within easy reach and the bathrobe,
night gown and slippers placed ready to put on.

The bed should be put to air and left as long as possi-
ble, but if the patient has to get back in it immediately
after her bath, it should be made — care being taken that
it is warm enough. If necessary put in hot water bags
and spread a blanket over the under sheet to wrap around
her if she needs it. People chill easily after a bath if
they are exposed to sudden cold.

Foot Baths

Foot baths are often used in the home as remedies
for colds, headaches, sleeplessness and to give relief at
the monthly period.

If there is not a regular foot tub a pail that is large
enough to put the foot in is better than a basin as it
lets the water come up around the ankles. A person may
sit in a chair or on the side of the bed. Have tub about
half full of wate? and at first of a heat that feels com-

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

fortable, putting more hot water in from time to time,
until it is as hot as it can be stood. When adding hot
water the feet should be away from the part of the tub
where the water is poured in, and it should be added
slowly to prevent possibility of burning. A person get-
ting a foot bath should be kept very warm. Wrap a
blanket around the knees so that the legs will be pro-
tected front and back. After fifteen or twenty minutes
the feet should be removed from the water and dried
without rubbing. They should be kept well covered for
an hour or more. No one should go out immediately after
a foot bath.

If mustard is to be added, mix it first in a cup and mix
it gradually so that it does not lump. Two tablespoonfuls
of mustard to a foot bath is about enough.

Changing of position , and supporting different parts of
the body, give both rest and comfort to anyone in bed.
This may be done by turning a patient and by the proper
arrangement of pillows and other supports.

To turn a patient toward you place one hand over her
shoulder and the other hand over her hip and draw to-
ward you. Bend her knees, go to the other side of the
bed, put both hands undfer her hips and draw toward you.
Place a pillow lengthwise at her back, from her shoulder
to waist for support.

A pillow, placed under or between the knees, often
gives much relief and comfort. Small air pillows that
can be placed under or against the small of the back
relieve strain and rest the muscles. Anyone lying on
her back will be rested by arranging pillows lengthwise
at the sides to support arms. Rubber rings and air
cushions are also used to relieve pressure and give sup-
port. They should always be covered, using towel or
pillow case, if they have not their own fitted covers.

Rings of any size may be made of cotton wound with

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

22$

bandage. These are frequently needed under the heels,
particularly for a patient lying on her back.

Sitting Up in Bed

When a patient is allowed to sit up in bed and a bed-
rest is not available a straight chair placed bottom-up be-
hind the patient makes a good support for the pillows.
If there is no other support, at least six pillows are
needed to make a patient comfortable. The pillows
should be so arranged that the head is not thrown for-
ward and that there is proper support for the back, and
the arms.

Raising a Patient Who Has Slipped Down in Bed

Have the patient draw up the knees until the soles of
the feet are firmly on the bed. Place your right arm un-
der the far shoulder in such a way that the patient’s head
rests in your bent elbow. Place the left arm under the
thighs. ’ Hold your back stiff. Have the patient clasp hei

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

hands around your waist. Lift without jerking. When
two persons are doing the lifting, one should stand on
either side of the bed. The person on the left side of the
bed should place the right arm as though she were doing
the lifting alone. Place the other arm under the small
of the patient’s back.

The person on the right side will place her left arm
beside her companion’s, and her right arm under the
thighs. If able, the pafient may place a hand on the
shoulder of each lifter.

Lift in unison without jerking.

A pillow rolled in a sheet, placed under the body and
tied to the head or sides of the bed will prevent slipping
down in bed.

It is usually better to shake up and rearrange the
pillows after raising the patient as the moving disar-
ranges them somewhat.

To Change the Pillows

Slip the right arm under the shoulders in such a way
that the neck and head are supported in your bent elbow ;
with the left hand gently draw out one pillow at a time,
from above. In replacing, stand the pillows on the side
at the head of the bed, lift the shoulders, and grasping the
pillow by the middle draw down under the patient’s
head.

Another way is to have the patient near one side of
the bed and lifting in the same way draw the pillows one
at a time away from you. In replacing put the fresh pil-
lows on the far side and again lifting the head pull them
toward you.

The pillow should support the neck and shoulders. A
small down or hair pillow placed under the back of the
neck from time to time, rests and supports.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

231

To Change the Nightgown

The nightgown should be loose enough to change easily.
If there is an opening in the front, this may be made
larger or the gown may be split up the back.

These openings may be sewn up again without in any
way damaging the gown.

Have the gown well drawn up around the shoulders
and neck.

Slip one hand through the arm hole of the gown, and
bend the patient’s arm. With the other hand draw off
the sleeve.

Draw the hand through the corresponding sleeve of
the fresh gown and lifting the head just as for changing
the pillow, slip the soiled and fresh gown over the head
at the same time. Pull away the soiled gown. Put your
hand through the sleeve and draw the patient’s hand
through, then raising again draw the gown down under
the back and hips.

Combing the Hair

The hair should be combed at least once a day. If
this is done from the very beginning of an illness it will
not get badly tangled.

Spread a towel over the pillow. Have the patient turn
head on one side so that the back of the head is exposed.
Part the hair in the middle from the forehead to the
nape of the neck. Comb only a small strand at a time.
If there are tangles, comb from ends toward the scalp.
Avoid pulling by twisting the strand around the finger
and holding loosely between the comb and the scalp.
When the hair on one side has been combed, braid it, hav-
ing the top of the braid near the ear. Do the other side
the same way. If very much tangled a little oil or alcohol
rubbed in makes it easier to comb.

Wash the comb and brush in soap and water once a
week.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Wash the hands after combing the hair.

Be careful in removing the towel not to scatter the
loose hairs and dandruff it may hold.

Getting Patient Up in Chair

If possible have a chair with arms.

Place beside the bed.

Put cushions on seat and fresh pillow at back.

Throw a blanket over all corner-wise, to wrap around
the patient when she sits down.

While in bed put on stockings, slippers, bath robe (and
under-drawers or flannel petticoat in winter).

Have the patient sit up in bed, and help her to swing
her feet over the edge.

Stand in front of her, and have her place her hands on
your shoulders. Place your hands under her arm pits,
and let her slip off the bed with her feet firmly on the
floor. Turn and let her sit down slowly

Place a stool for her feet.

Place the chair so that she will be out of drafts and
so that the light does not shine directly into her face.

When patients become restless and nervous they may
often be made more comfortable by rearranging the
bed clothes, by fanning, by changing position, by rubbing
the back and legs, by. putting hot water bags at the feet,
back and neck, or small of back. In summer try very
cold water instead of hot water in the bags. Cold com-
presses may be applied to the back of the neck, the spine,
the forehead, or wherever they may give comfort. A
foot bath, a hot or cool sponging will not only quiet rest-
lessness but will ofen make a patient sleepy. In using
any wet application be sure not to get the pillows or bed
clothes wet. Continued rubbing at the back of the neck
or stroking of the forehead gently is soothing and quiet-
ing.

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233

Temperature, Pulse, Respiration

The temperature of the average person in health is
98.6° Fahrenheit. This is called the normal temperature.

A temperature below 98.0 degrees is said to be sub-
normal. A healthy person may have a sub-normal tem-
perature in the early morning. People with a continuous
low temperature, say around 97 (this is often the case
with old people and those who are recovering from ill-
ness) need careful attention. If in bed, they should be
kept warmly covered and supplied with hot water bags.
If up, they should be warmly clothed, and protected
from drafts, and sudden changes of temperature.
Usually, in the early morning before daylight, the tem-
perature is at the lowest. That is why it is important to
watch sick people and babies and to put an extra cover
over them at that time.

Any temperature above 100 degrees, if it continues, is
serious. A temperature above 101 degrees is a fairly
high one, and 103 degrees or above is very high.

The temperature is taken with a clinical thermometer
placed in the mouth or in the armpit. For babies, and
people who might break the thermometer if it were
placed in the mouth, place the thermometer in the armpit.
Temperatures of babies and very ill people are taken in
rectum, but the Girl Scout should not attempt this. Al-
ways wash the thermometer in cold water before using.
Wash in cold water and disinfect by wiping off with alco-
hol after using. Hot water will break it. When the
thermometer is being used every day it may be kept in
disinfectant. Never lay down a thermometer that has
been used until after it has been washed and disinfected.

To Take the Temperature in the Mouth

Cleanse the thermometer.

Shake down so that the mercury is below 96 degrees.

Have patient moisten lips.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Place the thermometer with bulb under tongue. Lips
must be closed while holding it.

Hold two or three minutes, in this position.

Be sure that nothing hot or cold has been in the mouth
for at least five minutes before taking temperature.

To Take Temperature in the Armpits

Wipe out armpit.

Insert the thermometer.

Place arm across the chest so that the thermometer is
held securely. It should remain so for four or five
minutes.

Pulse

The pulse may be counted on the thumb side of the
inside of the wrist, at the temples, the ankles, and other
parts of the body where the arteries are near the surface.

The pulse shows the number of times oer minute which
the heart beats or pumps.

A normal pulse for a man is around 72, for a woman
80, for a child 90, and for a baby 100 degrees.

A very rapid or a very slow pulse shows that there is
“ something wrong that should be reported. It takes a
good deal of practice to learn to count the pulse.

Place two or three fingers on the beating artery, just
touching firmly enough to feel the beats, and count for
a half minute, then multiply by two to find the number
of beats per minute. Be sure that the patient’s hand is
in a comfortable position while counting.

Respiration

Respiration is another word for breathing. An aver-
age formal person when sitting or lying still, breathes
from twelve to twenty times per minute, and when mov-
ing about 24 times. We all know that quick moving
makes quick breathing.

Respiration above 40 or below 8 is a danger sign. If

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

235

the respiration is very fast, or difficult, or wheezy, or in
any way very unusual, we can tell it at a glance. People
who are breathing hard are frequently relieved by being
propped up in bed.

To count the respiration . It is better to do this with-
out the person’s knowledge. It may be counted by watch-
ing the rise and fall of the chest or of the shoulders. An-
other way is to hold the person’s hand as though taking
the pulse, having her rest her hand and fore-arm lightly
on the chest and count the rise and fall.

Dishes

Dishes used by patients with any of the contagious
diseases, and this includes colds and sore throats, should
be kept separate, and washed separately from the family
dishes. They should be scalded after washing and have
special dish cloths. Using separate utensils, and separate
room for the sick person are two of the surest ways to
prevent the spread of the disease.

In such diseases as measles, scarlet fever, colds, mumps,
influenza, dishes should be boiled every day. Put them
in a large kettle in cold water and let them come to a
boil. Even the thinnest glass will not break if treated
in this way. Let the dishes stay in the water until cool
enough to handle.

Dish cloths and dish mops should be thoroughly washed
in good hot water and soap, and put in the sun to dry.
They should be boiled regularly.

If it is necessary to disinfect linen put it all in a bag
and leave in cold water to soak for some hours before
putting it on to boil. Put a little washing soda in the
water. After boiling hard for fifteen or twenty minutes
it may be washed with the other garments.

Stains should be washed out before putting linen in
the wash.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Utensils and Their Care

All utensils should he kept clean and ready for instant
use. The bedpan should always be warmed before be-
ing used. Running warm water in and on it is usually
the easiest" way to do this. It should be thoroughly dried
on the outside so that it will not wet the bed. It is a
good plan to”Trave a piece of rubber sheet or several
thicknesses of old newspapers covered with a bath towel
to put under the bed pan in bed. When carrying away,
keep covered. Use cold water first, and after washing
with soapy water, rinse and dry before putting away.

Basins in constant use, especially if they are used
to hold disinfectant, need to be well scoured with sapolio
from time to time. Nothing is more shiftless looking
than to see a dark rim of dirt or stain around a basin.

Hot water bags should be emptied when not in use
and hung upside down. The stoppers should be kept fas-
tened to them.

Ice caps should be dried inside and out and stuffed with
cotton or tissue paper to keep the sides from sticking
together.

Hot and Cold Applications

Hot applications are used to relieve pain, to supply
heat, and to bring down temperature. Both moist and dry
heat are used. Hot water bags, metal heaters, electric
pads, hot flannels are the commonest forms of dry heat.
Fomentations, poultices, and baths are the simplest forms
of moist heat.

In applying heat, one should be ever on the watch
to avoid burning a patient. The skin of babies, children,
old people, and of those who have been ill a long time, is
very easily burned. Again, the same heat that is easily
tolerated by one person, may burn another.

Hot water bags or their substitute, electric pads or
metal heaters should always be wrapped in towels or

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

23j7

have their own coverings. Never fill a hot water bag
more than two-thirds full. The water should not be
hot enough to scald a patient if the bag should spring a
leak. Before putting in the cork, expel the air by twist-
ing the upper part between the neck and the level of the
water before putting in the cork. Be sure to cork tightly.
If the bag is to be where the patient will bear the weight,
put in a very little water and renew from time to time.
Where there is no hot water bag, stone bottles may be
used, or bags of salt or sand may be heated in the oven.
The practice of using ordinary glass bottles is an un-
safe one, as the corks are not always to be depended on
to stay tight and the glass breaks easily. When bags
of salt or sand are used the coverings should be thick
enough to prevent the particles from sifting through.
Pieces of flannel the right size may in some cases supply
all the heat that is necessary. They should be covered
with another flannel to keep in the warmth.

To make a mustard plaster. Have ready a piece of
old muslin (a piece of an old nightgown will do) two
inches wide and two inches longer than twice the length
of the poultice required. On one end of it, with a margin
of an inch on three sides, place a piece of oiled paper
or shelf paper or a piece of clean paper bag, the size you
wish the poultice to be. Mix one tablespoonful of mus-
tard with 8 tablespoonfuls of flour, before wetting.
Have water about as hot as the hand can stand. Do not
use boiling water. Stir the water into the mustard and
flour gradually so that it will not lump. Make the paste
stiff enough to spread thinly on the paper, about a quarter
of an inch thick. Turn the margins of the cloth over
the paste. Fold the long end over so that all the paste is
covered and tuck the end under the turned-in edges of the
sides. Fold it and take it to the patient in a hot towel or
between hot plates. The skin where it is to be placed

238

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ADMINISTERING AN INHALATION

should be oiled. Test the heat by holding it against the
back of your own hand. Put on slowly and leave for two
minutes. Watch and remove sooner if the skin becomes
reddened or if it is uncomfortable. After removing wipe
away the moisture from the skin and cover with a soft
piece of muslin, and place a piece of flannel over that.
A blister after a mustard paste shows very careless nurs-
ing. Never let a patient go to sleep with a mustard
plaster on.

Fomentations or stupes are pieces of flannel wrung
out of very hot water and placed on the skin. They
should be two or three times as large as the part to be
treated, and should be applied as hot as the patient can
bear them, without burning the skin. Have two sets,
so that one set will be ready to put on when the other
is taken off. The stupes should be wrung as dry as
possible and as they must be very hot to do any good,
a fomentation wringer is a great protection for the
hands. One may be made by putting halves of a broom
handle through the ends of a short roller towel in the

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

239

middle of which the fomentation has been placed. By
twisting the sticks in the opposite direction the fomenta-
tion can be wrung very dry. Take it to the bed in the
wringer and do (not open until ready to place on the
skin, as it will lose its heat very quickly. Put a little oil
or vaseline on the skin and apply the fomentation gradu-
ally. Cover with a dry flannel and put wadding over
that. A piece of oiled skin or oiled paper between the
wadding and the dry flannel helps to keep in the heat and
moisture. Hold in place with a towel or binder pinned
tightly.

Cold is applied by means of ice bags and by cold
compresses. In filling an ice bag the ice should be in
small pieces, and the bag not too full. Expel the air
as from a hot water bag. Cover with a towel or a
cover for the purpose. Never put the rubber near the
skin, k may freeze if so left. Besides, the cover ab-
sorbs the moisture that collects on the outside as the
ice melts.

Cold compresses are a common remedy for headache.
Old handkerchiefs are excellent for this purpose. Fold
in frayed edges, two or three thicknesses will be heavy
enough, and have two, large enough to cover the fore-
head. Wring one out of ice water so that it will not
drip, and put on the forehead. Keep the other on a
piece of ice and change the two applications frequently.
When applied to the neck a dry cloth should be placed
outside to protect the pillow or the patient’s clothing.
Cold compresses for inflamed eyes should be of one
thickness only, and a little larger than the eye. Have a
number and change very often. Use a separate com-
press for each eye. If there is a discharge a compress
should not be used a second time. The discarded com-
presses should be collected in a paper bag or wrapped in
newspapers and burned.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

When cold compresses are applied to the head there
should be a hot water bag at the feet.

Gargles , sprays , and inhalations are often ordered for
sore throats and colds.

Salt or soda added to water in the proportion of a tea-
spoonful to a pint makes an excellent gargle.

A very cold gargle or one as hot as can be held with-
out burning is better than a tepid one.

Do not go out in the cold air directly after using a
hot gargle.

Use at least six separate mouthfuls each time you
gargle, and hold long enough at the back of the throat
for the gargle to reach every part.

A spray should not be used for the nose without a
special order from the doctor. The liquid sometimes
gets into the passage leading to the ear and causes ear-
ache. '

Always wipe the nozzle of the atomizer before using.
It should be cleaned after each use and boiled, if an-
other patient is to use it. Always boil the nozzle and
clean out the bottle when the atomizer is to be put away.
Keep it in a box where dust will not reach it.

Inhalations are useful to relieve difficult breathing
and for loss of voice or hoarseness. Fill a pitcher, bowl,
or basin, two-thirds full of boiling water. Wrap with
a towel to prevent burning if it should touch a patient.
Usually drugs such as peppermint spirits, oil of eucalyp-
tus, or tincture of benzoin, in dose of a teaspoonful to
the hot water contained in the receptacle, is enough. If
no drug is at hand, the steam itself may be depended upon
to do some good. Pin one end of a bath towel around
the face below the eyes and spread the other over the
pitcher inhaling the steam as it rises. It may not be
possible to induce a child to do this, in which case make
a tent of an open umbrella with a sheet thrown over it

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

241

at the head of the bed, leaving the front a little open.
Place the pitcher so that the child will get the steam and
hold the pitcher carefully all the time. Do not let the
pitcher touch the patient.

Another means of inhalation is to hold a funnel, made
of a piece of folded paper in the nose of a kettle of very
hot water, near the patient so that the steam can be in-
haled. Be very careful not to scald the patient. After
a steam inhalation one should not go out in the cold
air nor have the windows opened for an hour or more.

Common Medicines and Other Remedies

It is a very safe rule never to take medicines oneself
without a doctor’s orders. Above all, never advise others,
even when you know from experience that certain medi-
cines have helped yourself or others. Medicines should
be taken upon prescription from the physician, should
be measured accurately, and given at the exact hour
ordered.

Read carefully the label or box from which you
take the medicine before and after opening or uncorking,
and read the name again when putting back in its place.
Many people have been poisoned by not reading the
label. Have all glasses and spoons, etc., thoroughly
cleansed before and after using.

Accuracy, attention, cleanliness, regularity should be
watchwords.

In giving either food or medicine, the following meas-
ures are helpful:

1 teaspoonful measures 50 grains.

2 teaspoonfuls make 1 dessertspoonful.

2 dessertspoonfuls make 1 tablespoonful.

2 tablespoonfuls make 1 ounce.

8 ounces make 1 cupful or glassful.

16 ounces make one pint.

(This applies to either liquid or dry measure.)

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

In giving pills, capsules, tablets give a drink o f water
first to moisten the tongue and throat. This helps them
to slip down more easily.

If there is danger of a pill or tablet choking the pa-
tient, crush the pill or tablet between two spoons.

When medicines are taken by spoon, the spoon should
be licked by the patient in order to get the full amount.

Nearly all medicines should be mixed with water, and
should be followed with a drink of water unless orders
are given to the contrary.

Keep all medicines tightly corked.

Buy medicines only in small quantities, as most of them
lose their strength in time.

In buying vaseline or cold cream it is better to have
it in a tube than in jars. Being opened and dipped into
constantly soon makes the contents of a jar unclean.

Common Remedies

Such remedies as the following are to be found in
many homes.

Castor oil, clove oil, vaseline, baking soda (this is
the same thing as bi-carbonate of soda or saleratus), salt,
lime water, alcohol, camphorated oil, spirits of camphor,
flaxseed, aromatic spirits of ammonia. Do not confuse
this latter remedy with ammonia water used for cleans-
ing things.

Castor oil should be taken in these doses:

Baby, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls.

Older children : 1 tablespoonful.

Adult : 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls.

There are many ways of taking castor oil. Heat the
glass or spoon, put in some orange or lemon juice, then
the oil, then more juice. Open the mouth wide and put
the oil far back. Have more juice at hand to swallow im-
mediately after. Chilling the mouth by holding a piece
of ice in it for a few minutes also helps to disguise the

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

taste. A couple of tablespoonfuls of lemon or orange
juice with a quarter of a teaspoonful of soda mixed
thoroughly with the oil will make it effervesce so that
it is not unpleasant to take.

If the dose is vomited, wait a little while, then give
another. Do not give directly before nor directly after
a meal.

Olive oil is often taken in doses of one or two teaspoon-
fuls after meals to regulate the bowels or to help people
gain weight or when the appetite is small. It is also used
to rub into the skin of under-nourished babies and to rub
sick people, especially if the skin is very dry. After
rubbing with oil always wipe the skin with a towel.

Vaseline is used to grease sore and chafed parts. A
little may be inserted into the nostrils for a cold. Cam-
phorated vaseline is especially good for this. In case of
an irritating cough that keeps a child from sleeping,
a little plain pure vaseline may be put in the mouth, and
it will be found very soothing.

Vaseline is also used to grease such utensils as nozzles
and to put on the parts to which poultices or fomenta-
tions are to be applied.

Soda may be used for burns (moisten and apply as a
paste), as a gargle (one teaspoonful to a pint of water),
an an enema (the same proportion), for colds (a tea-
spoonful in a quart of water to be taken internally in the
course of each day), and in bilious attacks, water with
this amount of soda may be given. Also to get a person
to vomit, in which case the water should be slightly warm.

Salt may be used as a gargle in the same way as soda,
and even mixed with the soda, also for enemas. Coarse
salt, when heated and put into bags, may be used when
there is no hot water bag.

Lime water is used in mixing the baby’s milk and is
put in the milk for sick people when they cannot take

244 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

full strength milk. The usual proportion is two table-
spoons of lime water to a half glass of milk, which makes
about 1 part of lime water to 3 parts of milk.

Alcohol may be used to disinfect the more delicate
utensils as the thermometer. Most alcohol now obtain-
able is wood alcohol or denaturated ; that is, mixed with
powerful poisons , so that it should never touch the
mouth. Never place a bottle of alcohol near a flame.
If it is ever necessary to use an alcohol lamp, use the
solid alcohol. It is much safer.

Camphorated oil is often used to rub the chest and
neck with in case of colds. It should be warmed and
rubbed in thoroughly. Protect the bedclothes and the
patient’s clothes with towels. After rubbing, wipe and
cover the part with a flannel, to prevent chill.

Spirits of camphor or aromatic spirits of ammonia,
a few drops on a handkerchief or piece of cotton, held
five or six inches from the nose, relieves faintness. In-
haling the camphor in this way will often make it easier
to breathe through the nose in case of a head cold. Fif-
teen drops of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a table-
spoonful of water may be given to anyone recovering
from a faint* or to relieve nausea.

Flaxseed tea is an old-fashioned remedy for coughs.
Pour a quart of boiling water over two tablespoonfuls
of flaxseed and let it simmer for two to three hours,
or until reduced to about a pint of tea. Strain through a
fine strainer several times so that it will not be stringy,
flavor with lemon, and add honey or sugar. Put in a cov-
ered jar, and take a teaspoonful at a time to relieve
irritation in the throat.

The Daily Clean-Out.— People, sick or well, should
have a bowel movement once or twice a day. Taking
medicine for this purpose is a very bad habit. If healthy
people have the proper exercise and food, and drink

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

245

plenty of good water, medicine is not necessary. Eating
coarse grained food, as bran muffins, corn meal porridge,
fruits, and vegetables, drinking plenty of water, exercis-
ing in the open air, and having a regular time for going
to the lavatory (immediately after breakfast and the last
thing at night before retiring are suggested times) are
habits that are usually sufficient to keep the bowels in
good order.

If the waste matter is not carried off by the bowel
movements, the body will in time become poisoned by the
decayed substance in the intestines, and illness follows.
Many headaches, “tired feelings,” “blues,” and even ap-
pendicitis may be caused by constipation.

People who are sick and therefore deprived of taking
exercise to help in keeping their bowels regular, need to
have very special attention paid to their diet and to have
plenty of drinking water always at hand. Also they
should have bed-pan or whatever other attention they
need regularly , and when asked for, immediately.

Chill , if due to exposure, may be treated by giving a
warm bath or a foot bath, and putting to bed between
warm blankets and with hot water bags. Rub briskly
under the covers and give a warm drink such as tea,
coffee, milk, etc.

Some Common Ills and Their Treatment

When a chill is not merely due to being cold, give
the same treatment except the rubbing, take the tempera-
ture, and if there is fever, send for the doctor, as it
may be the beginning of an illness.

Colds or cramps, or pain in the bov/els may be caused
by constipation, by gas, by undigested food, by the
monthly period or more serious causes. Apply heat (hot
water bag or fomentation), sip hot water in which is a
little baking soda (one-half teaspoonful to a cup), or a
few drops of peppermint. Try a hot foot bath. Lie

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

down and keep very quiet with a hot water bag at feet.
If pain continues, except in the case of the monthly ill-
ness, empty the stomach either by putting the finger
down the throat or by drinking warm water and soda
until vomiting starts. Take an enema or a dose of castor
oil. If the pain still continues, send for a doctor.

Convulsions. Send for a doctor at once. Loosen all
clothing, undress if possible. Watch and prevent patient
from hurting herself. Do not try to restrain. Try to
force a spoonhandle wound with a bandage between the
teeth, to prevent biting of tongue. Keep lying down
with head slightly raised. As soon as possible, ad-
minister enema or dose of castor oil. Put ice bag on
head and hot water bottle to feet. Keep warm. A child
may be put into a warm bath and held until convulsions
subside. Keep very quiet and handle as little as possible
when the convulsion is over, as handling may cause a
repetition of the twitching.

Croup. Give steam inhalation. Keep a kettle of very
warm water in the room. If this is not possible, fill the
bathroom with steam by turning on the hot water, and
take the patient there. Put hot fomentations to neck,
chest, and abdomen. Send for doctor, who will usually
order medicine to make the child vomit, which brings
some relief.

Earache. Use hot applications against the ear. A
heated glass or a cup in which there is a cloth wrung
in very hot water, held against the ear may be found
very comforting. Never put drops nor anything else
into the ear canal. Either send for the doctor or take
the patient to him, as there may be a developing abscess
which needs to be opened.

Fever. Patient should go to bed in a well ventilated
room and keep quiet. The bowels should move freely
and plenty of water be taken. Bathing the hands, face
and neck or rubbing with alcohol gives relief, especially

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

247

if there is restlessness. Only liquid food should be
given, and even that should not be urged.

Headaches. The commonest causes of frequent head-
aches are eye-strain and indigestion. The cure is being
fitted with glasses and taking a proper diet. Rest and
quiet, careful eating, cold compresses to the head, a hot
water bag to the feet, or a foot bath will usually relieve
an ordinary headache. Sometimes, as when there is
constipation, a dose of castor oil is necessary. An enema
will often give instant relief. Never take headache
medicines unless a doctor has. specially ordered it. These
medicines may contain powerful poisons. The danger
of taking them is that while for the time being they may
relieve the headache, the cause of the headache remains,
and the headache returns unless the cause, such as eye*
strain or indigestion, is removed.

Hiccoughs can be usually stopped by drinking a glass
of water in sips while holding the breath. They are
usually caused by eating too fast or by some form of
indigestion.

Colds, Their Prevention and Care

Everybody knows that colds are “catching.” People
who are over-tired or under-fed, who stay too much in
either under-heated or over-heated rooms, or who do not
bathe regularly, or who do not get exercise enough in
the open air, are those most likely to catch cold.

If you have a cold yourself, stay away from others
if possible, and do all in your power to prevent others
coming close to you. Cover the mouth when coughing
or sneezing, use paper or old rags instead of handkerchiefs
and then burn them ; wash your hands before touch-
ing things others are to use, and use separate dishes,
which should be kept entirely apart from the family
dishes and washed separately. If such precautions are

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

taken by the first member of the family to take cold, it
would seldom spread through the family.

When people around you have colds, avoid getting
close to them,, gargle often, take deep breaths of fresh
air whenever possible, wash your hands often and keep
them away from your nose and mouth.

You do not need to be told that the handkerchief used
by anyone with a cold is full of germs. It should be
kept from touching other things and should never be
left lying around.

If, at the first signs of a cold, a good dose of castor
oil is taken, a glass of hot lemonade and a hot bath be-
fore going to bed, a cold may be “broken up,” as we say.
In mild weather, the windows may be left open, but if
the weather is very cold it is better to air the room from
another room, in order to keep an even temperature, but
there should be good ventilation.

If the throat is sore, gargling and a cold compress to
the neck will bring relief. If there is fever and headache,
you have already been told what to do. Anyone with
a cold should eat very lightly and drink plenty of water.
They should be as quiet as possible and get all the rest
and sleep possible.

Camphorated or plain vaseline may be put in the nos-
trils, and if there is a cough, plain vaseline may be taken
internally— placed on the tongue at the back of the
mouth. A spoonful of flaxseed tea taken as often as
necessary to relieve irritation may bring relief. Inhala-
tions are helpful in hoarseness. Never give any cough
medicines except what are ordered by a doctor.

If the symptoms continue after the first night it is
advisable to call a doctor, as what seems a slight cold
may be the beginning of a serious illness, as measles,
scarlet fever, pneumonia, etc. If there is earache, rapid

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

249

breathing, great weakness or sleepiness the doctor should
be called at once.

Any symptom that lasts after a cold, as pain in one
part, weakness, or high temperature, needs a doctor’s
attention.

Food for the Sick

Food for the sick should be light and easily digested.
Generally the doctor says what may be eaten. Such
foods as the following are included is so-called invalid
foods: Milk, milk soups, eggs, raw and soft-cooked,

rennet, custards, ice creams, albumin water, well cooked
cereals, gruels, broths, toasts, milk toast, jellies made
with gelatine, such as lemon and wine jelly; macaroni,
spaghetti, well-cooked bread (never fresh bread), tea,
coffee, cocoa.

Sick people should have their meals as regularly as
possible, at regular hours and promptly and attractively
served. The tray, the dishes, the tray-cloth, should be
spotlessly clean, and the tray should not be over-loaded
with dishes or food. If it is necessary to bring all the
food for a meal to the room on the tray at once in order
to save steps, remove some of it, perhaps the dessert,
until the patient is ready for it.

Before leaving the room to prepare the tray, arrange
everything so that the patient may eat the food as soon
as it is brought. As a rule it is better for the sick mem-
ber of the family to have her meals served before the
family sits down to the table, so that she may have her
food fresh and hot, and not get tired waiting.

Try to have food that the patient likes, if possible. If
she does not like what may be served her, it may be
served so attractively that her appetite may be tempted.

All food should be tasted before serving. Serve hot
food hot, and cold food cold.

Milk is the most nourishing of liquid foods. If it is

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

to be heated, do not let it boil. Always take the chill
off milk served to children.

Generally speaking, cooked food is better than un-
cooked, even fruits. Baked apples or apple sauce, for
example, are safer to give the sick than raw apples.

Toast is better than bread. Toast upon which the
butter has melted should not be given to a sick person.
Have the toast hot, and butter each mouthful as eaten.
Bread should be at least one day old before given to a
sick person. Hot breads, such as fresh rolls and biscuits,
are not good foods for ill people. Fried foods should
be kept from invalids and children.

The best way to prepare a potato for an invalid is to
bake it. It should be served when it is light and mealy,
and never after it has become soggy.

The best way of cooking meat is to broil it, having
the outside well browned, and the inside soft and juicy,
never dry and hard.

A Tray for Liquid and Soft Food

The tray should be large enough to hold two glasses or
a cup and saucer and a glass, as well as salt or sugar.
Put two spoons on the tray, and if the patient is using
a tube or a feeder, put that on the tray. One of the
glasses should contain fresh water. Offer a glass of
water before and after the nourishment.

The tray for soft solids. Suppose the meal is to be
boiled rice, or other cereal, and toast. The tray should
have a fresh doilie, salt, sugar (covered), a glass of
water, two teaspoons, a knife, if butter is allowed on the
toast, and a small pitcher of milk or cream for the rice.
Put the cereal in a deep saucer or small bowl, cover
with a plate or saucer and rest on another plate. Spread
a small napkin on another plate. Put the toast on it,
then wrap the napkin around it to keep hot.

Sick people should have plenty of water to drink.

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251

Besides having a pitcher of fresh water and a glass
where it may be easily reached, always put a glass of
fresh cool water on the tray when food or medicine are
brought. While ice water is bad for both sick and well
people, the water should be cool enough to be agreeable
and refreshing. Water that is chilled to the right tempera-
ture by being kept in the ice chest, bottled, is preferable.
It should be drunk slowly and not gulped down. Water
standing in .the room should be kept covered at all times.

Feeding Helpless Patients

A patient is often so weak that she cannot lift her
head in order to eat. In this case she would be given
liquids through straws or by spoon or “feeder.” Some-
times by putting a small quantity of liquid in a glass, two
tablespoonfuls, a patient is enabled to drink without
spilling a drop.

If necessary, slip one hand under the pillow, raise
the head a little, holding the glass to the lips with the
other. Anyone lying down should take food very slowly.
If solid, it should be cooked, especially well, as there is
danger of choking.

Tubes should be washed immediately after using. If
used continuously they should be cleaned with a tube
brush made for that purpose. Straws should be burned
or destroyed. If feeding with a spoon, be careful that
neither the food nor the spoon burns the lips or mouth.
Feed slowly and a little at a time, allowing plenty of
time between mouthfuls.

Occupying and Amusing the Sick

When people are recovering from an illness, or when
they are what we call chronic invalids, they often enjoy
and are helped by being amused or occupied. At this
time a Girl Scout may be very helpful. First of all, she
should be cheerful herself. Then she should be able to

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play two or three quiet games, such as cards, dominoes,
checkers, and be able to read aloud and to tell cheerful
and amusing stories. Children may often be kept quiet
and happy by hearing little rhymes recited. It might
be a good idea for every Girl Scout to be able to tell
three short stories and three funny stories, know three
conundrums and three short poems, play three quiet
games of cards, play checkers, play dominoes and know
three puzzles.

Excitement is always bad for sick people and they
become tired easily, so they should not be read to, talked
to, nor played with for too long an interval, even if
they seem to wish it themselves. The Scout must always
remember that these things are being done for the pleas-
ure of the sick person, and she must be very patient, to
let the games or stories be of their own choosing if they
wish it, and to avoid being noisy herself.

D^ily Routine

There should be a regular daily routine. Have regular
hours for feeding, bathing, giving treatment and medi-
cines, giving the bedpan, etc. Be punctual.

Usually the first thing to do in the morning is to close
or open the window as necessary, and to give the patient
a bed-pan. Have it warm. Take temperature, pulse and
respiration and record them. Bring a basin of warm
water, soap, towel, etc., to wash hands and face, and a
glass of water to brush teeth. Tidy the hair. Straighten up
the room a little. Prepare and serve patient’s breakfast.
After an hour the bed bath may be taken, but a tub bath
should not be taken until two hours after breakfast.

Make the bed. Clean up the room. If the patient is
well enough, let her read or see visitors after this. Serve
the dinner. After dinner, open the windows, lower the
shades, and let the patient rest and sleep if possible for
at least an hour. Sick people need more rest than well

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

253

people and should have a regular hour for rest in the
daytime. If they sleep, so much the better, as it has
been proved that patients who take a nap during the day
sleep better at night. After four o’clock give a drink of
some kind of hot or cold substance, as needed or desired
— broth, milk, lemonade. In the late afternoon sick peo-
ple are often tired and restless. Change of position, re-
arrangement of the pillows' or a good rub give comfort
and relieve the restlessness. Diversion of some kind,
nothing noisy or exciting, may serve the same purpose.
It may be found wise to delay the bath until this time
of day as bathing has a soothing effect.

Between supper and bedtime the sick person should
be kept from excitement. This is a good time for read-
ing aloud or allowing them to read for themselves, but
a very poor time to see visitors.

Preparations for the Night . Bring in all the necessi-
ties for washing the hands and face and brushing the
teeth and combing the hair, and help where needed.
Change the nightgown (it is* better to have a gown for
the day and one for the night), brush the crumbs from
the bed, make the sheet smooth, shake up the pillows
and straighten out the bedclothes, having extra covers
handy in case of need. Fill the hot water bag, attend
to the fire, if there is one, and arrange everything in
the room just as- it will be needed for the night. Give
a warm drink, and allow the patient to rinse the mouth
(or, if wished, the brushing of the teeth may be delayed
until this time). The last thing to do for the sick person
is to give a good rub, paying special attention to the bony
parts (lower end of spine, shoulder-blades, hips, knees,
ankles). Then arrange the ventilation.

> Before settling a sick person for the night, be sure
that everything about the room is done, as any moving
about after she is prepared to sleep may tend to disturb
her and prevent her from going to sleep

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5. PUBLIC HEALTH

Has the town you live in a free swimming pool with
instructors and well arranged hours for little children,
older girls and boys and grown-ups? Can you step out
after school and have a couple of hours on a well kept
tennis court? Is there a good golf course reasonably
near, with convenient trolley service? Are there plenty
of playgrounds, so that the children are off the streets?
And, since grounds are not enough, are there friendly
young play-leaders connected with them, to get the chil-
dren together and teach them all sorts of games and
sports ?

If none of these things are to be found, or not enough
of them, wouldn’t you like to have them?

“Of course I should,” you reply, “but what can I do
about it? I am only a girl, and I can’t get all these
things by just wishing for them !”

But that’s just what you can do.

All these things in a town mean that the town is
looking out for the health of its young people. Exercise
is one of the most important means of preserving health,
and most of the large cities nowadays are working hard
to see that no child shall be out of the reach of a good
park, a good swimming pool and a good playground.

This all comes under the city government and as this
is a democratic form of government, these things are all
arranged by vote. That is, the citizens vote to use the
public money for such things and vote for the officials
who shall spend the money for them. Now, a great many
women have the vote today : by the time the present-Girl
Scouts are twenty-one, a great many more will have it,
beyond any doubt. Do you see that if you make up your
mind now about the village improvements you want,
you can vote for them and get them?

Women are naturally interested in all that happens

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

255

to children, and if all the women of a community should
get together and vote for everything that concerned the
health and happiness and good education of children,
can’t you see what happy days their school-days would
be?

If you saw “Public Health” at the head of a chapter,
you might not think it looked very interesting ; but when
you once get the idea that if your mother had had her
say on the Public Health Board you would have had a
fine skating pond with a good skate-house, last winter,
and sunny, well-aired school rooms to study in, with a
big gymnasium for basket ball in bad weather, you may
be more interested in the merit badge for Public Health
called “Health Guardian!”

Remember that Public Health is simply good house-
keeping, applied to the community*

It is a subject which women are sure to take up more
and more, and a Girl Scout who has given the matter a
little thought and study is going to make a good citizen
later on, and will be certain to have her advice asked —
and taken — in the matter of making her town healthy and
happy.

For instance, if the desks in the public schools are not
of the right height and shape, the children are bound to
suffer in their health and hygiene.

It is the business of the state to see that all public
buildings, schools, theatres, factories, etc., have a cer-
tain amount of light and air to the cubic foot, because
so much is necessary for health.

It is the business of the state to see that only a certain
number of hours a day should constitute a day’s work.
This is because a certain amount of rest is a necessity
for all citizens.

It is the business of the state to see that food and
water can be brought into the community. Also that they

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be kept pure, both in transportation and after they reach
the community. This includes the policing of all reser-
voirs and the filtering of the water; the refrigerating of
meat and milk; the condemning of rotten fruit and vege-
tables; the collecting and disposal of all garbage and
waste.

It is the business of the state to prevent spitting in
public places, (one of the greatest sources of public
infection) ; to prevent the use of common drinking
utensils, towels, etc. ; to insist on the isolation of con-
tagious diseases and the placarding of the houses where
they occur.

In order to carry on these great wise policies the state
should offer free clinics where citizens can find out what
is the matter with them and how to prevent it, and trained
community nurses for the sick.

Do you see what a wonderful power an intelligent
woman can be in the community she lives in? Women
ought to be much better, really, in this public house-
keeping than men, because most of them have had to
learn to do it on a small scale, and know how necessary
light, air, rest, exercise and cleanliness are.

But, you may say, in my state women have no vote, as
yet, and I am too young for it, anyway; what can I do?

The answer is very simple: every citizen, whether she
is young or old, whether* she has a vote or not, can find
out the laws of the town she lives in and help to enforce
them !

And the most important of these laws are those which
affect the public safety and the public health. Whether
there is a Public Health Commissioner or a Town Board
or a Village Superintendent or only a District Nurse to
appeal to, there is sure to be somebody whose business
it is to listen to violation of the law.

If every troop of Girl Scouts knew the health laws of

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

257

their town, and helped to get them obeyed, there would
be a wonderful lessening of epidemics and a wonderful
advance in the health and beauty of our towns.

If the Girl Scouts stood, all over the; country, for the
intelligent guardianship of the public health and recrea-
tion, they would rapidly become one of the greatest and
most respected organizations in America, for this reason
alone.

6. THE HEALTH WINNER

. . For since a little self-control, since

a clean and elementary diet, pure water, openness
of the body to sun and air, a share of honest
work, and some degree of mental peace and lar-
gesse, are the simple conditions of health, and are
or ought to be, accessible to everybody —

“To neglect these is sheer treason.”

— Toward Democracy, by Edward Carpenter .

Five Points of Health for Girl Scouts

A cheerful Scout, a clean Scout, a helpful Scout, is a
well Scout. She is the only Scout that really is pre-
pared. She not only knows the laws of health, she lives
them: she stands tall, she plays daily in the open air,
she rests and sleeps at night, and conserves her energy
at all times, she is careful to get the right amount of air,
water, sun and food each day, and perhaps most impor-
tant of all, she keeps clean.

1. Stand Tall — Every Scout should be recognized a
long way off, not only by her uniform, but by her erect
carriage. In sitting, the lower back should be against
the back of the chair. In bending forward to read or

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

write, bend straight from, the hips. At Scout meetings
practice sitting without support for the back. When “at
ease” during drill, stand with feet apart and parallel and
with hands hanging free. When resting, lie flat on the
back without pillows. Correct posture is obtained by
balancing the different parts of the body — hips, head,
chest in a straight line, so that the bony framework bears
the weight. The muscles and ligaments will not then be
strained, and the bones will not be forced into an ab-
normal position. Two rules to remember are: “Stand

tall” and “Keep your spine long.”

2. Take Exercise — If you have watched soldiers obey
commands in drill you know how quickly their joints
and muscles work. The setting-up exercises given in
the Handbook have been planned to preserve the power
of joints and muscles, and to prevent them from becom-
ing like rusty machines. These exercises should be taken
with windows open, if not out of doors. Clothing should
be light and loose, and corsets removed. These exercises
are not to be considered a substitute for vigorous outdoor
work or play, but only as supplementary to or when
these are impossible. The day should be planned to
include at least an hour and a half of vigorous activity
in the open air. This will take different forms, accord-
ing to the place and season, so that in the summer one
may swim, row or paddle, or play tennis or any other
game outdoors, and in the winter skate, coast or snow-
shoe. However, the best all year round exercise, and
the simplest and easiest to get is walking. Five miles
a day is an adequate average. Even walking alone is
good exercise, but walking in a group or two and two is
better, because keeping step, singing, whistling and talk-
ing and laughing together add enormously to the exhil-
aration of motion and of sun, wind or rain in the face.

A Girl Scout should avoid unusual exercise before.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

259

during and immediately following menstruation. How-
ever, she should remember that a reasonable amount of
exercise at this time is quite normal and beneficial, ex-
cept where there is an actual disorder of some sort
In this case a physician should be consulted.

3. Rest and Conserve Energy — Go to bed early and
sleep from eight to eleven hours, according to age. Sleep
with windows open all the year round. Rest sometime
during the day, flat on the back if possible, but even
five minutes sitting quietly with hands in the lap and
eyes closed is better than nothing. The following table
shows the number of hours of sleep that are needed at
different ages :

Age Hours of Sleep

10 and 11 years...- to 11

12 and 13 years 9 to 10^4

14 and 15 years 8 to 10

16 and 17 years 8 to 9j4

18 and 19 years 8 to 9

20 and over at least 8

Save Your Eyes

The reason it is important to rest and to sleep enough
is because it is while at rest that the body regains energy
lost during activity, and stores it up for future work and
play. There are other ways of saving energy, and one
of them is by keeping the body in such good repair that
like a good machine it does its work with a minimum
expenditure of force and heat. This is the main reason
for the setting-up exercises, or' indeed for any sort of
exercises. Perhaps the single best way to save energy
is by saving your eyes. There is almost no work or play
that does not involve the use of our eyes. If people are
blind they can learn to do many things without vision,
but it is infinitely harder than with it* Modern life,

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

especially in cities, makes a constant demand on our eyes,
and more than this, the demand is on one part of the
eyes' — the muscles concerned in near work. The best
way to rest the eyes, and one which not only rests the
tired parts but exercises the parts that are not used, is
by doing things that will involve distant vision . Walking
and looking far ahead and far away on every side rests
the eyes best of all, and this is one reason why a good
walk will often clear up a headache. Another way to in-
sure distant vision is by riding backward in a car. Then
as the landscape flows past you, your eye muscles relax
to the position needed for distant vision. If you cannot
walk or ride and are doing close work, like sewing or
reading, look up and “at nothing” every once in a while.

The following are some important rules to remember
in saving your eyes :

Rest your “near” eye muscles by looking at distant
objects and places.

Do not work facing a light or where the rays from a
light cross your field of vision directly.

Work so far as possible by indirect or reflected light.

If you must work near uncovered artificial lights, wear
an eye-shade.

When sewing or writing have the light at your left,
unless you are left-handed. This is to keep the shadow
of your hands from the work.

Avoid a glare or light that is in streaks or bars of
alternate dark and bright. Diffused, even light is best.

Have your eyes examined by a competent oculist im-
mediately :

If you have headaches,

If the eyes sting or burn after using,

If print or other objects dance or blur.

If you must get close to your work to see it,

If near work tires your eyes or you,

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

261

If there is the slightest irritation or soreness about the
lids or other parts.

How to Avoid Muscle Strain

Girls and women in attempting to live an outdoor life
or indeed when trying to do many of the things num-
bered among the Scout activities, such as First Aid,
Home Nursing and Hiking, often give themselves quite
unnecessary pain and fatigue from lifting, pulling and
carrying weights in the wrong way. Ability to carry
and lift or move is not so much dependent upon absolute
strength as it is on knowing how. The whole body, so
far as it is a physical mechanism, may be thought of as
a series of levers, of which the muscles, bones, and
joints make up the parts and are fulcrum, power arm
or weight arm as the case may be. Without going into
the details of bodily structure or even knowing the names
of the different bones and muscles, it is possible to learn
a few simple things about the right use of these levers
that will be useful at all times.

Certain parts of the body are more able to do heavy
work than others, and the first thing to remember is that
the upper part of the back, the shoulders and the upper
arms are stronger than the lower back, the abdomen
and the lower arms. Therefore, whenever you are try-
ing to lift or move an object, see if you cannot use
these stronger parts. If the arms are held away from
the body when lifting, pulling, throwing or pushing, the
muscles of the upper arm, the shoulders and the upper
back will be brought into play. If the arms are held
close to the body, the lower-arm muscles are unduly
taxed and in trying to help them out, pressure is made
on the abdominal and pelvic muscles, which are not
fitted to bear this sort of strain. Therefore, in carrying
a bag or suitcase, where this is absolutely unavoidable,

262

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

try to swing the arm free from the body, so as to use
the upper arm and back muscles for the weight.

Another important way to save strain is by pushing
instead of pulling. It is almost impossible to push any-
thing so hard as to injure your back or abdominal mus-
cles. It is almost impossible, on the other hand, to pull
even a relatively light weight without some strain. If
you will think of how a horse in harness actually exerts
his strength in drawing a wagon, you will see that what
he does is to push against the straps, and it is the straps
that pull the wagon. Even the strongest horse could
not pull a wagon with his teeth very far, or pull some-
thing tied only to the back leg muscles. Get behind and
push is the rule to remember, and never resort to pulling
until you have tried every device for pushing instead.

If you must pull, try to use heavy muscles, such as leg
muscles, to do it with. Often a weight may be lifted or
pulled by getting the foot under or in back and using
the arms only to steer with. This applies particularly to
objects like trunks or bureaus.

Always take advantage of any natural leverage that
you can and if you must move something heavy, do not
lift it at once and attempt to carry, it, but lift one end
and swing or shove it and then lift the other end and
shove it. If you will watch expressmen at work you will
notice that they roll boxes and trunks, holding them
almost on end and tipping them just enough to turn
them along their shortest axis. In this way the boxes
carry themselves, so far as their main weight is con-
cerned.

Carrying a weight on the head or shoulders is another
way of converting a pull into a push, and this is taken
advantage of by peasant women in Europe, who often
are seen carrying heavy weights to market in baskets
perched on their heads, while they stride along arm-free.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

263

A knapsack strapped on to the shoulders is not only
more convenient because it leaves the arms and hands
free to swing naturally or use for other purposes, but
because the weight is distributed and is carried by means
of heavy muscles pushing up under the strap. A weight
should be distributed over a set of muscles as evenly as
possible, and this is the reason for suspending a knapsack
from two shoulders instead of one, when possible.

Finally, in doing any sort of lifting or pulling, if the
muscles that are to be used are contracted before grasp-
ing the weight they will be able to do their work with
far less effort. Try lifting a small weight like a book in
two ways — first, have your hand and fingers relaxed
and limp when you grasp it, and see how heavy it seems
and how hard it is to contract your muscles properly
while lifting it. Then drop the book and go at it again,
this time anticipating its weight and contracting your
hand and finger muscles before grasping it. See how
easily it comes up. Try this same thing with heavier
weights, and learn always to contract the muscle before
taking the load. In carrying a weight for any distance
it is well to shift it from one arm to another, always
preparing the muscles by contracting them before the
weight is assumed.

Using the muscles so as to take advantage of their
lever-like qualities in the best way, contracting them be-
fore loading, and pushing instead of pulling, go to make
up what is sometimes called ‘‘getting a purchase.”

4. Supply Daily Need, for Air , Sun , Water and Food
— Besides exercise and rest there are other controllable
factors upon which health depends. These are air, heat
and light of the sun, water and food. To grow and work
properly the body needs plenty of each of these.

Air — If you cannot work or play outdoors you can
still bring out of doors in by opening your windows at

264

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

frequent intervals. You will find that work goes better,
and that you do not tire so easily if you make it a rule
to open the windows and doors and move about the room
for five minutes every hour or two. Sleep with win-
dows open or out of doors. Camp and hike as often as
possible. Work in the garden. Play out-of-door games.

Heat— The proper temperature of the body is between
98 and 99 degrees Fahrenheit. Human life depends upon
the maintenance of this temperature at all times, and very
slight changes either up or down interfere seriously with
all the other life processes. The main source of heat is
from food consumed, or really burned, in the body.
Artificial heating in houses helps conserve the body heat,
as does clothing. But clothes and shelter may make you
overheated, which is nearly as bad as being cold ; they
may also shut out fresh air. Clothes should not be too
heavy nor too tight. Shoes should have soles straight
on the inner side, and be broad enough to allow the toes
full play, and have low heels. Shoes that are comfort-
able to hike in are apt to be the best for all the time wear.

At night the clothes worn during the day should be
aired and dried thoroughly. This will help much in main-
taining the right body temperature, because clothes be-
come damp from wearing, and dampness uses up body
heat.

Sunlight — Sunlight is one of the best health bringers
known. Little children— and grown people, too — suffer-
ing from the most serious form of tuberculosis, that of
the bones, get well if they are kept in the sunlight. In
one of the finest hospitals for children in the world, in
Switzerland, the main treatment is to have the children
play outdoors without clothes in the sunlight, and they
do this even when there is heavy winter snow on the
ground. Human beings droop and die without the sun,
just as plants do, though it takes longer to kill them. It

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

265

is a gloomy person who does not feel happier in the sun,
and a happy and cheerful person is generally healthy.
So get into the sun whenever you can. Walk on the
sunny side of the street, and open your windows to the
sun whenever you can. However, in hot climates and
in the warmest summer days, remember that the sun can
injure as well as help, and do not expose the head or
body unnecessarily.

Water — As about three-quarters of our body weight is
water, the solid portions of bone, muscle, and so forth,
constituting only one-quarter, and as considerable water
is given off each day by evaporation from skin and lungs
and with excreta, the loss must be made up. In addition
to the water taken with meals and contained in the food
a Girl Scout should drink at least six tumblers of
water daily. This is a quart and a half. One glass
should be taken on arising and before breakfast, two
between breakfast and lunch, two between lunch and
dinner, and one before going to bed. Be sure the water
is pure, and boil any water the purity of which is doubted
in the slightest. Water kept cool in the ice chest, or in
a jar with a moist cover, is better than ice water, both
because cool water actually quenches thirst more easily,
being more readily absorbed than ice cold water, and
because it is difficult to control the purity of ice.

Food — Food should be clean and kept clean. Grow-
ing girls can tell whether they are eating enough of the
right sort of food, and if they are getting the best out
of it, by seeing whether they are up to the right weight
for their height and age. A chart is given at the end of
this section showing the standard weight for each height
at each age. The following are good rules to follow in
making your daily food habits :

Do not eat between meals.

Eat slowly and chew food thoroughly.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Eat freely of coarse cereals and breads.

Eat meat only once a day.

Have green vegetables, salad or fruit every day.

Drink as much milk as possible, but no coffee or tea.

If you do not have at least one bowel movement a
day it is a sign of constipation, which means the accumu-
lation of waste material from food in the intestine. Ex-
ercise. especially walking, eating coarse vegetables,
coarse bread and coarse cereals, and fruit, and drinking
enough water will help the bowels to move properly.
Constipation is not only an unclean habit of the body,
but it is dangerous, because the waste matter decays
and poison is carried all over the body. Headaches,
indigestion, bad breath and chronic fatigue are some of
the results.

5. Keep Clean — A Girl Scout should be sure that
the air, water and food that she allows to enter her body
are clean. Be sure that they are pure when they reach
her, and keep them so by keeping her body, clothes and
room clean with the help of sun, soap and water. You
have probably heard of germs, microbes and bacteria.
These are names for the same organisms, which are
tiny forms of plant life unseen by the eye, and of which
our unaided senses give us no knowledge. They exist
everywhere and in many forms. Most of them are
harmless to human life, and many of them are useful,
as, for example, one that grows on the roots of peas
and beans and helps the plants to extract nitrogen from
the air. Some bacteria, however, are harmful, and these
are known as disease germs, as they are active in pro-
ducing diseases, especially those diseases which we know
as contagious. The dangerous germs nearly all live in
dust and dirt and in dark places. When we clean house
and dispose of waste material and bring air and sunlight
into dark and dirty places we are doing more than re-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

267

moving unpleasant sights and smells, we are destroying
the breeding places of disease.

Every girl wants a clear skin. Proper food, water
and exercise give this ; but it is also necessary to keep
the surface clean by taking a hot bath with soap at least
twice a week, and a cold or tepid sponge and rubdown
the other days. Besides the loose dirt which comes on
the body from the outside, perspiration and oil come
from the inside through the skin pores, and when ac-
cumulated give a disagreeable odor. Special attention is
needed to guard against this odor, particularly under the
armpits, and soap and water should be used daily. A
hot bath is relaxing and opens the pores. A cold bath
is stimulating and closes the pores. A hot bath is best
taken at night, or if taken in the morning, follow by a
cool sponge or shower. Do not take a cold plunge bath
unless advised to do so by a physician.

Always wash the hands immediately before handling
or preparing food and before eating. Always wash
hands after going to the bathroom. Keep nails short,
and clean with nail brush each time the hands are washed
and with orange stick when necessary.

During menstruation it is particularly important to
keep the body and clothes scrupulously clean, by bathing
or washing with plenty of water.

Hair — Air and a good brushing every day will keep
the hair in good condition. It should be washed once
in two weeks. Wash with hot soapsuds and rinse thor-
oughly, using first hot, then cooler, and finally cold
water. Keep the hair brush clean by washing in cold
water and soap and a little ammonia at least once a
week. The brush should be dried in the sun, not by
artificial heat.

Ears — Keep the outer surfaces of the ears clean, but

268

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

leave the inner part alone. Do not poke for wax nor
put oil in the ear.

Feet — Bathe the feet in hot water at night, when tired.
In the morning bathe with cold water after hot, to harden
them for walking. Keep the toenails clean, and cut even!)/.

Teeth — Next to a fresh, sweet skin the most beautiful
feature of a truly beautiful woman is her teeth. The
basis of beautiful teeth is a clean mouth. Teeth should
be brushed at least twice a day. The best times are after
breakfast and the last thing before going to bed. A brush
with medium soft bristles should be used. Clean a new
brush thoroughly with soap and water and soak in cold
water to set the bristles. A, toothbrush should be cleansed
and aired and if possible sunned every day. Never use
a brush that has begun to lose its bristles, or which has
become caked or yellow. Paste or powder that are not
gritty should be used. Always brush away from the
gums ; that is, brush the upper teeth down, and the lower
teeth up. Clean the roof of the mouth and the tongue.

It is a good plan to have the teeth examined at least
every six months. Then any repairs or cleaning that
may be needed can be easily attended to and much future
pain, trouble and expense saved.

Eyes — Wash eyes carefully for “sleepers” in the morn-
ing. Bathing with alternate hot and cold will rest and
strengthen the muscles.

Do not use public towels or drinking cups.

Do not use towels, handkerchiefs or other toilet articles
or glasses or cups or table utensils used by others.

Avoid sneezing or coughing into another ^person’s
face.

Measurements

Every Girl Scout should know her measurements, in-
cluding her height, her weight, her waist measure, her
chest girth and her chest expansion. Not only are these

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

269

things convenient to know when ordering uniforms and
buying clothes, but any physical director, gymnasium
teacher or doctor can tell her if these are in good propor-
tion for her age and general development and advise her
as to how she may go about to improve them if they
need it.

The accompanying table (given in the last section of
the Health Record) shows the right height and weight
for girls at different ages. The way to consult it is as
follows :

First, find your height by measuring yourself without
shoes against a wall. The best way to do is to have
someone lay a ruler on top of your head so that it ex-
tends to the wall and touches it at right angles. Then
the place should be marked and the distance measured
with a yard stick or tape. Count a half inch as the next
highest inch; thus if you measure 59 inches call this
60. If you measure 59*4 count it as an even 59. Stand
with heels against the wall, and head high: “Stand

Tall”

Second, find your weight with only indoor clothes on.
Take the weight to the nearest pound, counting as be-
fore a half pound or three-quarters as the next highest
and disregard the amounts less than one-half.

Then take your card and look along the top row for
the age to which you are nearest, counting six months
past one year mark as the next year. Thus, if you are
within six months of being 13, count yourself 13.

Then look at the left-hand upright row of figures and
find your height in inches.

Then with a rule or paper find the corresponding num-
ber of pounds for your height and age.

You will see that a girl may be any number of inches
tall within wide limits, but her weight must correspond
to her height rather than simply to her age.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

A girl should be within ten per cent of the proper
weight for her age and height. If you find that you
are underweight, do not be frightened or discouraged,
as it is quite easy to get up to normal by following the
health rules, particularly those relating to food, water
and sleep. Drink as much milk as possible, and eat fresh
vegetables and don’t spoil your appetite by eating too
many sweets or nibbling between meals. If you find
that after a month you are still more than ten per cent
underweight, then ask your parents if you can see the
doctor or consult the school physician.

A Health Record Chart for Girl Scouts

Girl Scouts who are working for the “The Health
Winner5’ badge should keep an account of their progress
for three months, and a good way to do it is to have a
Health Chart to fill out daily and bring the record for
each week to their Captain, at troop meeting. The chart
given below is suggested as a model, and copies will be
obtainable from National Headquarters, but troops can
make up their own.

Every Scout is naturally a Health Crusader ,and she
can use the blanks provided by the National Modern
Health Crusade if she so desires.

In this case the first two points can be combined,
which relate to washing hands and face, and an
additional point inserted in place of the second, to the
effect that “I ate no sweets, candy, cake or ice cream
between meals today.”

DAILY RECORD OF POINTS Checks for Week Commencing Monday

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

271

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LO VO

THE GIRL SCOUTS HEALTH RECORD

SECTION XII

SETTING-UP EXERCISES FOR GIRL SCOUTS

Our bodies are like machines that need frequent oiling
and testing to see that all parts are working right.

Or they are like instruments that must be tuned before
they are played.

If this is not done, the machinery gets rusty and
clogged, or the instrument gets out of tune and makes
horrid noises.

That is the way it is with our bodies ; our muscles and
joints should be bent and stretched every day to take the
kinks out, and keep them strong and flexible.

The best way is to tune up every morning for just a
few minutes before you put on your clothes, and then
again at night to rest the tired parts and exercise the
parts that have not been used, so you can even things

up.

The Right Position

First of all try to stand in the right position.

Stand with the feet side by side, a few inches apart
and pointed straight ahead. Many people think you
should turn out your toes because they think it looks
better. This is not natural. If you stand on a step
with one foot even with the edge, and let the other foot
hang over the step below, it will hang parallel with the
foot you are standing on. That is the way it is meant
to go, and people who turn out their toes do so much

walking sideways that they have to travel much farther
than if they kept their feet pointed in the direction they
w&nt to go.

273

274

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Then your legs should come up straight from your
ankles ; don’t stand either on your heels or your toes, but
right over the highest part of the arch, which is the
strongest part, and best fitted to bear your weight when
you are standing still, and brings your hips up to just
the right place to hold your body.-

In the lower part of your body are some big heavy
bones shaped somewhat like a bowl. This bowl is bal-
anced on the top of your legs, and holds most of your
organs. If this bowl is balanced just right, the organs
remain in place, the way they are meant to be, but if it
is not balanced right, the contents are tipped so that they
would come tumbling out if the muscles intended for other
work did not hold them' in. This is hard on these muscles
which have their own work to do, and if they are used
to hold up things that should keep their own balance,
sooner or later they give way, and there is a sad accident,
or a general slump. Then instead of saying, “That foolish
person always stood in the wrong position and of course
her insides got out of place,” we say, “Poor dear so-and-
so has given out from overwork and has acute indigestion,
or a ‘floating kidney/ or ‘a bad liver/ How could it
have happened?”

If your underpinning is all right it is not difficult to be
straight above.

Let your shoulders hang easily in a straight line under
your ears, in the position they will naturally take if from
side stretch (fig. 3) the arms drop easily to the side.
Don’t arch your chest and throw your shoulders back!
This is not a slump and does not mean to let your back
bow out. If your shoulders are easy you can straighten
your back and your head will balance itself, and there
you are: a straight upstanding Scout, ready for what
comes next.

Remember: a) Feet pointing straight ahead.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

275

b) Body balanced on legs coming up

straight from ankles.

c) Shoulders easy under ears.

This gives a straight line from top of head through
shoulders and hips to between ankles.

General Rules

Stretch to the very tips of your middle fingers — stretch-
ing makes your muscles flexible.

Breathe in as arms rise and out as they fall.

Stand tall.

Sit tall.

Remember the straight line that comes from the top
of your head down to between your ankles.

Keep limber, don’t let your knees grow stiff.

Sit crosslegged on the floor. Sit on your heels.

Rise without help from your hands.

The Exercises

New tune up: begin by repeating each exercise four
times ; then increase to 8, 12, or 16 ; never more than 16.

1. Stretch arms down (fig. 1). Swing them forward
and stretch up and slightly forward (fig. 2), breath-
ing deep. Let them fall breathing out. Do this
slowly counting, up 1 down 2.

2. From (fig. 1) swing arms forward and up (fig. 2)
and out to side stretch (fig. 3) coming to full deep
breath and stretch as far as you can — count 3. Up
1 — side 2 — down 3 — breathing out. Don’t hurry,
take time to breathe deep.

3. Stretch arms down, without bending anywhere. Two
counts ; down 1 — relax 2.

4. From arms down (fig. 1) to side stretch (fig. 3),
Two counts ; to side 1 — down 2. This may be done
quickly with vigor.

5. From side stretch palms up to upward stretch (fig,
2) — two counts — up 1 — side 2.

276

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

6. From arms down roll shoulders and arms out and
back, stretching arms back and down (fig. 4). Two
counts out and down 1 — back to position 2.

7. Hands palms down, tips of middle fingers touching,
thumbs touching chest, elbows level with shoulders
(fig. 5) ; jerk elbows back keeping them up even
with shoulders (fig. 6). Two counts, — jerk 1 —
back to place 2.

8. From upward stretch (fig. 2) bend slowly from
side to side (fig. 7), keeping arms close to ears and
stretched to tip of middle fingers. Don’t twist your
body; just bend to each side alternately. Count
slowly side 1 — up 2 — side 3 — up 4.

9. From side stretch (fig. 3) twist body from waist
up, without moving hips (fig. 8). Twist from side
to side. Two counts — twist 1 — front 2 — twist 1 — *
front 2.

10. From side stretch (fig. 3) bend body from side to
side keeping straight line from tip of one middle
finger to tip of other (fig. 9). Two counts — bend
1 — back to position 2 — alternate sides.

11. Bend right knee and kick yourself (fig. 10); left
knee same. Two counts — kick right 1 — kick left
2. Repeat slowly then double quick (running in
place).

12. Bend right knee and hip, bringing knee nearly up
to chest without bending body (fig. 11) ; left same —
slowly. Then double quick bringing knee only as
high as hip.

13. Place hands at back of neck (fig. 12) and rise on
toes, bend knees (fig. 13) and rise keeping body up-
right (do not spread knees or touch heels. If this
exercise is too difficult balance with arms side
stretch, bring arms down to touch floor as you bend,

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

277

and to upward stretch as you rise). Count 4:- — on
toes 1 — bend 2 — up on toes 3 — standing position 4.

14. From upward stretch (fig. 2) bend and touch floor
in front of toes (fig. 14). Count two slowly: down
1 — -up 2. Breathe out as you come down— in as
you come up.

15» Neck Exercises . Sit crosslegged on floor- — hands on
knees : head up — chin parallel with the floor.

a) turn head to right and then to left — 4 counts —
right 1— front 2 — left 3— front 4.

b) droop head from side to side (fig. 15) ; four
counts; — -right 1 — up 2— left 3 — up 4.

c) drop chin forward (fig. 16) ; straighten and
drop head back (fig. 17). Count 4— down 1 —
up 2— back 3— up 4.

d) turn head and face right (fig. 18) drop chin 1—
up 2 — back 3 (fig. 19) up 4; keep looking in
same direction only up and down; same to left.

e) goose-neck; facing front stretch chin out as far
as possible (fig. 20) ; then down and in and up.
Count 4 — out 1 — down 2— in 3— to straight posi-
tion 4.

16. Lie down on your back and raise first one foot and
then the other without bending the knee, two counts
— up 1— down 2.

17. Raise both feet without bending knees and touch
the floor over your head (fig. 21). Lower slowly.

18. Raise body without bending back, and (if you can)
without helping yourself with your hand, and touch
your toes with your hands, and your knees with
your forehead, without bending your knees (fig.
22).

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

SETTING-UP EXERCISES (Figs. 1-8)

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS 279

SETTING-UP EXERCISES (Figs. 9-22)

SECTION XIII
WOODCRAFT

Reprinted from the Woodcraft Manual for Girls by permission
of the Woodcraft League.

TWELVE SECRETS OF THE WOODS

Do you know the twelve secrets of the woods?

Do you know the umbrella that stands up spread to
show that there is a restaurant in the cellar ?

Do you know the “manna-food” that grows on the
rocks, summer and winter, and holds up its hands in the
Indian sign of “innocence,” so all who need may know
how good it is?

Do you know the vine that climbs above the sedge to
whisper on the wind “There are coconuts in my base-
ment” ?

Can you tell why the rabbit puts his hind feet down
ahead of his front ones as he runs?

Can you tell why the squirrel buries every other nut
and who it was that planted those shag-barks along the
fence?

Canyyou tell what the woodchuck does in midwinter
and On what day?

Have you learned to know the pale villian of the
open woods — the- deadly amanita, for whose fearful
poison no remedy is known?

Have you learned to overcome the poison ivy that was
once so feared — now so lightly held by those who know ?

Have you proved the balsam fir in all its fourfold gifts
— as Christmas tree, as healing balm, as consecrated bed,
as wood of friction fire?

Do you know the wonderful medicine that is in the
sky?

Have you tasted the bread ofwisdom, the treasure that

280

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

281

282

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

cures much ignorance, that is buried in the aisle of Jack-
o-Pulpit’s Church?

Can you tell what walked around your tent on the
thirtieth night of your camp-out?

Then are you wise. You have learned the twelve
secrets of the woods. But if you have not, come and
let us teach you.

WEATHER WISDOM

When the dew is on the grass,

Rain will never come to pass.

When the grass is dry at night,

Look for rain before the light.

When grass is dry at morning light,

Look for rain before the night.

Three days’ rain will empty any sky.

A deep, clear sky of fleckless blue
Breeds storms within a day or two.

When the wind is in the east,

It’s good for neither man nor beast.

When the wind is in the north,

The old folk should not venture forth.

When the wind is in the south,

It blows the bait in the fishes’ mouth.

When the wind is in the west,

It is of all the winds the best.

An opening and a shetting
Is a sure sign of a wetting.

(Another version)

Open and shet,

Sure sign of wet.

(Still another)

It’s lighting up to see to rain.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

283

Evening red and morning gray
Sends the traveler on his way.

Evening gray and morning red
Sends the traveler home to bed.

Red sky at morning, the shepherd takes warning;

Red sky at night is the shepherd’s delight.

If the sun goes down cloudy Friday, sure of a clear
Sunday.

If a rooster crows standing on a, fence or high place,
it will clear. If on the ground, it doesn’t count.
Between eleven and two
You can tell what the weather is going to do.

Rain before seven, clear before eleven.

Fog in the morning, bright sunny day.

If it rains, and the sun is shinning at the same time,
the devil is whipping his wife and it will surely rain
tomorrow.

If it clears off during the night, it will rain again
shortly.

Sun drawing water, sure sign of rain.

A circle round the moon means “storm.” As many
stars as are in circle, so many days before it will rain.

Sudden heat brings thunder.

A storm that comes against the wind is always a
thunderstorm.

The oak and the ash draw lightning. Under the birch,
the cedar, and balsam you are safe.

East wind brings rain.

West wind brings clear, bright, cool weather.

North wind brings cold.

South wind brigs heat. (On Atlantic coast.)

The rain-crow or cuckoo (both species) is supposed by
all hunters to foretell rain, when its “Kow, kow, kow” is
long and hard.

So, also, the tree-frog cries before rain.

284

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Swallows flying low is a sign of rain ; high, of clearing
weather.

The rain follows the wind, and the heavy blast is just
before the shower.

OUTDOOR PROVERBS

What weighs an ounce in the morning, weighs a pound
at night.

A pint is a pound the whole world round.

Allah reckons not against a man’s allotted time the
days he spends in the chase.

If there’s only one, it isn’t a track, it’s an accident.

Better safe than sorry.

No smoke without fire.

The bluejay doesn’t scream without reason.

The worm don’t see nuffin pretty ’bout de robin’s song.
— (Darkey.)

Ducks flying over head in the woods are generally
pointed for water.

If the turtles on a log are dry, they have been there
half an hour or more, which means no one has been near
to alarm them.

Cobwebs across a hole mean “nothing inside.”

Whenever you are trying to be smart, you are going
wrong. Smart Aleck always comes to grief.

You are safe and winning, when you are trying to be
kind.

WHEN LOST IN THE WOODS

If you should miss your way, th^.first thing to remem-
ber is like the Indian, “You are not lost; it is the teepee
that is lost.” It isn’t serious. It cannot be so, unless
you do something foolish.

The first and most natural thing to do is to get on a
hill, up a tree, or other high lookout, and seek for some

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

285

landmark near the camp. You may be sure of these
things :

You are not nearly as far from camp as you think you
are.

Your friends will soon find you.

You can help them best by signalling.

The worst thing you can do is to get frightened. The
truly dangerous enemy is not the cold or the hunger, so
much as the fear. It is fear that robs the wanderer of
his judgment and of his limb power; it is fear that turns
the passing experience into a final tragedy. Only keep
cool and all will be well.

If there is snow on the ground, you can follow you
back track.

If you see no landmark, look for the smoke of the fire.
Shout from time to time, and wait; for though you have
been away for hours it is quite possible you are within
earshot of your friends. If you happen to have a gun,
fire it off twice in quick succession on your high lookout
then wait and listen. Do this several times and wait
plenty long enough, perhaps an hour. If this brings no
help, send up a distress signal — that is, make two smoke
fires by smothering two bright fires with green leaves and
rotten wood, and keep them at least fifty feet apart, or
the wind will confuse them. Two shots or two smokes
are usually understood to mean “I am in trouble.” Those
in camp on seeing this should send up one smoke, which
means “Camp is here/’

In a word, “keep cool, make yourself comfortable,
leave a record of your travels, and help your friends to
find you.” %

EDIBLE WILD PLANTS

No one truly knows the woods until he can find with
certainty a number of wild plants that furnish good food

286

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

for man in the season when food is scarce; that is, in the
winter or early spring.

During summer and autumn there is always an abund-
ance of familiar nuts and berries, so that we may rule
them out, and seek only for edible plants and roots that
are available when nuts and berries are not.

Rock Tripe. The most wonderful of all is probably
the greenish-black rock tripe, found on the bleakest, high-
est rocks in the northern parts of this continent. There
is a wonderful display of it on the cliffs about Mohonk
Lake, in the Catskills. Richardson and Franklin, the
great northern explorers, lived on it for months. It must
be very carefully cooked or it produces cramps. First
gather and wash it as clear as possible of sand and grit,
washing it again and again, snipping off the gritty parts
of the roots where it held onto the mother rock. Then
roast it slowly in a pan till dry and crisp. Next boil
it for one hour and serve it either hot or cold. It looks
like thick gumbo soup with short, thick pieces of black
and green leaves in it. It tastes a little like tapioca with
a slight flavoring of licorice. On some it acts as a purge.

Basszvood Browse or Buds . As a child I ate these raw
in quantities, as did also most of my young friends, but
they will be found the better for cooking. They are
particularly good and large in the early spring. The
inmost bark also has food value, but one must disfigure
the tree to get that, so we leave it out.

Slippery Elm. The same remarks apply to the buds
and inner bark of the slippery elm. They are nutritious,
acceptable food, especially when cooked with scraps of
meat or fruit for flavoring. Furfhermore, its flowers
come out in the spring before the leaves, and produce
very early in the season great quantities of seed which
are like little nuts in the middle of a nearly circular wing.
These ripen by the time the leaves are half grown and

Wild

288

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

have always been an important article of food among the
wild things.

Many Indian tribes used to' feed during famine times
on the inner bark of cedar and white birch, as well as on
the inner bark of the slippery elm and basswood, but these
cannot be got without injury to the tree, so omit them.

When the snow is off the ground the plants respond
quickly, and it is safe to assume that all the earliest
flowers come up from big, fat roots.

A plant can spring up quickly in summer, gathering the
material of growth from the air and soil, but a plant
coming up in the early spring is doing business at a time
when it cannot get support from its surroundings, and
cannot keep on unless it has stored up capital from the
summer before. This is the logic of the storehouse in
the ground for these early comers.

Wapato. One of the earliest is wapato, or duck potato,
also called common Arrowleaf, or Sagittaria. It is found
in low, swampy flats, especially those that are under water
for part of the year. Its root is about as big as a walnut
and is good food, cooked, or raw. These roots are not
at the point where the leaves come out but at the ends
of the long roots.

Bog Potato . On the drier banks, usually where the
sedge begins near a swamp, we find the bog potato, or
Indian potato. The plant is a slender vine with three,
five, or seven leaflets in a group. On its roots in spring
are from one to a dozen potatoes, varying from an inch
to three inches in diameter. They taste like a cross be-
tween a peanut and a raw potato, and are very good
cooked or raw.

Indian Cucumber. In the dry woods one is sure to
see the pretty umbrella of the Indian cucumber. Its root
is white and crisp and tastes somewhat like a cucumber,
is one to four inches long, and good food raw or boiled.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

289

Calopogon. This plant looks like a kind of grass with
an onion for a root, but it does not taste of onions and is
much sought after by wild animals and wild people. It
is found in low or marshy pleaces.

Hog Peanuts . In the early spring this plant will be
found to have a large nut or fruit, buried under the leaves
or quite underground in the dry woods. As summer
goes by the plant uses up this capital, but on its roots it
grows a lot of little nuts. These are rich food, but very
small. The big nut is about an inch long and the little
ones on the roots are any size up to that of a pea.

Indian Turnip or lack-in-the-Pulpit. This is well
known to all our children in the East. The root is the
most burning, acrid, horrible thing in the woods when raw,
but after cooking becomes quite pleasant and is very
nutritious

Prairie or Indian Turnip , Bread-root or Pomme-
blanche of the Prairie . This is found on all the prairies
of the Missouri region. Its root was and is a staple article
of food with the Indians. The roots are one to three
inches thick and four to twelve inches long.

Solmon’s Seal. The two Solomon’s Seals (true and
false) both produce roots that are long, bumpy store-
houses of food.

Crinkle-root. Every school child in the country digs
out and eats the pleasant peppery crinkle-root. It abounds
in the rich dry woods.

MUSHROOMS, FUNGI OR TOADSTOOLS

We have in America about two thousand different kinds
of Mushrooms or Toadstools ; they are the same thing.
Of these, probably half are wholsome and delicious ; but
about a dozen of them are deadly poison.

There is no way to tell them, except by knowing each
kind and the recorded results of experience with each

290

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

kind. The story about cooking with silver being a test
has no foundation; in fact, the best way for the Wood-
craft Boy or Girl is to know definitely a dozen dangerous
kinds and a score or more of the wholesome kinds and
let the rest alone.

Spore print. The first thing in deciding the nature of a
toadstool is the sporeprint, made thus : Cut off the stem
of the toadstool and lay the gills down on a piece of gray
paper under a vessel of any kind. After a couple of
hours, lift the cap, and radiating lines of spores will
appear on the paper. If it is desired to preserve these,
the paper should be first covered with thin mucilage. The
color of these spores is the first step in identification.

All the deadly toadstools have white spores.

No black-spored toadstool is known to be poisonous.

POISONOUS TOADSTOOLS

The only deadly poisonous kinds are the Amanitas.
Others may purge and nauseate or cause vomiting, but it
is believed that every recorded death from toadstool
poisoning was caused by an Amanita, and unfortunately
they are not only widespread and abundant, but they are
much like the ordinary table mushrooms. They have,
however, one or two strong marks: their stalk always
grows out of a <€ poison cup ” which shows either as a
cup or as a bulb; they have white or yellow gills, a ring
around the stalk, and white spores.

Deadly Toadstools

All the deadly toadstools known in North America are
pictured on the plate, or of the types shown on the plate.

The Deadly Amanita may be brownish, yellowish, or
white.

The Yellow Amanita of a delicate lemon color.

The^ White Amanita of a pure silvery, shiny white.

The Fly Amanita with cap pink, brown, yellow, or red

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

291

in the centre, shaded into yellow at the edge, and patched
with fragments of pure white veil.

The Frosty Amanita with yellow cap, pale cadmium in
centre, elsewhere yellowish white, with white patches on
warts.

292

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

All are very variable in color, etc.

But all agree in these things. They have gills, which
are white or yellow, a ring on the stalk, a cup at the base,
white spores, and are deadly poison.

In Case of Poisoning

If by ill chance any one has eaten a poisonous Amanita,
the effects do not begin to show till sixteen or eighteen
hours afterward — that is, long after the poison has passed
through the stomach and began its deadly work on the
nerve centres.

Symptoms. Vomiting and purging, “the discharge
from the bowels being watery with small flakes suspend-
ed, and sometimes containing blood,” cramps in the ex-
tremeties. The pulse is very slow and strong at first,
but later weak and rapid, sometimes sweat and saliva
pour out. Dizziness, faintness, and blindness, the skin
clammy, cold, and bluish or livid; temperature low with
dreadful tetanic convulsions, and finally stupor. * (Mtell-
vaine and Macadam p. 627.)

Remedy : “Take an emetic at once, and send for a phy-
sician with instructions to bring hypodermic syringe and
atropine sulphate. The dose is 1/180 of a grain, and
doses should be continued heroically until 1/20 of a grain
is administered, or until, in the physician’s opinion, a
proper quantity has been injected. Where the victim is
critically ill the 1/20 of a grain may be administered.”
(Mcllvaine and Macadam XVII.)

Wholesome Toadstools

It is a remarkable fact that all the queer freaks, like
clubs and corals, the cranks and tomfools, in droll shapes
and satanic colors, the funny poisonous looking Morels,
Inkcaps, and Boleti are good wholesome food, but the
deadly Amanitas are like ordinary Mushrooms, except
that they have grown a little thin, delicate, and anaemic.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

293

All the Puffballs are good before they begin to puff,
that is as long as their flesh is white and firm.

All the colored coral toadstools are good, but the White
Clavaria is said to be rather sickening.

294 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

All of the Morels are safe and delicious.

So also is Inky Coprinus, usually found on manure
piles. The Beefsteak Mushroom grows on stumps —
chieffy chestnut. It looks like raw meat and bleeds when
cut. It is quite good eating.

So far as known no black-spored toadstool is unwhole-
some.

The common Mushroom is distinguished by its general
shape, its pink or brown gills, its white flesh, brown
spores, and solid stem.

SNAKES GOOD AND BAD

Snakes are to the animal world what toadstools are to
the vegetable world — wonderful things, ‘beautiful things,
but fearsome things, because some of them are deadly
poison.

Taking Mr. Raymond L. Ditmars* as our authority,
we learn that out of one hundred and eleven species of
snakes found in the United States, seventeen are poi-
sonous. They are found in every state, but are most
abundant in the Southwest.

These may be dived into Coral Snakes, Moccasins, and
Rattlers.

The Coral Snakes are found in the Southern States.
They are very much like harmless snakes in shape, but
are easily distinguished by their remarkable colors,
“broad alternating rings of red and black, the latter bor-
dered with very narrow rings of yellow.”

The Rattlesnakes are readily told at once by the rattle.

But the Moccasins are not so easy. There are two
kinds : the Water Moccasin, or Cotton-mouth, found in
South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Louis-
iana, and the Copperhead, which is the Highland, or

*This article is chiefly a condensation of his pamphlet on
“Poisonous Snakes of the United States,” and is made with his
permission and approval.

Corad

Tyj>e$ of PoisoTioi/S St\&Kz$

296

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Northern Moccasin or Pilot Snake, found from Massa-
chusetts to Florida and west to Illinois and Texas.

Here are distinguishing marks: The Moccasins, as well
as the Rattlers, have on each side of the head, between
the eye and nostril, a deep pit.

The pupil of the eye is an upright line, as in a cat ; the
harmless snakes have a round pupil.

The Moccasins have a single row of plates under the
tail, while the harmless snakes have a double row.

The Water Moccasin is dull olive with wide black
transverse bands.

The Copperhead is dull hazel brown, marked across
the back with dumb-bells of reddish brown; the top of
the head more or less coppery.

Both Moccasins and Rattlers have a flat triangular
head, which is much wider than the thin neck; while
most harmless snakes have a narrow head that shades off
into the neck.

Rattlesnakes are found generally distributed over the
United States, southern Ontario, southern Alberta, and
Saskatchewan.

How Does a Snake Bite

Remember, the tongue is a feeler, not a sting. The
stinging” is done by two long hollow teeth, or fangs,
through which the poison is squirted into the wound.

The striking distance of a snake is about one-third the
creature’s length, and the stroke is so swift that no crea-
ture can dodge it.

The snake can strike farthest and surest when it is
ready coiled, but can strike a little way when traveling.

You cannot disarm a poisonous snake without killing
it. If the fangs are removed others come quickly to take
their place. In fact, a number of small, half-grown fangs
are always waiting ready to be developed.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

297

In Case of Snake Bite

First, keep cool, and remember that the bite of Amer-
ican snakes is seldom ‘fatal if the proper measures are
followed.

You must act at once. Try to keep the poison from
getting into the system by a tight bandage on the arm
or leg (it is sure to be one or the other) just above the
wound. Next, get it out of the wound by slashing the
wound two or more ways with a sharp knife or razor
at least as deep as the puncture. Squeeze it — wash it
out with permanganate of potash dissolved in water to
the color of wine. Suck it out with the lips (if you have
no wounds in the mouth it will do you no harm there).
Work, massage, suck, and wash to get all the poison out.
After thorough treatment to remove the venom the liga-
ture may be removed.

“Pack small bits of gauze into the wounds to keep
them open and draining, then dress over them with
gauge saturated with any good antiseptic solution. Keep
the dressing saturated and the wounds open for at least
a week, no matter how favorable may be the symptoms.”

Some people consider whiskey or brandy a cure for
snake bite. There is plenty of evidence that many have
been killed by such remedies, and little that they have
ever saved any one, except perhaps when the victim was
losing courage or becoming sleepy.

In any case, send as fast as you can for a doctor. He
should come equipped with hypodermic syringe, tubes of
anti-venomous serum and strychnine tablets.

Harmless Snakes

Far the greatest number of our snakes are harmless,
beautiful, and beneficient. They are friendly to the farm-
er, because, although some destroy a few birds, chickens,
ducklings, and game, the largest part of their food is
mice and insects. The Blacksnake, the Milk Snake, and

298

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

one or two others, will bite in self-defence, but they have
no poison fangs, and the bite is much like the prick of
a bramble.

THE STARS AS THE CAMPER SEES THEM

(See Plate of Stars and Principal Constellations)

So far as there is a central point in our heavens, that
point is the Pole-star, Polaris. Around this star all the
stars in the sky seem to turn once in twenty-four hours.

It is easily discovered by the help of the Big Dipper,
a part of the Great Bear, known to every country boy and
girl in the northern half of the world. This is, perhaps, the
most important star group in our sky, because of its size,
peculiar form, the fact that it never sets in our latitude,
and that of its stars, two, sometimes called the Pointers
always point out the Pole Star. It is called the Dipper
because it is shaped like a dipper with a long, bent handle.

Why ( the whole group ) is called the Great Bear is not
so easy to explain. The classical legend has it that the
nymph, Calisto, having violated her vow, was changed by
Diana into a bear, which, after death, was immortalized
in the sky by Zeus. Another suggestion is that the earliest
astronomers, the Chaldeans, called these stars “the shin-
ing ones/5 and their word happened to be very like the
Greek arktos (a bear) Another explanation is that ves-
sels in olden days were named for animals, etc. They
bore at the prow the carved effigy of the namesake, and
if the Great Bear, for example, made several very happy
voyages by setting out when a certain constellation was
in the ascendant, that constellation might become known
as the Great Bear’s constellation. Certainly, there is
nothing in its shape to justify the name. Very few of
the constellations indeed are like the thing they are called
after. Their names were usually given for some

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

299

300

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

fanciful association with the namesake, rather than for
resemblance to it.

The Pole-star is really the most important of the stars
in our sky ; it marks the north at all times ; all the other
stars seem to swing around it once in twenty-four hours.
It is in the end of the Little Bear’s tail ; this constellation
is sometimes called the Little Dipper. But the Pole-star,
or Polaris, is not a very bright one, and it would be
hard to identify but for the help of the Pointers of the
Big Dipper.

The outside stars (Alpha and Beta) of the Dipper
point nearly to Polaris, at a distance equal to five times
the space that separates these two stars of the Dipper's
outer side.

Indian names for the Pole-star are the “Home Star,"
and “The Star That Never Moves," and the Big Dipper
they call the “Broken Back."

The great Bear is also to be remembered as the hour-
hand of the woodman’s clock. It goes once around the
North Star in about twenty-four hours, the same way as
the sun, and for the same reason — that it is the earth
that is going and leaving them behind.

The time in going around is not exactly twenty-four
hours, so that the position of the Pointers varies with
the seasons, but, as a rule, this for woodcraft purposes
is near enough. The bowl of the Dipper swings four-
fifths of the width of its own opening in one hour. If
it went a quarter of the circle, that would mean you had
slept a quarter of a day, or six hours.

Every fifteen days the stars seem to be an hour earlier ;
in three months they gain one-fourth of the circle, and
in a year gain the whole circle.

According to Flammarion, there are about seven thou-
sand stars visible to the naked eye, and of these twenty
are stars of the first magnitude. Fourteen of them are

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

30J

visible in the latitude of New York, the others (those
starred) belong to the South Polar region of the sky. The
following table of the brightest stars is taken from the
Revised Harvard Photometry of 1908, the best authority
on the subject.

THE FIRST TWENTY STARS IN ORDER OF

BRIGHTNESS

1. Sirius, the Dog Star.

2. *Canopus, of the Ship.

3. * Alpha, of the Centaur.

4. Vega, of the Lyre.

5. Capella, of the Charioteer.

6. Arcturus, of the Herdsman.

7. Rigel, of Orion.

8. Procyon, the Little Dog-star.

9. *Achernar, of Eridanus.

10. *Beta, of the Centaur.

11. Altair, of the Eagle.

12. Betelgueze, of Orion’s right shoulder.

13. * Alpha, of the Southern Cross.

14. Aldebaran, of the Bull’s right eye,

15. Pollux, of the Twins.

16. Spica, of the Virgin.

17. Antares, of the Scorpion.

18. Fomalhaut, of the Southern Fish.

19. Deneb, of the Swan.

20. Regulus, of the Lion.

OTHER CONSTELLATIONS

Orion (O-ri-on), with its striking array of brilliant
stars, Betelgeuze, Rigel, the Three Kings, etc., is gen-
erally admitted to be the first constellation in the heavens.

Orion was the hunter giant who went to Heaven when
he died, and now marches around the great dome, but

302

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

is seen only in the winter, because, during the summer,
he passes over during daytime. Thus he is still the
hunter's constellation. The three stars of his belt are
called the “Three Kings.”

Sirius, the Great Dog-star, is in the head of Orion's
Hound, the constellation Canis Major , and following
farther back is the Little Dog-star, Procyon, the chief
star of the constellation Canis Minor.

In old charts of the stars, Orion is shown with his
hounds, hunting the bull, Taurus. This constellation is
recognizable by this diagram ; the red star, Aldebaran, be-
ing the angry right eye of the Bull. His face is covered
with a cluster of little stars called the Hyades, and on
his shoulder are the seven stars, called Pleiades .

PLEIADES

Pleiades (Ply-a-des) can be seen in winter as a cluster
of small stars between Aldebaran and Algol, or, a line
drawn from the back bottom, through the front rim of
the Big Dipper, about two Dipper lengths, touches this
little group. They are not far from Aldebaran, being
in the right shoulder of the Bull. They may be con-
sidered the seven arrow wounds made by Orion.

Serviss tells up that the Pleiades have a supposed con-
nection with the Great Pyramid, because “about 2170
b. c., when the beginning of spring coincided with the
culmination of the Pleiades at midnight, that wonderful
group of stars was visible just at midnight, through the
mysterious southward-pointing passage of the Pyramid.

Cassiopeia

On the opposite side of the Polar-star from the Big
Dipper and nearly as far from it, is a W of five bright
stars. This is called the Cassiopeia3 s Chair. It is easily
found and visible the year round on clear nights.

Thus we have described ten constellations from which

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

303

the Woodcrafter may select the number needed to qual-
ify, namely, the Little Bear, or Little Dipper, the Big*
Dipper or Big Bear, Cassiopeia’s Chair, the Bull, Orion’s
Hound, Orion’s Little Dog, the Pleiades and the Hyades ;
the Lyre (later).

The Moon

The moon is one-fourth the diamenter of the earth,
about one-fiftieth of the bulk, and is about a quarter of a
million miles away. Its course, while very irregular, is
nearly the same as the apparent course of the sun. It is
a cold solid body, without any known atmosphere, and
shines by reflected sunlight.

The moon goes around the earth in twenty-seven and a
quarter days. It loses about fifty-one minutes in twenty-
four hours ; therefore it rises that much later each suc-
cessive night on the average, but there are wide devia-
tions from this average, as, for example, the time of
the Harvest and Hunter’s moons in the fall, when the
full moon rises at nearly the same time for several nights
in succession.

According to most authorities, the moon is a piece of
the earth that broke away some time ago ; and it has
followed its mother around ever since.

The Stars as Tests of Eyesight

In the sky are several tests of eyesight which have
been there for some time and are ‘likely to be. The first
is the old test of Mizar and Alcor. Mizar, the Horse,
is the star at the bend of the handle of the Dipper. Just
above it is a very small star that astronomers call Alcor,
or the rider.

The Indians call these two the “Old Squaw and the
Papoose on Her Back.” In the old world, from very
ancient times, these have been used as tests of eyesight.
To be able to see Alcor with the naked eye means that

(

304

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

one had excellent eyesight. So also on the plains, the
old folks would ask the children at night, “Can you see
the papoose on the old Squaw’s back?” And when the
youngster saw it, and proved that he did by a right
description, they rejoiced that he had the eyesight which
is the first requisite of a good hunter.

One of the oldest of all eye tests is the Pleiades. Poor
eyes see a mere haze, fairly good see five, good see six,
excellent see seven. The rarest eyesight, under the best
conditions, see up to ten ; and, according to Flammarion,
the record with unaided eyes is thirteen.

Vega of the Lyre

If one draw a line from through the back wall of the
Dipper, that is, from the back bottom star, through the
one next the handle, and continue it upward for twice
the total length of the Dipper, it will reach Vega, the
brightest star in the northern part of the sky, and be-
lieved to have been at one time the Pole-star — and likely
to be again. Vega, with the two stars near it, form a
small triangle. The one on the side next the North Star
is called Epsillon. If you have remarkably good eyes,
you will see that it is a double star.

The Nebula in Orion’s Sword

Just about the middle of Orion’s Sword is a fuzzy

light spot. This might do for blood, only it is the wrong

color. It is the nebula of Orion. If you can see it with

the naked eye, you are to be congratulated.

' ) (

On the Moon

When the moon is full, there is a large, dark, oval spot
on it to the left, as you face it, and close to the east rim,
almost halfway up; this is the Plain of Grimaldi; it is
about twice the size of the whole State of New Jersey;
but it is proof of a pair of excellent eyes if you can see
it at all.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

305

SSCNS AMDJLA2SS

•5ignj> in. ■J’tone.y

Thij is the Trait .Turn, to the Right Turn to the Left Important Warning

fK.,

J’ignj’ in Twigs

Tbhs is the Trait)

Turn to the Right Turn to the Left/

in Grajj*

important Warning;

Thij is the Trait

_ __ .

Tiiru to the Right Turn to the Left

iTign^ in Blaje^

Important Warning

ThiJ iy the Trail Turn to the Right' Turn to the Left ImportantWaming"

Code for iJmoke J’ignal.s

Camp iJ“ Here' I am: lo,st. Kelp ! Good New^r Alt come to Council

iJbme »ipecial Bla3es u^ed by Hunters Purveyors*

A Trap to A Trap to Camp is to Camp is to iSpecial Adirondack i5urve.yorj

Right Left Right Left Special Line Here-

.^06

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Blazes

First among the trail signs that are used by Wood-
crafters, Indians, and white hunters, and most likely to
be of use to the traveler, are axe blazes on tree trunks.
Among these some may vary greatly with locality, but
there is one that I have found everywhere in use with
scarcely any variation. That is the simple white spot
meaning, “Here is the trail”

The Indian in making it may nick off an infinitestimal
speck of bark with his knife, the trapper with his hatchet
may make it as big as a dollar, or the settler with his
heavy axe may slab off half the tree-side ; but the sign is
the same in principle and in meaning, on trunk, log, or
branch from Atlantic to Pacific and from Hudson Strait
to Rio Grande. ‘‘This is your trail/’ it clearly says in
the universal language of the woods.

There are two ways of employing it: one when it
appears on back and front of the trunk, so that the trail
can be run both ways ; the other when it appears on but
one side of each tree, making a blind trail, which can be
run one way only, the blind trail is often used by trappers
and prospectors, who do not wish any one to follow theiit
back track.

But there are treeless regions where the trail must be
marked ; regions of sage brush and sand, regions of rock,
stretches of stone, and level wastes of grass or sedge.
Here other methods must be employed.

A well-known Indian device, in the brush, is to break a
twig and leave it hanging. ( Second line.)

Among stones and rocks the recognized sign is one
stone set on top of another ( top line) and in places where
there is nothing but grass the custom is to twist a tussock
into a knot ( third line). &

These signs also are used in the whole country from
Maine to California.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

307

In running a trail one naturally look^ straight ahead
for the next sign; if the trail turned abruptly without
notice one might easily be set wrong, but custom has pro-
vided against this. The tree blaze for turn “to the right’5
is shown in No. 2, fourth row; “to the left” in No. 3.
The greater length of the turning blaze seems to be due
to a desire for emphasis as the same mark set square on,
is understood to mean “Look out, there is something of
special importance here.55 Combined with a long side chip
means “very important; here turn aside.55 This is often
used to mean “camp is close by,55 and a third sign that
is variously combined always with the general meaning
of “warning55 or “something of great importance55 is a
threefold blaze. (No. 4 on fourth line.) The combina-
tion (No. 1 on bottom row) would read “Look out now
for something of great importance to the right.55 This
blaze I have often seen used by trappers to* mark the
whereabouts of their trap or cache. • t

Surveyors often use a similar mark — that is, there
simple spots and a stripe to mean, “There is a stake close
at hand,55 while a similar blaze on another tree nearby
means that the stake is on a line between.

Stone Signs

These signs done into stone-talk would be as in the
top line of the cut.

These are much used in the Rockies where the trail
goes over stony places or along stretches of slide-rock.

Grass and Twig Signs

In grass or sedge the top of the tuft is made to show
the direction to be followed; if it is a point of great
importance three tufts are tied, their tops straight if the
trail goes straight on; otherwise the tops are turned in
the direction toward which the course turns.

The Ojibways and other woodland tribes use twigs for

308

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

a great many of these signs. (See second row.) The
hanging broken twig like the simple blaze means “This
is the trail.” The twig clean broken off and laid on the
ground across the line of march means, “Here break from
your straight course and go in the line of the butt end/’
and when an especial warning is meant, the butt is pointed
toward the one following the trail and raised somewhat,
in a forked twig. If the butt of the twig were raised
and pointing to the left, it would mean “Look out, camp,
or ourselves, or the enemy, or the game we have killed
is out that way.” With some, the elevation of the butt
is made to show the distance of the object; if low the
object is near, if raised very high the object is a long
way off.

These are the principal signs of the trail used by Wood-
crafters, Indians, and hunters in most parts of America.
These are the standards — the ones sure to* be seen by
those ‘who camp in the wilderness.

Smoke Signals

There is in addition a useful kind of sign that has been
mentioned already in these papers — that is, the Smoke
Signal. These were used chiefly by the Plains’ Indians,
but the Ojibways seem to have employed them at times.

A clear hot fire was made, then covered with green
stuff or rotten wood so that it sent up a solid column of
black smoke. By spreading and lifting* a blanket over
this smudge the column could be cut up into pieces long
or short, and by a preconcerted code these could be made
to convey tidings.

But the simplest of all smoke codes and the one of
chief use to the Western traveler is this:

One steady smoke — “Here is camp.”

Two steady smokes — “I am lost, come and help me.”
I find two other smoke signals, namely :

Three smokes in a row — “Good news.”

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

309

Four smokes in a row — “All are summoned to council.”

These latter I find not of general use, nor are they so
likely to be of service as the first two given.

Signal by Shots

The old buffalo hunters had an established signal that
is yet used by the mountain guides. It is as follows:

Two shots in rapid succession, an interval of five sec-
onds by the watch, then one shot; this means, “where
are you?” The answer given at once and exactly the
same means “Here I am; what do you want?” The re-
ply to this may be one shot, which means, “All right; I
only wanted to know where you were.” But if the reply
repeats the first it means, “I am in serious trouble ; come
as fast as you can.”

Totems in Town

A totem is an emblem of a man, a group of men, or
an idea. It has no reference to words or letters.

Before men knew how to write they needed marks to
indicate ownership. This mark must be simple and legi-
ble and was chosen because of something connected with
the owner or his family. Later some of the trades adopt-
ed a symbol ; for instance the barbers in the early days
were “blood letters” and were closely associated with the
medical profession. Their totem indicated their business
and we have the red and white barber pole of today. It
was among the Indians along the West coast of America
that the science and art of totems reached its highest
development, though they have a world-wide usage and
go back in history to the earliest times.

Out of this use of totems as owner marks and signs
grew the whole science of heraldry and national flags.

Thanks to the fusion of many small armies into one
or two big armies, that is, of many tribes into a nation,
and also to modern weapons which made it possible to
kill a man farther off than you could see the totem on

r !

Penna.

The Power

Canadian Barber

Scotland

R. R.

of the

Pacific

People

R. R.

Totems

Often Seen

Pawnshop

310

Northern
Pacific R. R.

Liberty

Army

Druggist Ireland

Woodcraft Navy

Union Pacific Islamism
R. R.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Skating

Sea Power Optician

Star Union
Lines

New York
City

Salt Lake Santa
R. R. Fe R. R.

Traffic

Squad

Bell

Telephone

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

311

his shield, national flags have replaced the armorial de-
vices, and are the principal totems used today.

But a new possibility has been discovered in modern
times. Totems will serve the ends of commerce, and a
great revival of their use is now seen.

The totem is visible such a long way off and is under-
stood by all, whether or not they can read or know our
language, is copyrightable and advertisable, so that most
of the great railway companies, etc., now have totems.

There are not less than one hundred common totems
used in our streets today. Among the familiar ones seen
are the American eagle, with white head and tail, the
Austrian eagle with two heads, the British lion, the Irish
harp, the French fleur de lis, etc. Among trades the three
balls of the pawnbroker, the golden fleece of the dry-
goods man, the mortar and pestle of the druggist, and
others are well known. Examples of these and others
are given in the illustration but any wideawake Wood-
craft Girl will be able to find many others by careful
observation.

Christianity Mourning Electric Commercial

Power Success

312

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

“AFOOT AND LIGHT-HEARTED”

SECTION XIV

CAMPING FOR GIRL SCOUTS

SONG OF THE OPEN ROAD

Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road ,

Healthy , free , the world before me,

The long brown path before me leading wherever I
choose .

Henceforth I ask not good-fortune— I myself am good-
fortune;

Henceforth I whimper no more, postpone no more,
need nothing,

Strong and content, I travel the open road . ....

• • • • •

Now I see the secret of the making of the best persons,
It is to grow in the open air, and to eat and sleep with
the earth. — Walt Whitman.

A Girl Scout likes to hike and camp. She learns
to know the stars, and becomes acquainted with the
plants and animals about her. She gains independ-
ence from her ability to help herself, and health and
strength from exercise in the sunshine and fresh air.

These are the good things of camping. The bad
things are catching cold from damp ground, or insuffi-
cient bedding, uncomfortable nights, and weary feet.
But a wise Scout does not rough it. She knows how
to make herself comfortable by a hundred little dodges.
The aim of camping is to make things simpler for the
camper. She must make up her mind whether she is

1 The passages in this section, from “Camping and Wood-
craft,” by Horace Kephart, are used by permission of the au-
thor and the publisher, the Macmillan Company, and are copy-
righted, 1916, by the Macmillan Company.

313

314

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

ready for an overnight hike, a week-end trip or a good
vacation in the open air, and plan accordingly.

For a walking trip a Girl Scout must travel light and
learn to do with a minimum amount of clothing, uten-
sils and food. On the other hand, if she is going to
spend the week out, why not be as comfortable as possi-
ble? This requires more of an outfit, but it is worth it.
To know how to do this one must, of course, have first
learned the simple rules of camping in Girl Scout train-
ing.

» Hiking

Hikes are a good way to get this training. Extreme
heat, or a downpour of rain is the only kind of weather
which should interfere with a hike. Soft rains or
snowstorms are very pleasant to hike in.

Skirts are dangerous for cross-country travel on ac-
count of brambles, rock work and climbing over brooks.
Knickerbockers or bloomers should be worn.

In the city when starting off for a hike use squad or
double file formation through the streets, railroad sta-
tions, ferries, etc. Silence is maintained in this forma-
tion.

Hiking Order — In the country, even along unused
roads, hike in single file on the left side of the road. The
advantage of this formation is that all danger from pass-
ing traffic in any direction is averted. It is not necessary
to keep step, and talking, laughing, singing, etc., may be
indulged in. Permission to break this order is only given
when in woods, or fields, where there is no danger.

When returning home use Scout’s Pace if weary.
This helps to make the distance seem shorter.

Scout's pace is a walking and running device which
serves to increase endurance when covering a long dis-
tance. It consist in taking a certain number of walk-
ing steps followed immediately by the same number of

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

315

running steps, returning to the walking steps, and so
forth. The number of steps may vary, according to
the place, nature of the road and object of the walk
Fifty steps walking, fifty steps running and alternating
steadily for twelve minutes will take one a mile, and
this is one of the measures of distance that is useful to
know. For ordinary use on hikes the use of twenty
steps running and walking is preferable.

Feet

With a little knowledge as to the care of her feet the
city girl can make a good showing at her first camp.
Prepare feet by brushing vigorously with a dry flesh
brush. Strengthen muscles by standing on toes in bare
feet, raising body gradually fifty or seventy-five times.
Frequent changes of stockings, bathing of tired feet in
hot water at night and cold water in the morning, will
overcome most of the hiker’s troubles. The cold water
hardens the skin. Boric acid powder is good for nat-
urally damp feet. Blisters should be cleansed with
iodine, then carefully pricked with a sterile needle to let
out the water (hold the needle in the flame of a match),
then washed with iodine and covered with a few layers
of sterile gauze and fastened with adhesive plaster.

It is desirable to change the stockings every day. Wash
them at night and hang them out to dry and keep them
well darned. Two pairs at least are necessary. Never
risk your health by putting on stockings even slightly
damp with dew. A hole will cause a blister. Woolen
stockings are preferable. For very long hikes it helps
to wear two or three pairs, and to lather the outside of
the stocking with a cake of soap slightly moistened.

Shoes

Shoes should be the shape of the feet and have low,
wide heels. It rests the feet to take the shoes off once

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or twice during a long tramp. Grease the shoes every
few days with mutton fat or other grease. There is no
such thing as waterproof leather, but it can be made so
by being greased. After being wet, shoes should be well
dried and greased, but should not be dried in a hot place,
for this would ruin the leather. These may seem trifling
details, but remember, “no army is stronger than its
feet”

Things to Remember

Keep the feet straight when walking. If a Girl Scout
notices the tracks of an Indian, the first hikers in this
country, she will find them invariably straight forward.
Scientists have agreed that the dancing school habit of
turning out toes is one of the causes of flat feet, which
disqualified so many men for army service.

Start the walk slowly. Keep the pace of the slowest
of the party. “Slow and easy goes far in a day.” Prac-
tice deep breathing. Inhale for five steps, hold your
breath for five counts, and let it out, again counting five.

Take short steps when climbing. Do not run down
hill. It causes stiffness, for which a hot bath and another
walk the next day are the best cure.

When lunch is carried it should be divided among the
troop. Each Scout should carry her knapsack on her
back, to leave the hands free. It is a great mistake to
start on a hike with one's arms laden.

Do not plan to go too great a distance in the time at
your disposal. Remember that aside from the time you
need for going and coming you expect to enjoy your-
selves cooking and eating, and you need time for both.
For an over-night hike, when you carry your equipment
select a spot not more than two miles distant.

Good things to carry in one's pocket are a drinking
cup, a geological survey map (ten cents), a small pocket

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

317

compass, a campers knife, a small soap stone to sharpen
it, a match box, and a note book and pencil.

Plan a definite object for the hike. Note how many
kinds of trees, wild flowers or birds one can find.

Practice building fires for cooking, or getting material
for a bed such as balsam, etc. Inquire for points of
historical interest and make them the goal of the hike.
There is hardly a town that has not some place connected
with the early history of the nation.

Personal Equipment

Spending the nights under the stars is one of the great
fascinations of camping. Each person requires ‘two
waterproof ground cloths or ponchos, two pairs of light
wool blankets, safety pins, heavy cord, sleeping gar-
ments, rain coat, and toilet articles, including such things
as soap, toilet paper, sewing kit, electric flashlight, mir-
ror, first aid kit, provision for mosquitoes or flies, five
yards of bar netting, and oil of citronella.

In order to ensure protection from the rain spread one
waterproof covering or poncho on the ground using half
underneath so that the upper half may be folded over
the head in case of rain. Put blankets under as well as
over you, and a second waterproof covering over the
blankets.

Clothing

When living out of doors, one may make shift for
shelter, or even go hungry for a space, but there is no
substitute for comfortable clothing that is safe to use
if one would keep well. Horace Kephart, the master
camper, devotes much space to this subject, and we can
do no better than to follow his advice from, Camping
and Woodcraft.

“* * * One soon learns that the difference be-

tween comfort and misery, if not health and illness, may

318 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

l .

depend on whether he is properly clad. Proper, in this
case does not mean modish, but suitable, serviceable,
proven by the touchstone of experience to be best for
the work or play that is in hand. When you seek a guide
in the mountains, he looks first in your eyes and then
at your shoes. If both are right, you are right.

“The chief uses of clothing are to help the body main-
tain its normal temperature and to protect it from sun,
frost, wind, rain and injuries. To help , mind you~the
body must be allowed to do its share.

“Perspiration is the heat-regulating mechanism of the
body. Clothing should hinder its passage from the skin
as little as possible. For this reason one's garments
should be permeable to air. The body is cooled by rapid
evaporation, on the familiar principle of a tropical water
bag that is porous enough to let some of the water exude.
So the best summer clothing is that which permits free
evaporation — and this means all over, from head to heel.
In winter it is just the same, there should be free passage
for bodily moisture through the underclothes, but extra
layers or thickness of outer clothing are needed to hold
in the bodily heat and to protect one against wind ; even
so all the garments should be permeable to air. * * *”

“Underclothing, for any season, should be loosely
woven, so as to hold air and" take up moisture from the
body. The air confined in the interspaces is a non-con-
ductor, and so helps to prevent sudden chilling on the
one hand, and over-heating on the other. A loose tex-
ture absorbs perspiration, but does not hold it — the mois-
ture is free to pass on to and through the outer garments.
In town we may endure close woven underwear in sum-
mer, if thin enough, because we exercise little and can
bathe and change frequently. In the woods we would
have to change four times a day to keep * * * as

dry.

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319

“ Wool versus Cotton — Permeability also depends upon
material. Ordinary cotton and linen goods do not per-
mit rapid evaporation. They absorb moisture from the
skin, but hold it up to the limit of saturation. Then,
when they can hold no more, they are clammy, and the
sweat can only escape by running down one’s skin.

“After hard exertion in such garments, if you sit
down to rest, or meet a sudden keen wind, as in topping a
ridge, you are likely to get a chill — and the next thing
is a Tad cold’ or lumbago, rheumatism, or something
worse.

“Wool, on the contrary is permeable. That is why (if
of suitable weight and loose weave) it is both cooler in
summer and warmer in winter than cloth made of vege-
table fibre. ‘One wraps himself in a woolen blanket to
keep warm— to keep the heat in. He wraps ice in a
blanket to keep it from melting — to keep the heat out /
In other words, wool is the best material to maintain an
equable normal temperature.”

Camp Site

“The essentials of a good camp site are these:

1. Pure water.

2. W ood that burns well. In cold weather there
should be either an abundance of sound down wood, or
some standing hard wood trees that are not too big for
easy felling.

3. An open spot level enough for the tent and camp

fire, but elevated above its surroundings so as to have
good natural drainage. It must be well above any chance
overflow from the sudden rise of a neighboring stream.
Observe the previous flood marks

7. Exposure to direct sunlight during a part of the
day, especially during the early morning hours.

8. In summer, exposure to whatever breezes may

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

blow; in cold weather, protection against the prevailing
wind.

9. Privacy.

“ Water, wood, and good drainage may be all you need
for a “one-night stand,” but the other points, too, should
be considered when selecting a site for a fixed camp.

“Water — Be particularly careful about the purity of
your water supply. You come, let us say, to a mountain
brook, that issues from thick forest. It ripples over clean
rocks, it bubbles with air, it is clear as crystal, and cool
to your thirsty throat. ‘Surely that is good water/ But
do you know where it comes from? Every mountain
cabin is built close to a spring-branch. Somewhere up
that branch there may be a clearing; in that clearing, a
house; in that house, a case of dysentery or typhoid
fever. I have known several cases of infection from
just such a source. It is not true that running water
purifies itself. &

“When one must use well-water let him note the sur-
rounding drainage. If the well is near a stable or out
house, or if dish water is thrown near it, let it alone. A
well in sandy soil is more or less filtered by nature, but
rocky or clayey earth may conduct disease germs a con-
siderable distance under ground. Never drink from the
well of an abandoned farm : there is no telling what may
have fallen into it.

“A spring issuing from the living rock is worthy of
confidence. Even if it be but a trickle you can scoop
out a basin to receive it that soon will clear itself.

“Sometimes a subaqueous spring may be found near
the margin of a lake or river by paddling close in shore
and trailing your hand in the water. When a cold spot
is noted, go ashore and dig a few feet back from the
water’s edge. I have found such spring exit in the
Mississippi some distance from the bank, and by weight-

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321

ing a canteen, tying a string to it and another to the
stopper, have brought up cool water from the river bed.

“Disease germs are of animal, not vegetable origin.
Still waters are not necessarily unwholesome, even though
there is rotten vegetation in them. The water of cedar
and cypress swamps is good to drink wherever there is
a deep pool of it, unless polluted from some outside
source. Lake water is safe if no settlements are on its
border ; but even so large a body as Lake Champlain has
been condemned by state boards of health because of the
sewage that runs into it.

“When a stream is in flood it is likely to be contami-
nated by decayed animal matter.

“Alkaline Water — When traveling in an alkali coun-
try carry some vinegar or limes or lemons, or (better)
a glass stoppered bottle of hydrochloric acid. One tea-
spoonful of hydrochloric (muriatic) neutralizes about a
gallon of water, and if there should be a little excess it
will do no harm but rather assist digestion. In default
of acid you may add a little Jamaica ginger and sugar
to the water, making a weak ginger tea.

“Muddy Water—I used to clarify Mississippi water by
stirring corn meal in it and letting it settle, or by stirring
a lump of alum, in it until the mud began to precipitate,
and then decanting the clear water. Lacking these, one
can take a good handful of grass, tie it roughly in the
form of a cone six or eight inches high, invert it, pour
water slowly into the grass and a runnel of compara-
tively clear water will trickle down through the small
end.

“Stagnant Water — A traveler may be reduced to the
extremity of using stagnant or even putrid water; but
this should never be done without first boiling it. Some
charred wood from the camp fire should be boiled with
the water; then skim off the skum, strain, and set the

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

COOKING THE FIRST MEAL

water aside to cool. Boiling sterilizes, and charcoal
deodorizes. * * *”

Arriving at Camp

As soon as the camp site is decided upon locate the
tent. (This should be done in advance when the party
is of any size). Each tent should be about twenty-five
feet from the next, on a dry place and easy to drain in
case of rain, and so placed as to have the sun in the
morning and the shade in the afternoon. Each tent
should be trenched and placed at some distance from the
water supply and from the latrine.

Tents

“For fixed camps, situated where there are wagon
roads or other adequate ways of transportation, the
best cloth shelter is a wall tent, rectangular or square,
of strong and rather heavy material. * * * The best
all-round size of wall tent for two people, if weight and
bulk and cost are of any consequence, is the so-called
9 x 9 or a 9 x 12, built with 3j4-foot walls, instead of
3-foot, and 8-foot center, instead of 7j4-foot, For four

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323

persons a 12 x 14 is commonly used ; but a 14 x 14 with
4-foot walls and 9-foot center has double the head-room
of the standard 12 x 14, and 2 y2 feet more space between
cots, if these are set lengthwise of the tent, two on a side.

“Before selecting a tent, consider the number of people
to occupy it, and their dunnage, and the furniture. Then
draw diagrams of floor and elevation of various sizes,
putting in the cots, etc., according to scale; so you can
get just what you want, no more, no less.

Camp Sanitation

“Nothing is cleaner, sweeter, wholesomer, than a wild-
wood unspoiled by man, and few spots are more disgust-
ing than a “piggy” camp, with slops thrown everywhere,
empty cans and broken bottles littering the ground, and
organic refuse left festering in the sun, breeding disease
germs, to be spread abroad by the swarms of flies. I
have seen one of nature’s gardens, an ideal health resort,
changed in a few months by a logging crew into an
abomination and a pest hole where typhoid and dysentery
wrought deadly vengeance.

“Destroy at once all refuse that would attract flies.
Or bury it where they cannot get at it.

“Fire is the absolute disinfectant. Burn all solid
kitchen refuse as fast as it accumulates. When a can
of food is emptied toss it on the fire and burn it out, then
drop it in a sink hole that you have dug for slops and un-
burnable trash, and cover it with earth or ashes so no
mosquitoes can breed in it after a rainfall.

“The sink should be on the down hill side of camp,
and where it cannot pollute the water supply. Sprinkle
kerosene on it or burn it out frequently with a brush
fire. * * *”

The Latrine

One of the first tasks of the camper is to dig a trench
for a latrine and build a screen around it. The latrine

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

should be on a lower level than the camp, away from the
water supply and in the opposite direction from which
the prevailing winds come toward the camp, two hundred
feet from sleeping and mess tents. Bushes or a tent fly
may be used as a screen and shelter. A small lean-to
serves admirably. Dig trenches four feet long, one foot
wide and two feet deep. Allow six inches (length) per
day for a Scout Cover after using with fresh dirt. It
is imperative to fill and re-sod all trenches dug. Whether
you camp only for lunch or for the summer leave no
trace that you have been there. Remember the animals,
how they scratch the soil and cover up any waste that
they leave, and be at least as clean as they.

Lime does not keep the flies away. Plenty of fresh
dirt is better.

Team Work

Only as each and every member does her part will the
camp be a complete success. The daily tasks should be
assigned to individuals or groups, as in :

The Pine Tree Patrol System

The chief advantage of this system is that wherever
the need for work of any description arises, there is al-
ways someone whose duty it is to perform that particular
task, thus avoiding the inevitable question of ‘‘Who will
do it?” The Pine Tree Patrol system does not in the
least interfere with regular schedule of Scout activities;
on the contrary, it saves time since more than one hand
on each spoke of the wheel keeps it in continual motion.
When the system seems too complicated for a small camp,
the captain can simplify it to suit the circumstances.

Each girl in the Patrol is assigned a number which
requires of her:

1. Certain well defined duties to perform for her
Patrol.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

325

2. Certain specific knowledge expected of he"* in the
exercise of her “specialty.”

3. Proper care of her special “station gear.”

4. Willingness to teach her understudy all she knows.

5. Willingness to learn the duties of the next Jiigher
numbers.

„THE Ptfte TREE PATRO lv -

REAR RAVVCt

*tHE slues
Water

JWmor-

GfcKer

Stovx

Sem<rr

ScVifee

FV'ovct Rank

"the Reds

Sc ov't

• f

Ho^viAy

ScouX

The front rank (Reds) is in touch with and under the Senior
(Patrol Leader) ; the rear rank (Blues) is in touch with and
under the Junior. The Senior receives her orders from the
Captain and transmits them not only to 3, 5 and 7, but to Junior
as well. The Senior and ranking Patrol officer keeps an eye
on the Junior and her rear rank. The Captain, of course, is the
general overseer, but the Senior has charge of all routine troop
duties, superintends camp details and is virtually a first Lieu-
tenant to the Captain. The Junior is a second Lieutenant and
assists the Senior in the supervision of the camp.

The Senior (No. 1) looks after the flags, tentage, blankets,
equipment and personal baggage, while the Junior (No. 2) has
charge of food, fires, water, cooking, and kitchen work. They
appease the demands of the outer and inner man.

The Scribe (No. 3) — She is secretary, bookkeeper, log writer,
recorder, correspondent, tent pitcher and First-Aid Scout.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

The Baker (No. 4) is the Junior’s first aid. She is charged
with the care and use of cereal foodstuffs all the way from corn
on the cob to flap-jacks and “sinkers,” and the cooking outfit
and kitchen fire.

The Lighter (No. 5) has care of the lamps, lanterns,
candles, matches, oils and all “leaky” stuff. She understands
telegraphy and electricity and is chief signal Scout and assistaxit
tent pitcher. She must keep the camp well illuminated.

The Water Scout (No. 6) locates water for all purposes and
carries it to camp. She acts as Fire Chief and Fire Watchman.
She provides and cooks meat, vegetables and “greens.”

The Handy Scout (No. 7) is field engineer, carpenter, bridge
builder, the general maker, mender, patcher, splicer and tinker;
cares for tools and trek-cart, mends the tents and clothing, and
makes the furniture.

The Wood Scout (Patrol Mascot) (No. 8) is usually the
youngest girl. She keeps fires well fed, the rations dry and
the garbage burned. She carries a spade, pick axe and cutting
axe.

This system may be used in either a small or large camp ;
if the latter, corresponding numbers of each Patrol work to-
gether.

TEAM WORK AND DAILY ROUTINE

6:30 A. M. Junior Baker, Water Scout and Wood Scout re-
port half an hour before Mess.

8:00 A.M. Tent inspection.

8 :30 A. M. Senior, Scribe, Lighter and Handy Scout report.

8 :30-9 :30 A. M. Main work for day accomplished by both
Senior and Junior groups.

Caution in Use of Knife and Axe

The Knife

1. Always whittle away from you.

2. Keep your fingers behind the blade.

3. Keep saying to yourself : “If this knife slips, can
it cut my fingers?

4. Learn how to sharpen your knife and keep it sharp.

The Chopping Block

“A chopping block is the first thing needed about a
camp. The axe, when not in use, should always be
stuck in that particular block, where one can find it
when wanted, and where it will not injure men or dogs.”
The Axe

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

327

“Do not let the axe lie outdoors on a very cold night;
the frost would make it brittle, so that the steel might
shiver on the first knot jou struck the next morn-
ing. . . ”

The axe is a most dangerous tool, and a glancing
blow may cripple one for life.

1. Do not put your foot on a stick you are chopping.

2. Always have in mind where a glancing blow may
throw the axe, and keep your foot away from that
danger.

3. In splitting short sticks for kindling hold them by
one end flat on the chopping block and strike the blade
into the other end.

4. Do not hold the stick on end in one hand while
splitting it.

5. Cut or split small wood on a chopping block or
log. Never let the axe strike into the ground, as a
hidden stone may ruin the edge.

The Camp Fire

“The forest floor is always littered with old leaves,
dead sticks and fallen trees. During a drought this
rubbish is so tinder-dry that a spark falling in it may
start a conflagration; but through a great part of the
year the leaves and sticks that lie flat on the ground
are too moist, at least on their under side, to ignite
readily. If we rake together a pile of leaves, cover it
higgledy-piggledy with dead twigs and branches picked
up at random, and set a match to it, the odds are that
it will result in nothing but a quick blaze that soon dies
down to a smudge. Yet that is the way most of us
tried to make our first outdoor fires.

“One glance at a camper’s fire tells what kind of a
woodsman he is. It is quite impossible to prepare a
good meal over a heap of smoking chunks, a fierce blaze,

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

or a great bed of coals that will warp iron and melt
everything else.

“If one would have good meals cooked out of doors,
and would save much time and vexation ; in other words,
if he wants to be comfortable in the woods, he must
learn how to produce at will either (1) a quick, hot
little fire that will boil water in a jiffy, and will soon
burn down to embers that are not too ardent for fry-
ing; or (2) a solid bed of long-lived coals that will
keep up a steady, glowing, smokeless heat for baking,
roasting, or slow boiling; or (3) a big log fire that will
throw its heat forward on the ground, and into a tent
or lean-to, and will last several hours without replen-
ishing.

“Luncheon Fire — For a noonday lunch, or any other
quick meal, when you have only to boil coffee and fry
something, a large fire is not wanted. Drive a forked
stake into the ground, lay a green stick across it, slant-
ing upward from the ground, and weight the lower end
with a rock, so that you could easily regulate the height
of a pot. The slanting stick should be notched, or have
the stub of a twig left at its upper end, to hold the pot
bail in place, and to be set at such an angle that the pot
swings about a foot clear of the ground.

“Then gather a small armful of sound, dry twigs
from the size of a lead pencil to that of your finger.
Take no twig that lies flat on the ground, for such are

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

329

generally damp or rotten. Choose hard wood, if there
is any, for it lasts well.

“Select three of your best sticks for kindling. Shave
each of them almost through, for half its length, leav-
ing lower end of shavings attached to the stick, one
under the other. Stand these in a tripod, under the
hanging pot, with their curls down. Around them
build a small conical wigwam of the other sticks, stand-
ing each on end and slanting to a common center. The
whole affair is no bigger than your hat. Leave free
air spaces between the sticks. Fire requires air, and
plenty of it, and it burns best when it has something
to climb up on; hence the wigwam construction. Now
touch off the shaved sticks, and in a moment you will
have a small blast furnace under the pot. This will
get up steam in a hurry. Feed it with small sticks as
needed.

“Meantime get two bed-sticks, four or five inches
thick, or a pair of flat rocks, to support the frying pan.
The firewood will all drop to embers soon after the
pot boils. Toss out the smoking butts, leaving only
clear, glowing coals. Put your bed-sticks on either side,
parallel and level. Set the pan on them, and fry away.
So, in twenty minutes from the time you drove your
stake, the meal will be cooked.

“ Dinner Fire — First get in plenty of wood and kin-
dling. If you can find two large flat rocks, or several
small ones of even height use them as andirons ; other-
wise lay down two short cuts off a five or six inch log,
facing you and about three feet apart. On these rocks
or billets lay two four foot logs parallel, and several
inches apart, as rests for your utensils. Arrange the
kindling between and under them, with small sticks laid
across the top of the logs, a couple of long ones length-
wise, then more short ones across, another pair length-

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

wise, and thicker short ones across. Then light it.
Many prefer to light the kindling at once and feed the
fire gradually; but I do as above, so as to have an even
glow under several pots at once, and then the sticks
will all burn down to coals together.

“This is the usual way to build a cooking fire when
there is no time to do better. The objection is that the
supporting logs must be close enough together to hold
up the pots and pans, and, being round, this leaves too
little space between them for the fire to heat the balance
evenly; besides, a pot is liable to slip and topple over.
A better way, if one has time, is to hew both the inside
surfaces and the tops of the logs flat. Space these
supports close enough together at one end for the nar-
rowest pot and wide enough apart at the other for the
frying pan.

“If you carry fire-irons much bother is saved. Sim-
ply lay down two flat rocks or a pair of billets far
enough apart for the purpose, place the flat irons on
them, and space them to suit the utensils. ,

“If a camp grate is used, build a crisscross fire of
short sticks under it.

“Split wood is better than round sticks for cooking;
it catches easier and burns more easily.

“Camp Crane — Pots for hot water, stews, coffee, and

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

331

so on, are more manageable when hung above the fire.
The heat can easily be regulated, the pots hanging low
at first to boil quickly, and then being elevated or shifted
aside to simmer.

“Set up two forked stakes about five feet apart and
four feet to the crotches. Across them lay a green
stick (lug-pole) somewhat thicker than a broomstick.
Now cut three or four green crotches from, branches,
drive a nail in the small end of each, or cut a notch
in it, invert the crotches, and hang them on the lug-pole
to suspend kettles from. These pothooks are to be of
different length so that the kettle can be adjusted to
different heights above the fire, first for hard boiling,
and then for simmering. If kettles were hung from
the lug-pole itself, this adjustment could not be made,
and you would have) to dismount the whole business in
order to get one kettle off.

“If forked stakes are not easily found in the neigh-
borhood, drive straight ones, then split the tops, flatten
the ends of the cross poles and insert them in the clefts
of the stakes.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

“You do not want a big fire to cook over. Many
and many a time I have watched old and experienced
woodsmen spoil their grub, and their tempers, too, by
trying to cook in front of a roaring winter campfire,
and have marveled at their lack of common sense. Off
to one side of such a fire, lay your bed logs as above;
then shovel from the campfire enough hard coal to fill
the space between the logs within three inches of the
top. You now have a steady, even heat from end to
end; it can easily be regulated; there is level support
for every vessel; and you can wield a short-handled
frying pan over such an outdoor range without scorch-
ing either the meat or yourself.

“Fire for Baking — For baking in a reflector, or roast-
ing a joint, a high fire is best, with a backing to throw
the heat forward. Sticks three feet long can be leaned
against a big log or a sheer- faced rock, and the kindlings
started under them.

“Often a good bed of coals is wanted. The camp-
fire generally supplies these, but sometimes they are
needed in a hurry, soon after camp is pitched. To get
them, take sound hardwood , either green or dead, and
split it into sticks of uniform thickness (say, 1^4-inch
face). Lay down two bed-sticks, cross these near the
end with two others, and so on up until you have a pen
a foot high. Start a fire in this pen. Then cover it
with a layer of parallel sticks laid an inch apart. Cross
this with a similar layer at right angles, and so upward
for another foot. The free draught will make a roar-
ing fire, and all will burn down to coals together.

“The thick bark of hemlock, and the hard woods gen-
erally, will soon yield coals for ordinary cooking.

“To keep coals a long time, cover them with ashes,
or with bark which will soon burn to ashes. In wet
weather a bed of coals can be shielded by slanting broad

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

333

strips of green bark over it and overlapping them at
the edges.

“Fire in a Trench— In time of drought when every-
thing is tinder-dry, or in windy weather, especially if
the ground be strewn with dead leaves or pine needles,
build your fire in a trench. This is the best way, too,
if fuel is scarce and you must depend on brushwood,
as a trench conserves heat.

“Dig the trench in line with the prevailing wind.
The point is to get a good draught. Make the wind-
ward end somewhat wider than the rest, and deeper,
sloping the trench upward to the far end. Line the
sides with flat rocks if they are to be found, as they
hold heat a long time and keep the sides from crumbling
in. Lay other rocks, or a pair of green poles, along
the edges to support vessels. A little chimney of flat
stones or sod, at the leeward end, will make the fire
draw well. If there is some sheet-iron to cover the
trench a quite practical stove is made, but an open
trench will do very well if properly managed.

“ The Indian’s Fire — Best where fuel is scarce, or
when one has only a small hatchet with which to cut
night wood. Fell and trim a lot of hardwood saplings.
Lay three or four of them on the ground, butts on top
of each other, tips radiating from this center like the
spokes of a wheel. On and around this build a small
hot fire. Place butts of other saplings on this, radiating
like the others. As the wood burns away, shove the
sticks in toward the center, butts on top of each other
as before. This saves much chopping, and economizes
fuel. Build a little wind break behind you and lie close
to the fire. Doubtless you have heard the Indian’s
dictum (southern Indians express it just as the north-
ern ones do): ‘White man heap fool; make um big

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fire — can’t git near; Injun make um little fire — git close.
Uh, good/

Kindling

“The best kindling is fat pine or the bark of the paper
birch. Fat pine is found in the stumps and butt cuts
of pine trees, particularly those that died on the stump.
The resin has collected there and dried. This wood is
usually easy to split. Pine knots are the tough, heavy,
resinous stubs of limbs that are found on dead pine
trees. They, as well as fat pine, are almost imperish-
able, and those sticking out of old rotten logs are as
good as any. In collecting pine knots go to fallen trees
that are almost rotted away. Hit the knot a lick with
the pole of the axe and generally it will yield; if you
must chop, cut deep to get it all and to save the axe
edge. The knots of old dead balsams are similarly
used. Usually a dead stump of pine, spruce, or balsam,
all punky on the outside, has a core very rich in resin
that makes excellent kindling.

“Hemlock knots are worthless and hard as glass —
keep your axe out of them.

“The thick bark of hemlock is good to make glowing
coals in a hurry; so is that of hard woods generally.
Good kindling, sure to be dry underneath the bark in all
weather, is procured by snapping off the small dead
branches, or stubs of branches, that are left on the trunks
of small or medium-sized trees, near the ground. Do
not pick up twigs from the ground, but choose those
among the downwood that are held up free from the
ground. Where a tree is found that has been shivered
by lightning, or one that has broken off without uproot-
ing, good splinters of dry wood will be found. In every
laurel thicket there is plenty of dead laurel, and, since
it is of sprangling growth, most of the branches will be

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335

free from the ground and snap-dry. They ignite readily
and give out intense heat.

“The bark of all species of birch, but of paper birch
especially, is excellent for kindling and for torches. It
is full of resinous oil, blazes up at once, will burn in any
wind, and wet sticks can be ignited with it.

“Making Fire in the Wei — It is a good test of one’s
resourcefulness to make a fire out of doors in rainy
weather. The best way to go about it depends upon
local conditions. If fat pine can be found, the trick is
easy; just split it up, and start your fire under a big
fallen log. Dry fuel and a place to build a fire can
often be found under big up-tilted logs, shelving rocks,
and similar natural shelters, or in the core of an old
stump. In default of these, look for a dead softwood
tree that leans to the south. The wood and bark on the
under side will be dry; chop some off, split it fine, and
build your fire under the shelter of the trunk.

“Lighting a Match— When there is nothing dry to
strike it on, jerk the tip of the match forward against
your teeth.

“To light a match in the wind, face the wind. Cup
your hands, with their backs toward the wind, and hold
the match with its head pointing toward the rear of the
cup ; i. e.y toward the wind. Remove the right hand
just long enough to strike the match on something very
close by ; then instantly resume the former position.
The flame will run up the match stick, instead of being
blown away from it, and so will have something to feed
on.

>f‘Fire Regulations— On state lands and on national
forest reserves it is forbidden to use any but fallen
timber for firewood. Different states have various other
restrictions, some, I believe, not permitting trampers to

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

light a fire in the woods at all unless accompanied by a
registered guide.

“In New York the regulations prescribe that fires
will be permitted for the purposes of cooking, warmth
and insect smudges; but before such fires are kindled
sufficient space around the spot where the fire is to be
lighted must be cleared from all combustible material ;
and before the place is abandoned fires so lighted must
be thoroughly quenched.

“In Pennsylvania forest reserves no fire may be made
except in a hole or pit one foot deep, the pit being en-
circled by the excavated earth. In those of California,
no fire at all may be lighted without first procuring a
permit from the authorities.

“Fire regulations are posted on all public lands, and
if campers disregard them they are subject to arrest.

“These are wise and good laws. Every camper who
loves the forest, and who has any regard for public in-
terest, will do his part in obeying them to the letter.
However, if he occupies private property where he may
use his own judgment, or if he travels in the wilderness
far from civilization, where there are no regulations,
it will be useful for him to know something about the
fuel value of all kinds of wood, green as well as dead,
and for such people the following information is given:

“The arts of fire building are not so simple as they
look. To practice them successfully in all sorts of wild
regions we must know the different species of trees
one from another, and their relative fuel values, which,
as we shall see, vary a great deal. ' We must know
how well, or ill, each of them burns in a green state,
as well a's when seasoned. It is important to discrim-
inate between wood that makes lasting coals and such
as soon dies down to ashes. Some kinds of wood pop
violently when burning and cast out embers that may

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337

burn holes in tents and bedding or set the neighborhood
afire ; others burn quietly, with clear, steady flame.
Some are stubborn to split, others almost fall apart
under the axe. In wet weather it takes a practiced
woodsman to find tinder and dry wood, and to select
a natural shelter where fire can be kept going during
a storm of rain or snow, when a fire is most needed.

“There are several handy little manuals by which
one who has no botanical knowledge can soon learn
how to identify the different species of trees by merely
examining their leaves, or, late in the season, by their
bark, buds and habit of growth.

“But no book gives the other information that I have
referred to ; so I shall offer, in the present chapter, a
little rudimentary instruction in this important branch
of woodcraft.

“It is convenient for our purpose to divide the trees
into two great groups, hard woods and soft woods, using
these terms not so loosely as lumbermen do, but draw-
ing the line between sycamore, yellow birch, yellow
pine, and slippery elm, on the one side, and red cedar,
sassafras, pitch pine and white birch, on the other.

“As a general rule , hard woods make good, slow-
burning fuel that yields lasting coals, and soft woods
make a quick, hot fire that is soon spent. But each
species has peculiarities that deserve close attention.

“Best Fuel— Best of all northern fire woods is hick-
ory, green or dry. It makes a hot fire, but lasts a long
time, burning down to a bed of hard coals that keep
up an even, generous heat for hours. Hickory, by the
way, is distinctly an American tree; no other region on
earth produces it. The live oak of the south is most
excellent fuel; so is holly. Following the hickory, in
fuel value, are chestnut, oak, overcup, white, blackjack,
post and basket oaks, pecan, the hornbeams (iron-

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

woods), and dogwood. The latter burn finely to a
beautiful white ash that is characteristic; apple wood
does the same. Black birch also ranks here; it has the
advantage of ‘doing its own blowing/ as a Carolina
mountaineer said to me, meaning that the oil in the
birch assists its combustion so that the wood needs no
coaxing. All of the birches are good fuel, ranking in
about this order: Black, yellow, red, paper, and white.

Sugar maple was the favorite fuel of our old-time hunt-
ers and surveyors because it ignites easily, burns with
a clear, steady flame, and leaves good coals.

“Locust is a good, lasting fuel ; it is easy to cut, and,
when green, splits fairly well ; the thick bark takes fire
readily and the wood then burns slowly, with little
flame, leaving pretty good coals; hence it is good for
night wood. Mulberry has similar qualities. The scar-
let and willow oaks are among the poorest of the hard
woods for fuel. Cherry makes only fair fuel. White
elm is poor stuff, but slippery elm is better. Yellow
pine burns well, as its sap is resinous instead of watery
like that of the soft pines.

“In some respects white ash is the best of green
woods for campers’ fuel. It is easily cut and split, is
lighter to tote than most other hard woods, and is of so
dry a nature that even the green wood catches fire
readily. It burns with clear flame, and lasts longer
than any other free-burning wood of its weight. On a
wager, I have built a bully fire from a green tree of
white ash, one match, and no dry kindling. I split some
of the wood very fine and ‘frilled’ a few of the little
sticks with my knife.

“Soft Woods — Most of the soft woods are good only
for kindling, or for quick cooking fires, and then only
when seasoned. For these purposes, however, some of

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

33 9

them are superior, as they split and shave readily and
catch fire easily.

“Liquidambar, magnolia, tulip, catalpa, and willow
are poor fuel. Seasoned chestnut and yellow poplar
make a hot fire, but crackle and leave no coals. Bal-
sam fir, basswood, and the white and loblolly pines make
quick fires, but are soon spent. The grey (Labrador)
or jack pine is considered good fuel in the far north,
where hard woods are scarce. Seasoned tamarack is
good. Spruce is poor fuel, although, being resinous,
it kindles easily and makes a good blaze for 'branding
up’ a fire. Pitch pine, which is the most inflammable
of all woods when dry and 'fat/ will scarcely burn at
all in a green state. Sycamore and buckeye, when thor-
oughly seasoned, are good fuel, but will not split. Al-
der burns readily and gives out considerable heat, but
is not lasting.

“The dry wood of the northern poplar (large-toothed
aspen) is a favorite for cooking fires, because it gives
an intense heat, with little or no smoke, lasts well, and
does not blacken the utensils. Red cedar has similar
qualities, but is rather hard to ignite and must be fed
fine at the start.

“The best green soft woods for fuel are white birch,
paper birch, soft maple, cottonwood, and quaking aspen,

“As a rule, the timber growing along the margins of
large streams is softwood. Hence, driftwood is gen-
erally a poor mainstay unless there is plenty of it on
the spot; but driftwood on the sea coast is good fuel.

“Precautions — I have already mentioned the neces-
sity of clearing the camp ground of inflammable stuff
before starting a fire on it, raking it toward a common
center and burning all the dead leaves, pine needles and
trash; otherwise it may catch and spread beyond your
control as soon as your back is turned. Don’t build

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

your fire against a big old punky log; it may smoulder
a day or two after you have left and then burst out
into flame when the breeze fans it.

“Never leave a spark of fire when breaking camp,
or when leaving it for the day. Make absolutely sure

HAVERSACK FOR CARRYING KITCHEN UTENSILS.

of this by drenching the campfire thoroughly, or by
smothering it completely with earth or sand. Never
drop a lighted match on the ground without stamping it
out. Have you ever seen a forest fire? It is terrible.
Thousands of acres are destroyed and many a time men
and women and children have been cut off by a tornado
of flame and burned alive. The person whose careless-
ness starts such a holocaust is worse than a fool — he is
a criminal, and a disgrace to the good earth he treads.”

Cooking Devices

When it is convenient carry a hatchet. Scouts should
carry a small folding grate. The best form of grate
is one with folding legs.

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341

After laying the fire the legs of the grate are driven
into the ground. As the fire burns down, the grate may
be lowered by driving the legs in deeper. This is a
very useful utensil for supporting hot water pails or
frying pan.

When no forks can be found use the “Pine Tree
Horse/’ as shown in cut.

In order to boil water hard it will only be necessary
to slip the kettle down the pole, holding it in place by
graduated notches.

Equipment and supplies for one meal may be carried
in one or two haversacks like the one shown. In-
deed, a meal may be cooked without any equiment what-
ever other than a knife which every Scout should be
provided with.

Improvised Grate — A few sticks T/2 inch in diameter
laid about 2 inches apart and about 2 inches above
the coals form a good enough broiler. Steak and
chops cook perfectly well if laid right on the coals.

Cooking kits allow for more variety, as they provide
a frying pan, in which bacon and potatoes can be cooked,
and a small pail for boiling water. It is convenient for
each Scout to carry her own cup, knife, fork and spoon.
The cooking kit and supplies can then be divided among
the party.

At a permanent camp a frying board is a great con-
venience. It is simply a flat, smooth board with a
pointed end which can be driven into the ground. Fish,
meat, game and “Injun” bread can be cooked on this
board better than in any other way, as the food re-
ceives the heat without becoming charred, and is much
more wholesome than when fried in a pan. As long
as the board is to windward of the flame, a constant
heat is maintained without smoke. A small fire will
cook a very large fish in a short time. An old canoe

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

THE FOLDING BAKER.

paddle may be used for this purpose. The food is hung
on nails driven in the board, a strip of bacon, hung
above the fish and dripping on it would improve the
flavor.

It is a good plan to use a separate frying board when
cooking fish, as the juice from the fish seeps into the
board and it is practically impossible to remove it by
cleaning. The flavor of fish is not pleasant on other
food. If it is not practicable to carry two frying boards
one can be careful to reserve the same side of one
board for cooking fish.

A long cooking spoon for dishing vegetables out of
the pots is very useful. A roll of paper towels for dry-
ing dishes and for use as napkins, or cloth dish towels
and paper napkins are also useful. Other useful ar-
ticles are a dish mop with a wooden handle, and a pan-
cake turner.

The Folding Baker — The baker may be placed before
the blazing fire. It is a perfect arrangement for baking
biscuits and roasting meats.

Friction Top Cans — It is well to have these varying
in capacity from one to three quarts. Use one
quart size for washing soda, powdered soap, and sugar

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343

FRICTION TOP CAN.

The larger sizes should carry flour, cornmeal, etc.
Eggs may be placed in the one used for the corn-
meal.

Where convenient to provide a large equipment the
following utensils are suggested :

Camp grate, 3 wire toasters (one for meat, one for
fish, one for bread), 2 frying boards (one for meat,
one for fish), 6-quart pail for reserve water, 9-quart
pail for boiling vegetables, agate or paper plates, agate
or paper cups, knives, forks, spoons, kit knife, paper
towels, dish mops, powdered soap, cotton gloves for
handling hot or smoky pots, candles, matches (in water-
proof packages), non-rusting wire inch thick for
hanging pots, etc.

A large permanent camp may add greatly to the pleas-
ure of its members, and make a delightful break in the
day, by sending off troops of, say, eight girls to cook
a camp lunch at a place about a mile distant. For this
purpose, when a group plans to do a great deal of camp-
ing the above equipment is suggested. It could all be
packed in the pack basket, and the girls could take turns
carrying it.

Such a basket without a canvas cover costs about $8

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

FOLDING FRYING PAN.

and is extremely useful in permanent camp equipment

Utensils Required for a Party of Eight and their Uses

If the group of girls plans for a camping trip of
several days and transport is available, all the following
utensils will be found useful. These may be purchased
in any sporting goods store.

Three Wire Toasters— One for meat, one for fish, one
for toast.

In cooking meat or fish, and in making toast before
a blazing fire, stand the wire toaster upright before the
fire and prop it up with a stick, thus:

A board may be used in the same manner. It is
often desirable to do this in order to avoid the delay of
waiting for the fire to burn down.

Cooking Pots — Size 5 quarts, for boiling vegetables;
size 6y2 quarts, for boiling vegetables; size 9 quarts,
for hot water; size 15 quarts, for reserve cold water.

Each of these pots nests in the next larger size, mak-
ing one package. A cocoa pot of this type nests into the
5-quart pail.

Two Frying Pans — The handles fold in and the pans
pack in a case with the nest of cooking pots. In addi-
tion to their usual uses, the frying pans are also used

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345

COMPLETE COOKING OUTFIT FOR EIGHT SCOUTS.

as dish-washing pans, one for the washing and one for
the rinsing.

A heaped teaspoon of washing soda dissolved in hot
water will so perfectly clean the frying pans as to
permit their use as dish-pans.

Eight agate plates, or aluminum if possible; eight
agate cups, or aluminum if possible ; eight knives, forks
and spoons; one large, long-handled cooking spoon.

The complete cooking outfit may be nested together
and packed in a canvas bag and takes up about as much
space as a water pail.

Provisions

“When a party camps where fresh meat and farm
products can be procured as they are wanted, its pro-
visioning is chiefly a matter of taste, and calls for no
special comment here. But to have good meals in the
wilderness is a different matter. A man will eat five
or six pounds a day of fresh food. That is a heavy
load on the trail. And fresh meat, dairy products, fruit
and vegetables are generally too bulky, too perishable.
So it is up to the woodsman to learn how to get the

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

most nourishment out of the least weight and bulk in
materials that ‘keep’ well.

“Light outfitting, as regards food, is mainly a ques-
tion of how much water we are willing to carry in our
rations. For instance, canned peaches are 88 per cent,
water. Can one afford to carry so much water from
home when there is plenty of it at camp?

“The following table is suggestive:

More than Y\- water

Fresh milk, fruit, vegetables (except potatoes).
Canned soups, tomatoes, peaches, pears, etc.

More than y2 water

Fresh beef, veal, mutton, poultry, eggs, potatoes.
Canned corn, baked beans, pineapple.

Evaporated milk ( unsweetened ) .

More than 1/3 water
Fresh bread, rolls, pork chops.

Potted chicken, etc.

Cheese.

Canned blackberries.

Less than 1/3 water
Dried apples, apricots, peaches, prunes.

Fruit jelly.

Less than 1/5 water
Salt pork, bacon, dried fish, butter.

Desiccated eggs, concentrated soups.

Powdered milk.

Wheat flour, cornmeal, etc., macaroni.

Rice, oatmeal, hominy, etc.

Dried beans, split peas.

Dehydrated vegetables.

Dried dates, figs, raisins.

Orange marmalade, sugar, chocolate.

Nuts, nut butter.

“Although this table is good in its way, it is not a

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347

FIVE QUART PAIL TO NEST CANS.

fair measure of the relative value of foods. Even the
solid part of some foodstuffs contains a good deal of
refuse (potatoes 20 per cent), while others have none.

“Nutritive Values — The nutritive elements of food-
stuffs are protein, a little mineral matter, fats, and car-
bohydrates. Protein is the basis of muscles, bone, ten-
don, cartilage, skin and corpuscles of the blood. Fats
and carbohydrates supply heat and muscular energy.
In other words, the human body is an engine; protein
keeps it in repair; fats and carbohydrates are the fuel
to run it.

“Familiar examples of proteids are lean meat and
white of egg. The chief food fats are fat meat, butter,
lard, oil and cream. Carbohydrates are starchy foods
(flour, cereals, etc.) and sugar ( sweets of almost any
kind).

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“The problem of a well-balanced ration consists in
supplying daily the right proportion of nutritive ele-
ments in agreeable and digestible form, The problem
of a campaign ration is the same, but cutting out most
of the water and waste in which fresh foods abound.
However, in getting rid of the water in fresh meats,
fruits and vegetables we lose, unfortunately, much of
the volatile essences that give these foods their good
flavor. This loss — and it is a serious one — must be
made up by the camp cook, changing the menu as often
as he can by varying the ingredients and the processes
cooking.

“Variety is quite as welcome at the camp board as
anywhere else, in fact, more so ; for it is harder to get.

• Variety need not mean adding to the load. It means
substituting, say, three 5-pound parcels for one 15-
pound parcel, so as to have something ‘different' from
day to day.

“Digestibility — W e must bear in mind the adage
that ‘we live not upon what we eat but upon
what we digest.' Some foods rich in protein, espe-
cially beans, peas, and oatmeal, are not easily assim-
ilated, unless cooked for a longer time than campers
generally can spare. A considerable part of their pro-
tein is liable to putrefy in the alimentary canal, and so
be worse than wasted. An excess of meat or fish will
do the same thing. Other foods of very high theoret-
ical value are constipating if used in large amounts, as
cheese, nuts, chocolate.

“Food Components— Let us now consider the ma-
terial of field rations, item by item.

“Bacon — Good old breakfast bacon worthily heads
the list, for it is the campaigner's standby. It keeps
well in any climate, and demands no special care in
packing. It is easy to cook, combines well with almost

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

349

anything, is handier than lard to fry things with, does
just as well to shorten bread or biscuits, is very nutri-
tious, and nearly everybody likes it. Take it with you
from home, for you can seldom buy it away from rail-
road towns. Get the boneless, in 5 to 8 pound flitches.
Let canned bacon alone; it lacks flavor and costs more
than it is worth. A little mould on the outside of a
flitch does no harm, but reject bacon that is soft and
watery, or with yellow fat, or with brownish or black
spots in the lean.

“Smoked Ham — Small ones generally are tough and
too salty. Hard to keep in warm or damp weather;
moulds easily. Is attractive to blow-flies, which quickly
fill it with ‘skippers’ if they can get at it. If kept in a
cheesecloth bag and hung in a cool, airy place a ham
will last until eaten up and will be relished. Ham will
keep, even in warm weather, if packed in a stout paper
bag so as to exclude flies. It will keep indefinitely if
sliced, boiled or fried and put up in tins with melted
lard poured over it to keep out air. * * *

“Canned Soups — These are wholesome enough, but
their fluid kinds are very bulky for their meager nutri-
tive value. However, a few cans of consomme are fine
for ‘stock’ in camp soups or stews, and invaluable in
case of sickness. Here, as in canned meat, avoid the
country grocery kind.

“Condensed Soups — Soup powders are a great help
in time of trouble — but don’t rely on them, for a full
meal. There are some that are complete in themselves
and require nothing but 15 to 20 minutes’ cooking;
others take longer, and demand (in small type on the
label) the addition of ingredients that generally you
haven’t got. Try various brands at home till you find
what you like.

“Cured Fish — Shredded codfish and smoked halibut,

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

sprats, boneless herring are portable and keep well.
They will be relished for variety’s sake.

“Eggs— To vary the camp bill of fare, eggs are sim-
ply invaluable, not only by themselves, but as ingredi-
ents in cooking. * * *

“When means of transportation permit, fresh eggs
may be carried to advantage. A hand crate holding 12
dozen weighs about 24 pounds, filled.

“Eggs can be packed along in winter without danger
of breakage by carrying them frozen. Do not try to
boil a frozen egg; peal it as you would a hard-boiled one
and then fry or poach.

“To test an egg for freshness, drop it into cold water;
if it sinks quickly it is fresh; if it stands on end it is
doubtful; if it floats it is surely bad.

“To preserve eggs, rub them all over with vaseline,
being careful that no particle of shell is uncoated. They
will keep good much longer than if treated with lime
water, salt, paraffine, water-glass or any of the other
common expedients.

“On hard trips it is impracticable to carry eggs in
the shell. Some campers break fresh eggs and pack
them in friction-top cans. The yolks soon break and
they keep but a short time. A good brand of desic-
cated eggs is the solution of this problem. It does away
with all risk of breaking and spoiling and reduces bulk
very much. Desiccated eggs vary a great deal in quality,
according to material and process employed. Desiccated
eggs made of the yolks are merely useful as ingredients
in cooking. 1

“ Milk — Sweetened condensed milk (the ‘salve of the
lumberjacks’) is distasteful to most people. Plain evap-
orated milk is the thing to carry — and don’t leave it
out if you can practicably tote it. The notion that this
is a ‘baby food’ to be scorned by real woodsmen is

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

351

nothing but a foolish conceit. Few things pay better
for their transportation. It will be allowed that Admiral
Peary knows something about food values. Here is
what he says in The North Pole: ‘The essentials, and
the only essentials, needed in a serious Arctic sledge
journey, no matter what the season, the temperature,
or the duration of the journey — whether one month or
six— are four: pemmican, tea, ship’s biscuit, condensed
milk. The standard daily ration for work on the final
sledge journey toward the Pole on all expeditions has
been as follows : 1 lb. pemmican, 1 lb. ship’s biscuit, 4 oz.
condensed milk, y2 oz. compressed tea.’

“Milk, either evaporated or powdered, is a very im-
portant ingredient in camp cookery.

€t Butter— This is another ‘soft’ thing that pays its
freight.

VFor ordinary trips it suffices to pack butter firmly
into pry-up tin cans which have been sterilized by thor-
ough scalding and then cooled in a perfectly clean place.
Keep it in a spring or in cold running water (hung in a
net, or weighted in a rock) whenever you can. When
traveling, wrap the cold can in a towel or other insulat-
ing material.

“If I had to cut out either lard or butter I would
keep the butter. It serves all the purposes of lard in
cooking, is wholesomer, and beyond that, it is the most
concentrated sauce of energy that one can use with
impunity.

“ Cheese — Cheese has nearly twice the fuel value of
a porterhouse steak of equal weight, and it contains a
fourth more protein. It is popularly supposed to be
hard to digest, but in reality it is not so if used in mod-
eration. The best kind for campers is potted cheese, or
cream or ‘snappy’ cheese put up in tinfoil. If not so
protected from air it soon dries out and grows stale.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

A tin of imported Camembert will be a pleasant sur-
prise on some occasion.

“Bread Biscuits— It is well to carry enough yeast
bread for two or three days, until the game country is
reached and camp routine is established. To keep it
fresh, each loaf must be sealed in waxed paper or
parchment paper (the latter is best, because it is tough,
waterproof, greaseproof). Bread freezes easily; for
cold weather luncheons carry toasted bread.

“Hardtack (pilot bread, ship biscuit) can be recom-
mended only for such trips or cruises as do not permit
baking. It is a cracker prepared of plain flour and
water, not even salted, and kiln-dried to a chip, so as to
keep indefinitely, its only enemies being weevils. Get
the coarsest grade. To make hardtack palatable toast
it until crisp, or soak in hot coffee and butter it, or at
least salt it.

‘'Swedish hardtack, made of whole rye flour, is good
for a change.

“Plasmon biscuit, imported from England, is the n^ost
nutritious breadstuff I have ever used. It is a round
cracker, firm but not hard, of good flavor, containing
a large percentage of the protein of milk, six of the
small biscuits holding as much proteid as a quarter of
a pound of beef.

“Flour — Graham and entire wheat flours contain more
protein than patent flour, but this is offset by the fact
that it is not so digestible as the protein of standard
flour. Practically there is little or no difference be-
tween them in the amount of protein assimilated. The
same seems to be true of their mineral ingredients.

"Many campers depend a good deal on self-raising
flour because it saves a little trouble in mixing. But
such flour is easily spoiled by dampness, it does not
make as good biscuit or flapjacks as one can turn out

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

353

in camp by doing his own mixing, and it will not do
for thickening, dredging, etc.

“Flour and meal should be sifted before starting on
an expedition. There will be no sieve in camp.

“Baking Powder — Get the best, made with pure cream
of tartar. It costs more than the alum powders, and
does not go so far, bulk for bulk; but it is much kinder
to the stomach. Baking soda will not be needed on
short trips, but is required for longer ones, in making
sour-dough, as a steady diet of baking-powder bread or
biscuit will ruin the stomach if persisted in for a con-
siderable time. Soda also is useful medicinally.

“Cornmeal — Some like yellow, some prefer white. The
flavor of freshly ground meal is best, but the ordinary
granulated meal of commerce keeps better, because it
has been kiln-dried. Cornmeal should not be used as
the leading breadstuff, for reasons already given, but
johnny cake, corn pancakes, and mush are a welcome
change from hot wheat bread or biscuit, and the aver-
age novice at cooking may succeed better with them.
The meal is useful to roll fish in before frying.

“Breakfast Cereals — These according to taste, and for
variety's sake. Plain cereals, particularly oatmeal, re-
quire a long cooking, either in a double boiler or with
constant stirring, to make them digestible ; and then there
is a messy pot to clean up. They do more harm than
good to campers who hurry their cooking. So it is best
to buy the partially cooked cereals that take only a few
minutes to prepare. Otherwise the ‘patent breakfast
foods' have no more nutritive quality than plain grain;
some of them not so much. The notion that bran has
remarkable food value is a delusion; it actually makes
the protein of the grain less digestible. As for mineral
tnatter, ‘to build up bone and teeth and brawn,' there

354 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

is enough of it in almost any mixed diet, without swal-
lowing a lot of crude fiber.

“Rice, although not very appetizing by itself, com-
bines so well in stews or the like, and goes so well in
pudding, that it deserves a place in the commissariat.

“Macaroni — The various paste (pas-tay, as the Italians
call them) take the place of bread, may be cooked in
many ways to lend variety, and are especially good in
soups which otherwise would have little nourishing pow-
er. Spaghetti, vermicelli, and noodles all are good in
their way. Break macaroni into inch pieces and pack
so that insects cannot get into it. It is more wholesome
than flapjacks and it ‘sticks to the ribs.’

“Sweets — Sugar is stored-up energy, and is assim-
ilated more quickly than any other food. Men in the
open soon get to craving sweets.

“Maple sugar is always welcome. Get the soft kind
that can be spread on bread for luncheons. Syrup is
easily made from it in camp by simply bringing it to a
boil with the necessary amount of water. Ready-made
syrup is mean to pack around.

“Sweet chocolate (not too sweet) has remarkable sus-
taining power.

“When practicable, take along some jam and mar-
malade. The commissaries of the British Army were
wise when they gave jam an honorable place in Tommy
Atkins’ field ration. Yes: jam for soldiers in time of
war. So many ounces of it, substituted, mind you, for
so many ounces of the porky, porky, porky, that has
ne’er a streak of lean. So, a little currant jelly with
your duck or venison is worth breaking all rules for.
Such conserves can be repacked by the buyer in pry-up
cans that have been sterilized as recommended under
the heading Butter.

“Fresh Vegetables — The only ones worth taking along

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

355

are potatoes and onions. Choose potatoes with small
eyes and of uniform medium size, even if you have to
buy half a bushel to sort out a peck. They are very
heavy and bulky in proportion to their food value; so
you cannot afford to be burdened with any but the best.
Cereals and beans take the place of potatoes when you
go light.

“Fresh onions are almost indispensable for seasoning
soups, stews, etc. A few of them can be taken along
almost anywhere. I generally carry at least one, even
on a walking trip. Onions are good for the suddenly
overtaxed system, relieve the inordinate thirst that one
experiences the first day or two, and assist excretion.
Freezing does not spoil onions if they are kept frozen
until used.

“Beans — A prime factor in cold weather camping.
Take a long time to cook (‘soak all day and cook all
night’ is the rule). Cannot be cooked done at altitudes
of 5,000 feet and upward. Large varieties cook quick-
est, but the small white navy beans are best for baking.
Pick them over before packing, as there is much waste.

“ Split Peas — Used chiefly in making a thick, nourish-
ing soup.

“ Dehydrated Vegetables — Much of the flavor of fresh
vegetables is lost when the juice is expressed or evap-
orated, but all of their nutriment is retained and enough
of the flavor for them to serve as fair substitutes when
fresh vegetables cannot be carried. They help out a
camp stew and may even be served as side dishes if one
has butter and milk to season them. Generally they re-
quire soaking (which can be done over night) ; then they
are to be boiled slowly until tender, taking about as
much time as fresh vegetables. If cooking is hurried
they will be woody and tasteless.

“Dehydrated vegetables are very portable, keep in any

356

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

climate, and it is well to carry some on trips far from
civilization.

“Canned Vegetables — In our table of food values it
will be noticed that the least nourishing article for its
weight and bulk is a can of tomatoes. Yet these ‘air-
tights’ are great favorites with outdoors men, especially
in the West and South, where frequently they are eaten
raw out of the can. It is not so much their flavor as
their acid that is grateful to a stomach overtaxed with
fat or canned meat and hot bread three times a day.
If wanted only as an adjuvant to soups, stews, rice,
macaroni, etc., the more concentrated puree will serve
very well.

“Canned corn (better still, ‘kornlet/ which is concen-
trated milk of sweet corn) is quite nourishing, and
everybody likes it.

“A few cans of baked beans ( without tomato sauce)
will be handy in wet weather. The B. & M. ^ lb. cans
are convenient for a lone camper or for two going light.

“Nuts — A handful each of shelled nuts and raisins,
with a cake of sweet chocolate, will carry a man far
on the trail or when he has lost it. The kernels of butter-
nuts and hickory nuts have the highest fuel value of
our native species ; peanuts and almonds are very rich
in protein; Brazil nuts, filberts and pecans, in fat. Pea-
nut butter is a concentrated food that goes well in sand-
wiches. One can easily make nut butter of any kind
(except almonds or Brazil nuts) for himself by using
the nut grinder that comes with a kitchen food chopper,
and can add ground dates, ground popcorn, or whatever
he likes ; but such preparations will soon grow rancid
if not sealed airtight. Nut butter is more digestible than
kernels unless the latter are thoroughly chewed.

“Fruits— All fruits are very deficient in protein and
(except olives) in fat, but dried fruit is rich in carbo-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

357

hydrates. Fruit acid (that of prunes, dried apricots,
and dehydrated cranberries, when fresh fruit cannot be
carried) is a good corrective of a too fatty and starchy
or sugary diet, and a preventive of scurvy. Most fruits
are laxative, and for that reason, if none other, a good
proportion of dried fruit should be included in the
ration, no matter how light one travels ; otherwise one
is likely to suffer from constipation when he changes
from ‘town grub’ to ‘trail grub/

“Among canned fruits those that go farthest are pine-
apples and blackberries. Excellent jelly can be made
in camp from dried apples.

“There is much nourishment in dates, figs (those dried
round are better than layer figs) and raisins. Pitted
dates and seedless raisins are best for light outfits. And
do not despise the humble prune; buy the best grade in
the market (unknown to landladies) and soak over night
before stewing; it will be a revelation. Take a variety
of dried fruits, and mix them in different combinations,
sweet and tart, so as not to have the same sauce twice
in succession; then you will learn that dried fruits are
by no means a poor substitute for fresh or canned ones.

“In hot weather I carry a few lemons whenever prac-
ticable. Limes are more compact and better medicinally,
but they do not keep well. Lime juice in bottles is ex-
cellent, if you can carry it.

“Citric acid crystals may be used in lieu of lemons
when going light, but the flavor is not so good as that
of lemonade powder that one can put up for himself.
The process is described by A. W. Barnard: ‘Squeeze

out the lemons and sift into the clear juice four to six
spoonfuls of sugar to a lemon; let stand a few days if
the weather is dry, or a week if wet, till it is dried up,
then pulverize and put up into capsules/ Gelatin cap-
sules of any size, from one oz. down, can be procured

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

£58

at a drug store. They are convenient to carry small
quantities of spices, flavoring, medicines, etc., on a hike.

‘'Vinegar and pickles are suitable only for fixed camps
or easy cruises.

“Fritures — Lard is less wholesome than olive oil, or
‘Crisco/ or the other preparations of vegetable fats.
Crisco can be heated to a higher temperature than lard
without burning, thus ensuring the ‘surprise’ which pre-
vents getting a fried article sodden with grease ;
it does as well as lard for shortening; and it can be used
repeatedly without transmitting the flavor of one dish to
the next one. Olive oil is superior as a friture, espe-
cially for fish, but expensive.

“Beverages — Tea is better than coffee. Even if
you don’t use it at home, take along on your camping
trip enough for midday meals. Tea tabloids are not
bad, but I advise using the real thing. On a hike, with
no tea-ball, I tie up enough for each pint in a bit of
washed cheesecloth, loosely, leaving enough string at-
tacned whereby to whisk it out after exactly four min-
utes’ steeping.

"Cocoa is not only a drink but a food. It is best for
the evening meal because it makes one sleepy, whereas
tea and coffee have the opposite effect.

"Get the soluble kind if you want it quickly prepared.

“ Condiments — Do not leave out a small assortment of
condiments wherewith to vary the taste of common ar-
ticles and serve a new sauce or gravy or pudding now
and then.

"Salt is best carried in a wooden box. The amount
used in cooking and at table is small.

"White pepper is better than black. Some Cayenne
or Chili should also be taken. Red pepper is not only
a good stomachic, but also is fine for a chill (made into
a tea with hot water and sugar).

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

359

“Among condiments I class beef extract, bouillon
cubes or capsules, and the like. They are of no use as
food except to stimulate a feeble stomach or furnish a
spurt of energy, but invaluable for flavoring camp-made
soups and stews when you are far away from beef.
The powder called Oystero yields an oyster flavor.

“Mustard is useful not only at table but for medici-
nal purposes ; cloves, not only for its more obvious pur-
poses, but to stick in an onion for a stew, and perchance
for a toothache.

“Celery and parsley can now be had in dehydrated
form. Some sage may be needed for stuffing.” Onion
and celery salt are real additions to the camp cooking
outfit.

“If you aim at cake-making and puddings, ginger
and cinnamon may be required. Curry powder is rel-
ished by many ; its harshness may be tempered with sweet
fruits or sugar.

“On short trips, salt and pepper will meet all require-
ments.

“Packing Food — -Meat of any kind will quickly mould
or spoil if packed in tins from which air is not exhausted.

“Flour should not be carried in the original sacks ; they
wet through or absorb moisture from the air, snag easily,
and burst under the strain of a lashrope. Pack your
flour, cereals, vegetables, dried fruits, etc., in the round-
bottomed paraffined bags sold by outfitters (various sizes,
from 10 lbs. down), which are damp-proof and have the
further merit of standing up on their bottoms instead of
always falling over. Put a tag on each bag and label
it in ink. These small bags may then be stowed in 9-inch
waterproof canvas provision bags (see outfitters’ cata-
logues), but in that case the thing you want is generally
at the bottom. * * *

“Butter, lard, ground coffee, tea, sugar, jam, matches,

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

go in pry-up tin cans, sold by outfitters (small quan-
tities in mailing tubes), or in common capped tins with
tops secured by surgeon’s plaster. Get pepper and spices
in shaker-top cans, or, if you carry common shakers,
cov.'r tops with cloth and snap stout rubber bands around
them.

“Often it is well to carry separately enough food to
last the party between the jumping-off place and the
main camp site, as it saves the bother of breaking bulk
en route.

“When transportation is easy it pays to pack the bread,
bags of flour, etc., in a tin wash-boiler or two, which are
wrapped in burlaps and crated. These make capital grub
boxes in camp, securing their contents from wet, in-
sects and rodents. Ants in summer and mice at all times
are downright pests of the woods, to say nothing of the
wily coon, the predatory mink, the inquisitive skunk, and
the fretful porcupine. The boilers are useful, too, on
many occasions to catch rain-water, boil clothes, water-
proof and dye tents, and so forth.

“ A Last Look Around — Check off every article in the
outfit as it is stowed, and keep the inventory for future
reference. Then note what is left over at the end of the
trip. This will help in outfitting for the next season.”

Camp Cooking

Meat and fish are easy to cook and require few utensils.
Steaks or chops require from four to twelve minutes to
broil rare over a good bed of live coals, depending on
the thickness of the meat. Place either directly on the
coals in wire broiler and raise only an inch or two above
the fire. Turn after about \y2 minutes, and afterward
turn a little oftener to prevent burning.

Chicken or duck of broiling size takes about 20 min-
utes to broil and requires very particular care in frequent

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

361

turning to prevent burning. Turn about every y2 min-
ute. As portions of the skin show signs of getting too
brown baste them with a few drops of hot water from a
large spoon. This also tends to keep them moist. The
poultry may be cooked by propping the wire broiler up-
right six to nine inches from a blazing fire. Often
the poultry is started this way and finished over the
coals, as this saves considerable time in waiting for the
fire to burn down. The chicken or duck may be hung
close to the fire by a wire from a slanting pole, revolving
frequently. An hour is required to roast poultry.

Stew- — Cut meat in small pieces, brown in frying pan
(use drippings), remove and place in stew pan in which
there is sufficient water to cover stew. Cut vegetables
in small pieces, place in frying pan a few minutes- — long
enough to soften — place in stew pan, season with salt
and pepper, cook one-half hour — add flour thickening
(water and flour), cover with enough water to prevent
stew becoming dry and bury in hot oven for two or
three hours.

Broiled Fish— Place in wire broiler, rubbing broiler
first with salt pork or lard to prevent sticking, and broil
over coals for about 20 minutes. All fish that is broiled
should be served with a little butter sauce.

Frying Pan Dishes

Fried Fish— Cut the fish in pieces; that is, serving
portions. Roll fish in cornmeal (this is not absolutely
necessary). Fry for about 20 minutes (depending upon
thickness of fish) over hot fire, in about 2 tablespoons
of heated frying oil. Tried-out bacon, salt pork, lard,
crisco, or prepared cooking oil may be used.

Fish Balls — Fish balls prepared at home and carried
along make good camp food. For group of eight: In-

gredients— 1 bowl dried codfish soaked several hours in

362

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

cold water, 1 egg, 2 raw potatoes cut in pieces, 2 ozs.
butter, frying oil, 2 tablespoons milk. Boil codfish and
potatoes together for about 10 minutes, mash, add 1
beaten egg, butter size of small egg (about 2 ozs.), 2
tablespoons milk and stir thoroughly. This mixture
should be about the consistency of stiff .oatmeal. Heat
small amount of frying oil in pan. Drop batter from
large spoon into hot oil. When brown, turn and cook
on other side. Each patty should cook about three min-
utes to the side, about six minutes for the whole.

Fried Ham — Boil in frying pan for about 5 minutes,
then pour off water and fry about two minutes on each
side.

Fried Bacon — Fry gently until fat is tried out. (Save
drippings.) Bacon may also be fried on a hot rock, or
cooked on sharp pointed stick with forked ends.

Fried Country Saucage — Fry sausages over moderate
fire for about 15 minutes till they are brown.

Corn Beef Hash — Carry with the ingredients already
prepared 1 part corned beef, chopped, 2 parts chopped
cold boiled potatoes. Melt butter or suet into the frying
pan. Fry.

Vegetables

Boiled Potatoes— Clean and scrape potatoes. Do not
peel. Have water boiling and salted before putting po-
tatoes in pot and keep water boiling until potatoes are
soft. Large ones take about 25 minutes to cook. Plan
to serve the meal about 25 minutes after the potatoes
are put on the fire, for they are best served hot. When
potatoes are cooked, drain water and keep hot until
served.

Fried Potatoes — Slice cold boiled potatoes uniformly
and fry in hot butter until brown.

Fried Raw Potatoes — Slice raw potatoes uniformly.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

363

boil in frying pan 5 minutes and then fry in butter until
brown.

Onions— Boil in salted water 30 minutes until tender.
Onions and potatoes go well together and campers should
boil them together.

Green Peas— Buy them fresh from a farmer near camp
if possible. Reject over-ripe pods. Shell and boil about
20 minutes in salted water, keeping peas barely covered.
Drain almost all water when cooked and add one ounce
of butter.

Green Corn — Boil corn about five minutes in boiling
salted water.

Cocoa

One teaspoonful (level) to each person, ^ cup of
water to each person, cup of milk to each person.
Cook cocoa in water 5 minutes ; add to warm milk and
allow it to reach boiling point. Do not boil.

Bread

When possible carry along a supply of bread.

Toast — Toast may either be made over coals or by
propping wire broiler upright before blazing fire.

“Biscuit Loaf — This is a standard camp bread, because
it bakes quickly. It is good so long as it is hot, but it
dries out soon and will not keep. For four: 3 pints

flour, 3 heaping teaspoonfuls baking powder, 1 heaping
teaspoonful salt, 2 heaping tablespoonfuls cold grease,
1 scant pint cold water. Amount of water varies ac-
cording to quality of flour. Baking powders vary in
strength ; follow directions on can. Mix thoroughly, with*
big spoon or wooden paddle, first the baking powder with
the flour and then the salt. Rub into this the cold grease
(which may be lard, cold pork fat, drippings) until there
are no lumps left and no grease adhering to bottom of
pan. This is a little tedious, but don't shirk it. Then

364

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

stir in the water and work it with spoon until you have
a rather stiff dough. Have the pan greased. Turn the
loaf into it and bake. Test center of loaf with a sliver
when you think it properly done. When no dough ad-
heres remove bread. All hot breads should be broken
with the hand, never cut.

“To freshen any that is left over and dried out, sprinkle
a little water over it and heat through. This can be done
but once/’

Washing Dishes

Every part of the camp work should be a pleasure,
and there is no reason whatever that dish washing should
be an exception. If the following directions for dish
washing are followed the work may be so quickly and
perfectly done as to be part of the fun.

1. Each girl should throw scraps from her plate into
a trench or receptacle. Do not throw food scraps on
the camp fire, as they make a disagreeable smoke. <

2. Wipe each plate and other utensils as clean as pos-
sible with paper napkin, and throw napkin in the fire.

3. Scrape out all cooking pots. If any material has
burned on them, boil them, out with one ounce of wash-
ing soda to one quart of water.

4. Pile all dishes thus prepared beside the two dish-
pans. Partly fill the dish-pans with boiling water, putting
a heaping teaspoonful of powdered soap in one.

5. Wash dishes with dish mop, and rinse in other pan
of hot water.

If the water is kept hot one girl can keep two busy
drying, and the whole operation for a party of four
should not take over ten minutes. If unskillfully done,
without sufficient hot water or preparation, it is a dis-
agreeable task. Try to make it a pleasant one. r
> The coffee pot should be frequently boiled out with
washing soda.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

365

The wire broilers may be cleaned by rubbing them
with ashes from the camp fire.

In nesting a blackened cooking pail, wrap it in paper
to prevent soiling the inside of the pail into which it fits.

Use the fewest dishes possible in cooking and you will
lighten your labor.

Use the same plates for different courses, rinsing them
with hot water.

Be sure to carry in your dish washing outfit, washing
soda, powdered soap and dish mops.

“Dutch Cleanser” is very useful in cleaning dishes,
pots and pans.

After washing up for the night, put utensils and pro-
vision box together and cover with rubber cloth to pro-
tect them from the weather.

Cleaning Up

This is important ! If you leave your camping place
littered with tin cans, paper, etc., you will be spoiling
that place for future campers.

Burn all waste paper and string.

Bury tin cans and empty bottles.

Bury food scraps and refuse.

Be absolutely certain that you have extinguished your
fire.

You should take pride in leaving your camp site so
clean that not one evidence of your camping remains
except the ashes of the fire.

366

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

PHOTOGRAPH BY G. CYLDE FISHER.

Climb the mountains and get their good tidings .

Nature’s peace will flou) into you as sunshine
flows into trees. The winds will blozv their own
freshness into you and the storms their energy i
while cares will drop off like autumn leaves.

— John Muir.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

367

MOUNTAIN CLIMBING

BY ELOISE ROORBACH, GARDEN EDITOR OF “TOUCHSTONE.”

Mountain climbing is the final test of a Girl Scout’s
perseverance in following a trail, in endurance, courage
and woodcraftmanship. Nature reserves her choicest
beauties and secrets for those who know how to conquer
all difficulties. No Girl Scout’s education is complete
until she has seen mountain peaks like waves of the sea
flashing with white snow foam, piercing the blue sky
as far as the eye can reach; clouds forming below her
feet ; breathed rare air found only in high places ; drunk
from the pure source of rivers, and heard the mighty
roar of waterfalls. A climb to a high mountain top is
an experience that will enrich and influence the entire
after life of whoever has had the hardihood and wisdom
to accomplish it.

Before attempting this last test of scouting the girl
must be in perfect physical trim, be able to sleep on the
ground, have learned to live simply. Girls should train
for this experience by taking graduated hikes. On these
hikes the girls can practice using the condensed foods
that must be depended upon in mountain climbing. The
rations for those who wish to climb to high places must
necessarily be condensed, for each Scout must carry her
own rations for two weeks.

The foundation of a mountain climber’s bill of fare is
rice, bacon, cheese, chocolate, raisins, dates, dried fruits,
powdered soups, whole wheat crackers, and tea. Tea
should be used instead of coffee. The eating chocolate
is sometimes made into a refreshing drink. Only a small
amount of sugar and salt can be carried. This fare is
augmented by mushrooms, wild fruit and berries and
fish. Watercress is a refreshing addition and a good
Scout knows where to find it. Some hardened climbers
add a little “jerky” (dried meats) to this bill of fare.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

No definite rule of distance to be covered in a day
can be laid down. In the high mountains ten or twelve
miles a day should be considered a maximum, for part
of the benefit to be gained from such a trip is the enjoy-
ment of the trip itself. It is better to go a few miles
slowly, observing keenly all the time, stopping for fre-
quent rests to examine a flower, to drink at a clear
spring, to feast upon the view, than to cover more ground
in a hurried way.

The following is a suggestion for the management of
a day in high mountain altitudes. Arise with the sun or
a little before breakfast. Breakfast consists of rice,
dried fruit (put to soak the night before), bacon, and
shredded wheat biscuit. Before packing, make a small
package of cheese, chocolate, raisins, and biscuit for the
noon lunch that can be reached without having to unpack
equipment. There should be a rest of at least an hour
at noon, eating slowly, throwing off the pack, and if
possible relaxing flat on the back for a while. Then an-
other hike of three or four miles, making camp early in
the evening, about 5 o’clock. This divides the day into
three periods of hikes with a rest in between. The
dinner is like the breakfast, with the addition of soup.
Soup can be prepared and eaten while the rice is cook-
ing. Mountain trout can be fried with bacon.

The equipment must be of the lightest. Clothing
should consist of one pair of stout, high, waterproof,
hob-nailed boots; one pair of light moccasins, to rest the
feet in camp; short skirt; middy; riding breeches or
bloomers (for in crossing difficult passes skirts must be
discarded); hat; gauntlet gloves; one change of under-
clothes; three pairs of wool stockings; one sweater; one
comb (no brush) ; one small pocket mirror; ivory soap
or soap leaves ; one tube of cold cream ; compass ; fish-
ing rod, lines and hooks; rope; leather thongs; stout

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

369

GIANT ALASKAN MOOSE

The largest member of the deer tribe. The antlers which are worn
only by the male are shed once a year. Range: This and related
forms found in northern United States, Canada, and Alaska. Courtesy
of American Museum of Natural History.

string; notebook and map; small hatchet; matches (in
waterproof case).

No guns, books or cameras can be carried on a high
hike, for their weight is prohibitive. A sleeping bag
made of eiderdown, lined with canton flannel and cov-
ered with oiled silk or duck’s back can be rolled and car-
ried across the shoulders. A knife, fork and spoon in
addition to the big sheath knife worn at the belt, one fry-
ing pan, tin plate and cup (aluminum should be used in
preference as tin rusts easily), a rice and a soup kettle
are all the cooking utensils needed. If a company of

370

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Girl Scouts attempts a high mountain climb, additional
covers of clothing and food can be carried on a pack
mule, but this chapter is for those who wish to climb un-
encumbered with pack animals. It is by far the finest
way to see the high mountains, though it must be ad-
mitted few have the hardihood or courage to try it.
The new Roosevelt National Park, one of the most mag-
nificent playgrounds in the world, can be visited in the
way just described.

The writer of this chapter has walked all through this
park carrying the clothing, food and equipment just de-
scribed. Every day of the journey found her in better
physical trim, vigor, strength, and with keenness of vision
and joy of life increased daily.

BUSY BEAVERS AT WORK

The largest gnawing animal in this country, noted for damming
streams with trees (which they cut down by gnawing), mud, and
stones. Range: This or related races formerly found practically all
over this country, and northward into Canada. Detail from Habitat
Group in American Museum of Natural History,

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

371

THE RED GODS

-*»

Now the Four-way Lodge is opened : Now the hunting
winds are loose,

Now the Smokes of Spring go up to clear the brain;

Now the young men’s hearts are troubled for the whisper
of the trues,

Now the Red Gods make their medicine again !

Who hath seen the beaver busied? Who hath watched
the black-tail mating?

Who hath lain alone to hear the wild goose cry?

Who hath worked the chosen waters where the ouana-
niche is waiting?

Or the sea-trout’s jumping crazy for the fly?

Who hath smelled wood-smoke at twilight ? Who
hath smelled the birch log burning ?

Who is quick to read the noises of the night?

Let him follow with the others, for the young men’s feet
are turning

To the camps of proved desire and known delight !

Do you know the blackened timber? Do you know that
racing stream

With the raw, right-angled log- jam at the end?

And the bar of sun-warmed shingle where a man may
bask and dream

To the click of shod canoe-poles round the bend?

It is there that we are going with our rods and reels and
traces

To a silent, smoky Indian that we know,

To a couch of new-pulled hemlock with the starlight on
our faces,

For the Red Gods call us out and we must go !

372

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

He must go — go — go away from here!

On the other side the world he's overdue .

'Send your road is clear before you when the old spring
fret comes o'er you
And the Red Gods call for you!

— Rudyard Kipling.

LOON WITH NEST,

From Group in American Museum of Natural History,

SECTION XV

Nature Study for Girl Scouts

FOREWORD

The following section was specially prepared for the
Girl Scouts by Mr. George H. Sherwood, Curator, and
Dr. G. Clyde Fisher, Associate Curator, of the Depart-
ment of Public Education of the American Museum of
Natural History. All the illustrations used were supplied
by the Museum, and the tests in the various subjects were
devised by the same authors.

The American Museum of Natural History in New
York conducts special courses of lectures in all of the
branches of Natural History, and extends a cordial invi-
tation to all Girl Scouts to visit the Department of Edu-
cation if wishing help in preparation for their Nature
Study tests.

Contents

1. Introduction to Nature Study.

2. Plants: Flowers and Ferns and Trees.

3. Animals : Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Amphibians

Fishes

‘ Invertebrates

4. Geology.

373

374

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

AN EGRET “ROOKERY” IN SOUTH CAROLINA.

The demand for the nuptial plumes of this bird in the
millinery trade brought it to the verge of extermination.
Range: Temperate and trooical America. Habitat Group in

The American Museum of Natural History.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

375

1. Introduction to Nature Study

To the solid ground

Of Nature trusts the mind which builds for aye .

— Wordsworth.

To understand nature is to gain one of the greatest
resources of life.

— John Burroughs.

Nature Study means getting acquainted with the multi-
tude of creatures, great and small, which inhabit the land,
the water, and the air, and with the objects which sur-
round them. Mother Nature has many, many secrets
which she will reveal to sharp eyes and alert minds. It
is, of course, impossible for any one to learn all these
secrets, but the mastering of a few makes it easier to
learn others, until finally it becomes clear that all life
is related and that the humblest creature may be of the
greatest importance to the welfare if the highest.

It is for these reasons that the Girl Scout should learn
as much as possible of the Wonders of Nature. This
study may begin wherever you are, but rapid progress
will be made by rambles afield and by visits to the great
Natural History Museums. For example, a visit to the
exhibition halls of the American Museum of Natural
History in New York will answer many of your questions
about animals you have seen and will enable you to
answer many others for yourself, when you go out into
the country.

Nature Study in its broadest application includes all of
the natural sciences, such as zoology, botany, geology,
meteorology, and astronomy. So, there are many fasci-
nating fields for study and enjoyment, and it does not
matter much where we begin, whether it be Wild Flow-
ers, Trees, Birds, Butterflies, or Stars.

Of the more practical subjects especially suited to the

376

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

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activities of the Girl Scout are those civic problems which
can only be solved by team-play; that is, by working
together. Among these may be mentioned : The preser-
vation of birds, wild flowers, and forests; control of
mosquitoes, house-flies, rats, weeds, diseases of plants
and animals, including man.

The civic nature of these problems is appreciated when
we realize that it would do little good, for example, for
one person to destroy the breeding places of mosquitoes
on his premises, if his neighbors did not do likewise
about their homes; or for one orchardist to cut out the
blight from his pear-trees or the black-knot from his
plum-trees, if his neighbors did not co-operate with him
by ridding their orchards of these diseases.

These practical questions are so well presented, to-
gether with plans for their solution, in Civic Biology, by
Clifton F. Hodge and Jean Dawson (Ginn & Co.), that
instead of going into details here, both the Girl Scouts
and their Leaders are referred to this most useful work.

All objects of Nature are either living (organic) or
non-living (inorganic). The non-living bodies include
the minerals and rocks. The living bodies are either
plants or animals. Plants may be divided into two great
groups, the flowerless plants and flowering plants. In
general the flowerless plants reproduce by means of
spores, like the mushroom and the ferns, while the flower-
ing plants reproduce by means of seeds.

x\nimals may be separated into two great groups,
those without backbones (invertebrates) like an oyster,
a cricket, or an earthworm, and those with backbones,
e.g., a dog, a man. In this brief study we shall not go
into much detail about invertebrates, but with the back-
boned animals or vertebrates we shall go a little further.
These may be divided into five general groups: (1)
Fishes; (2) Amphibians, which include frogs, toads, and

378

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT

This animal is really not a goat, but is more really related to the antelopes. Range: The higher mountains
from Alaska south to California. Group in American Museum of Natural History.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

379

salamanders; (3) Reptiles, which include alligators,
crocodiles, turtles, lizards, and snakes; (4) Birds; (5)
Mammals.

This simple analysis may be clearly shown by the
following diagram:

Objects

Nature

’ Animals

r Living Bodies <

( Organic ) \Plants

Non-living Bodies
( Inorganic )

Vertebrates

Invertebrates

/ Mammals
\ Birds
1 Reptiles
& Amphibians
\ Fishes

5 Flowering Plants
| Flowerless Plants

This classification could be carried further at every
point, but this will be far enough for present purposes.
It should be remembered in any classification that there
are no hard and fast lines in Nature. For example, some
creatures are on the border-land between plants and ani-
mals, and again some animals are between the backboned
animals and those without backbones.

380

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA.

A forest tree with large solitary white flowers. Range: Southern

and Southeastern United States.

2. Plants

Wild Flowers and Ferns

Flower in the crannied wall ,

I pluck you out of the crannies;

Hold you here , root and all , in my hand,

Little flower — but if I could understand
What you are , root and all, and all in all,

I should know what God and man is.

— Tennyson.

Do you know the earliest spring flower in your neigh-
borhood? In the northern United States it is usually
found in bloom before all the snow of winter is gone. In
some swamp or along some stream where the snow has
melted away in patches it is possible to find the Skunk

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

381

TRAILING ARBUTUS

One of our eailiest spring flowers, usually growing in patches in
sandy or rocky woods. Range: Eastern United States westward to

Michigan. Photograph by G. Clyde Fisher.

Cabbage in bloom very early in the spring. See how
early you can find it. In the southern United States, one
of the earliest spring flowers is the yellow Jessamine,
which twines over bushes and trees thus displaying its
fragrant, golden bells.

As the season advances, other flowers appear, and we
find the Spring Beauty, the Trailing Arbutus, the Blood-
root, and the Hepatica. What delightful associations
each of these names brings to our minds ! By the time
summer is here we have an entirely different flower-pop-
ulation in the fields and woods — the Cardinal Flower with
its intense red color and the Pink Lady?s~Slipper with its
drooping moccasin-shaped lip are to be found then. In
the autumn we have a different group of flowers still —
the Goldenrods, the Asters, and the Fringed Gentian, the

382

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

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PINK MOCCASIN-FLOWER.

A striking native wild orchid growing in sandy or rocky woods.
Range: Newfoundland to North Carolina westward to Minne-

sota. Photograph by G. Clyde Fisher.

season closing with our latest fall flower, the Witch-hazel.

Some flowers and ferns grow best in the shady woods,
others in the sunny fields, some on the rocks and others

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

383

in the marshes. We soon learn where to look for our
favorites. In taking tramps along the roads, across the
fields, through the woods, and into the swamps, we would
notice along the roadside Bouncing-Bet, Common Yar-
row, Dandelion, Thistles, and Goldenrod; in the fields
and meadows, we would see the Ox-eye Daisy, Black-
eyed Susan, Wild Carrot, and the most beautiful fall
flower of the northeastern United States, the Fringed
Gentian ; in the woods, Mountain Laurel, Pink Azalea, a
number of wild Orchids, Maidenhair Fern, and Jack-in-
the-Pulpit ; in the marshes, Pink Rose-mallow, which re-
minds us of the Hollyhocks of our Grandmother’s
garden, Pickerel-weed, Water-lily, and Marsh Marigold.

It is natural to want to know the name of any plant
that interests us, and this is important. As in the sub-
ject of Birds, there are many helpful books on Flowers
and Ferns. Beginners will find “The Flower Guide,” by
Chester A. Reed (Doubleday, Page & Co.) to be useful.
After a good start has been made, such books as Gray’s
Manual , or Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora should
be used.

Our pursuit, however, should not stop with the name
of a plant. That is a mere beginning. Even slight atten-
tion will uncover many fascinating things in the lives of
plants. Why can not a farmer raise a good crop of
clover-seed without the bumble-bees? What devices are
there among the Orchids to bring about cross-pollination ?
(See “Our Native Orchids,” by William Hamilton Gib-
son). Examine the flower of the wild Blue Flag, and
see whether you can determine how the bumble-bee cross-
pollinates this plant. Do the Hummingbirds cross-
pollinate some flowers? In what plants is the pollen
scattered by the wind? Do these plants produce nectar?

How do the various plants scatter their seeds? How
are the Hickory-nuts and Walnuts scattered? The

384 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

GAILLARDIA OR BLANKET-FLOWER.

Daisy family. Range: Hills and plains * of western United States
and Canada. Photograph by Albert E. Butler.

Dandelion’s and Thistle’s seeds have flying-hairs or
parachutes and are blown about by the wind. What
other plants can you find whose seeds are scattered in
the same way? Can you discover a plant whose seeds

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

385

BLACK-EYED SUSAN.

A beautiful and abundant flower of the fields.

Range: Eastern North America westward to

the Rocky Mountains. Photograph by G.

Clyde Fisher.

are carried by water? The Witch-hazel shoots its seeds.
What other plants can you find that have explosive
fruits? Cherry-seeds are carried by birds. Mention
some other seeds that are carried in this way. It would
take very little observation to learn how Burdock-burs,
Cockle-burs, Stick-tights, Beggar-lice, Spanish-needles,
and such hooked fruits are scattered.

Learn the names of the principal noxious weeds of
the farm, and garden, and also learn the best methods
of combating them.

Learn to know the plants in your vicinity which are
used in the making of drugs.

386

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

LOCO-WEED.

A poisonous plant which produces loco-disease in cattle, sheep, and
horses that eat it. Range: Plains from Montana to Colorado. Photo-

graph by Albert E. Butler.

Learn to know the poisonous plants around your
home and summer camp. Are the following to be found
there: Poison Ivy, Poison Sumach, Loco-weed, Bitter-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

387

Not a true Primrose, but a member of the Evening Primrose Family.
Range: Prairies of western United States and northern Mexico; also

naturalized farther east. Photograph by Mr, and Mrs. Leo E. Miller.

sweet ( Salanum Dulcamara ), Black Nightshade, Jim-
son-weed, Poke-weed, Poison Hemlock?

Trees

He who wanders widest lifts
No more of beauty’s jealous veils,

Than he who from his doorway sees
The miracle of flowers and trees,

— Whittier .

The trees of the forest are of two classes, deciduous
trees and evergreen trees. To the former belong those
which shed their leaves in the fall, are bare in the win-
ter, and then grow a new crop of leaves in the spring,
e.g., oaks, elms, maples. The evergreen trees shed their
leaves also, but not all at one time. In fact, they always

388

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

RHODODENDRON OR GREAT LAUREL.

A tall shrub, or sometimes a tree, growing in woods and along streams.
Range: Eastern North America from Nova Scotia to Georgia. Photo-

graph by Albert E. Butler.

have a goodly number of leaves, and are consequently
green all the year round, e.g., pines, spruces, firs.

The uses of wood are so many and various that we

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

389

CHRISTMAS FERN.

An evergreen fern growing in woods and rocky places. Range;

Eastern United States and Canada. Photograph by Mary C. Dickerson.

can only begin to mention them. In looking about us
we see wood used in building houses, in making furni-
ture, for railroad ties, and for shoring timbers in mines.
In many country districts wood is used for fuel. And
do you realize that only a short time ago the newspaper
which you read this morning and the book which you
now hold in your hand were parts of growing trees in
the forest? Paper is made of wood-pulp, mostly from
Spruce.

Besides the direct uses of wood, we turn to the forest
for many interesting and valuable products, varying in
importance from a balsam-pillow filled with the frag-
rant leaves or needles of the Balsam Fir, to turpentine
and rosin (naval stores), produced chiefly by the Long-
leaved Pine of the Southeastern States. Spruce gum is
obtained from the Black Spruce and Red Spruce. Can-
ada balsam used in cementing lenses together in micro-

390

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

IN A TURPENTINE GROVE.

The Long-leaved Pine furnishes most of the turpentine and rosin o£
commerce. Range: Virginia to Florida and Texas. Photograph by

G. Clyde Fisher.

scopes, telescopes, and the like, comes from the Balsam
Fir. Bark for tanning comes from Oak and Hemlock.
The Indians of the Eastern Woodlands or Great Lakes
area made canoes and many other useful articles of the
bark of the Canoe or Paper Birch. Baskets are made
from Willow twigs. Maple sugar comes chiefly from
the Sugar Maple.

The turpentine industry is the chief one in parts of
the South where the Long-leaved Pine thrives. The
United States produces more turpentine and rosin than
any other country in the world. The turpentine is used
in paints and in various arts. The rosin is used in var-
nish, laundry soap, etc. These two products come from
the sap or “gum” of the pine tree. The sap is secured
by tapping or “boxing” the tree, and then keeping the
cut ducts of the sap-wood open by “chipping” or “pull-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

391

BLACK SUGAR MAPLE.

The sap of this tree, as well as the more common Sugar
Maple, is the source of maple sugar. Range: Eastern United

States and southeastern Canada.

ing,” that is, by putting a new “streak” on the tree. This
has to be done once a week from March 1 to November
1. The sap used to be collected in a “box” or deep notch
cut in the base of the tree, but the modern method is to
have it run into cups made of zinc or of burned clay
similar to flower-pots. The sap is taken to a turpentine-

392

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

COMMON FALL MUSHROOM.

An excellent article of food growing commonly in old pasture fields.

Range: Temperate and tropical regions all over the world. Photo-

graph by G. Clyde Fisher.

still where it is heated over a furnace. This drives off
the turpentine or “spirits” as steam or vapor, which is
condensed to liquid again by passing through the worm
of the still surrounded by cold water. The rosin or
resin is left behind.

The Sugar Maple grows from Florida and Texas
northward to Manitoba and Quebec, but it is only in the
northern part of its range that the maple sugar industry
thrives. This delicious food is one of the many that
we learned to utilize from the Indians. The sap is ob-
tained by tapping the tree in the spring before the leaves
come out, the best weather for the flow of sap being
that when it freezes at night and thaws in the daytime.
The sap is boiled down; that is, the water is driven off
and the sugar remains. It takes about three gallons, or
a little more, of sap to make a pound of maple sugar.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

393

Three to four pounds of sugar is an average yield for
one tree in a season. Much of the sap, however, is not
boiled down into sugar, but the boiling is stopped while
it is in the form of syrup. If you have ever eaten buck-
wheat cakes with real maple syrup you will always es-
teem the Sugar Maple tree.

The forests perform extremely valuable services for
mankind entirely apart from the products they yield.

First, they prevent erosion, or the washing away of
soil by the water that falls as rain. After the trees have
been cut away, very often, especially upon hillsides, the
most productive soil is washed away, usually clear off of
the original owner's farm, and deposited in the flood-
plains or bottoms of creeks and rivers or in river deltas
— in places where it cannot be utilized to any great ex-
tent. Thus erosion causes a tremendous loss to farmers,
and it is chiefly due to the thoughtlessness of the Amer-
ican people in destroying the forests.

Second, and chiefly related to this, is the fact that the
floods upon our rivers, which every year take such heavy
toll in property and in human life, are due to the cutting
away of the forests. This allows the water from rain
and melting snow to reach the streams at times faster
than it can be carried off, and so we have a flood. The
forest floor, with its undergrowth and humus, in those
localities where the forests still exist about the head-
waters of our rivers, acts like a huge layer of blotting
paper which holds the water back and allows it to escape
to the streams slowly, and so floods are avoided.

Third, and related to the above, is the fact that the
water supply of our cities would be more constant if
the forests had not been cut away. In these cases the
summer droughts make much greater the danger from
water-borne diseases.

It is only in recent years that the American people

WESTERN YELLOW PINE.

A magnificent tree which furnishes valuable timber. Range:
Hills and mountains of western United States. Photograph
by Albert E. Butler.

394

SCOUTING for girls

395

ROADS THROUGH THE ASPENS.

Range: Northern United States and Canada, south in the

Rocky Mountains to Mexico. Photograph by Albert E. Butler.

have begun to realize the necessity of the conservation
of our forests, and in many sections much has been done
to redeem the criminal thoughtlessness in destroying our
forests and to restore those devastated by forest fires.
Reforestation operations have accomplished a great deal,

and the organization to prevent forest fires emphasizes

♦

396

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

BALD CYPRESS DRAPED WITH SPANISH “MOSS.”

This tree is almost entirely hidden by this “moss,” which is
really a flowering plant of the Pineapple family. Range: In

swamps and along rivers from Delaware to Florida, west to
Texas, north to Missouri and southern Indiana. Photograph
by G. Clyde Fisher.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

397

the old adage that “an ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of cure.” Also the people are being taught cor-
rect forestry practices, such as cutting only ripe trees
and allowing the rest to grow, instead of clearing the
land entirely, as was formerly done so universally.

The life history of every tree is interesting; how it
breathes by means of its leaves, just as the animals do
by means of gills or lungs; how it manufactures starch
by means of the green matter in the leaves; how the
starch is changed to sugar and other substances which
are carried to other parts of the tree in the sap; how
the sap flows upward in the vessels in the sap-wood and
downward in the vessels of the inner bark; how the
entire heart- wood of a tree is dead and the only living
part is the sap-wood and the innermost bark.

One of the first things we shall want to know when
we get out into the woods is the name of the tree that
interests us. For this purpose the books given as refer-
ences under “Trees” will be useful.

398

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

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BABY OPOSSUMS RIDING ON THEIR MOTHER’S BACK.

For the first few weeks after they are born the mother carries her
babies in her pocket; later they ride on her back holding on by
clinging to her fur with their paws and by wrapping their tails about
that of. their mother. Range: Middle and Southern States. From

Group in American Museum of Natural History.

3. ANIMALS
Mammals

Mammals differ from birds in that they have hair
instead of feathers, and that they are first fed upoln
milk produced by the mother. Unfortunately the mam-
mals are usually called simply animals , but the latter is
obviously too inclusive a term and should not be used
in this way. There is no reason why the name mammal
should not be commonly used, just as birds , reptiles ,
amphibians , and fishes are used for the other groups of
backboned animals.

In the United States the lowest or most primitive
mammal is the Opossum. The baby Opossums — from
six to a dozen of them — are born when very small and

NEW YORK WEASEL IN SUMMER PELAGE

OTTER WITH ITS FAVORITE FOOD

The Otter belongs to the Weasel family, and feeds almost entirely
upon fish. Range: This and related varieties over Northern and

Eastern North America. From Group in American Museum of
Natural History.

400

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

401

NEW YORK WEASEL IN WINTER.

A blood-thirsty cousin of the Otter and the Mink.

Range: This and related species found all over

United States and Canada. Habitat Group in
American Museum of Natural History.

undeveloped and are immediately placed by the mother
in an external pouch, where they continue to grow until
they are too large to get into their mother’s pocket ; then
they frequently ride upon their mother’s back, clinging
to her fur with their finger-like toes and wrapping their
tails about their mother’s tail. The Opossum is the only
animal in this country the young of which are carried
around in the mother’s pocket, and the only one which
has a prehensile tail ; that is, one used for coiling around
and clinging to branches, and the like. Its food is vari-
ous, consisting of both animal and plant material — in-
sects, young birds, pawpaws, persimmons, etc. In the

402

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

RACCOON AT ENTRANCE TO ITS DEN IN A HOLLOW TREE

A near relative of the bears. Note the black face-mark and the
ringed tail. Range: This or a related variety occurs in all parts

of United States. Photograph from American Museum of Natural
History.

food devoured the Opossum probably does more good
than harm.

In their food habits many mammals are decidedly
injurious. Rats, Weasels, Minks, and Foxes destroy
poultry; Wolves and Pumas kill domestic and game
animals; Woodchucks or Groundhogs eat clover and
various garden plants ; Moles damage the lawns ; Rats,
Mice, and Gophers spoil and devour grain; Mice and
Rabbits girdle fruit trees, thus killing them.

On the other hand, many mammals furnish food ;
e. g.y Rabbits, Elk, and Deer. This was more important
in pioneer times than at present. Many furnish furs
used as articles of clothing; e -. g., Raccoon, Fox, Musk-
rat, Mink, Otter, Marten, Mole, New York Weasel and
other northern weasels in their winter coats.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

403

POLAR BEAR

An expert swimmer. Feeds upon seals, fish, and other animal food.

Range: Arctic regions of the world. Habitat Group in American

Museum of Natural History.

Many furs are usually sold under trade names that
are entirely different from the true name of the ani-
mal. A list of a few fur-bearing mammals of the
United States having trade names differing from the
true names follows :

The True Fur The Trade Name

Dark blended Muskrat
Mink blended Muskrat
Natural Muskrat*

Natural Jersey Muskrat
Plucked and Seal-dyed Muskrat
Plucked and Seal-dyed Muskrat
Skunk

Striped Skunk

N. Y. Weasel in winter pelage
*Muskrat fur is now also sold

Russian Otter
River Mink
Natural River Mink
River Sable
Hudson Seal
Aleutian Seal
Black Marten
Civet Cat
Ermine

under its true name.

404

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

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MINK

A cousin of the Weasel and Otter, the Mink feeds upon frogs, cray-
fish, mice, bird’s eggs, etc. Range: This and closely related forms

over most of United States, Canada, and Alaska. From Group in

American Museum of Natural History.

A few suggestions for observation or study :

1. What peculiar instinct or habit has the Opossum
developed ?

2. How does the flight of a Bat differ from that of
a Flying Squirrel?

3. Can you notice any peculiarity in the Rabbit’s
track ?

4. Mention three mammals that hibernate.

5. Describe the methods of defense in the following

mammals : Armadillo, Porcupine, Skunk.

6. Why do the front teeth of the Squirrel and the
Beaver continue to grow?

406

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

The best way to find the answers to these questions is
by actual observation of the animals, but when this is
impossible, the references given under “Mammals” will
be found useful.

RED FOX RETURNING TO ITS YOUNG FROM SOME FARM-
ER’S HEN-ROOST

The Cross Fox, the Silver Fox, and the Black Fox are color phases of
the Red Fox, and not different species. Range: Northern North

America south to Georgia. Habitat Group in American Museum of
Natural History.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

407

BALD EAGLE

The American Eagle, the Emblem of our country
Range: United States

Birds

He who takes the first step in ornithology is
ticketed for the whole trip. — John Burroughs .

The love of the beautiful seems to be innate; that is,
born in us. And the birds appeal to this in at least two
ways : First, on account of the beauty of their songs,

408

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SCREECH OWL

The Screech Owl feeds largely upon mice and other destructive rodents

Range : Eastern North America

and second, on account of the beauty of their plumage.

Among the birds that have especially beautiful songs
are the Thrushes, which include the Robin and the Blue-
bird, the finest singer in this family probably being the
Hermit Thrush. In the Southern States there is no more
popular singer among the birds than the Mockingbird.
But it should be remembered that a bird's song cannot
be separated from the associations which it calls up in
one's memory. So that the performance of an ordinary

410

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GREAT HORNED OWL

Rabbits constitute a favorite food when available.
Poultry and other birds are also destroyed by
this owl. Range: Eastern North America.

songster may be more pleasing to one than that of some
finer one because of youthful associations.

It seems to be a general law of nature that the finest
songsters have the plainest coats.

Among the birds that we enjoy on account of their
beautiful plumage are the Egrets, every feather of their

412

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

BROWN PELICANS IN FLORIDA

The Pelicans nest in colonies, and the young feed from the parents’ throats. Range: Gulf coast of U.

and southward. Habitat Group in The American Museum of Natural History.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

413

EGRETS: PARENT BIRDS

coats being as white as snow, and the plumes of these
birds are so beautiful, and human beings have been so
thoughtless that the Egrets have been almost extermin-
ated in order to supply the millinery trade. These plumes,
known as aigrettes, grow on the backs between the shoul-
ders of both the male and female birds, and are worn
only during the nesting season. The only time during the
nesting season that the plume hunter finds it profitable to
hunt these birds is when the young are in the nest. At any
other time the birds would be so wild that the plume hunt-
er could not easily shoot them. When the young are in
the nest the parental love is so strong that the adult birds
cannot resist the instinct to return to feed the nestlings
when they are begging for food. In this way both the
father bird and the mother bird become an easy prey

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414

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

GOLDEN PLOVER

The Golden Plover makes the longest single fight known to be made
by any bird in migration,- — that is, 2,500 miles from Nova Scotia
across the open ocean to South America. Range: North and South
America.

for the ambushed plume hunter, and there is but one
thing that can happen to the baby Egrets in the nest
after both of their parents have been killed— they starve
to death. This is one of the most cruel phases of the
plume trade, and there is no other way to secure the
aigrette plumes of the Egrets than by killing the adult
birds. Fortunately, in the United States it is against
the law to shoot these birds, and it is against the law
to import the plumes. Until recently it has not been
illegal to wear these plumes, and the fact that there
are still a few women who adorn their hats with them
has encouraged the illegal and cruel killing of these
birds in our country, or the smuggling in of the plumes
from some other country. In the latter part of 1919
the federal regulations have been interpreted to make it

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

415

BOBOLINK

During the autumn migration this bird is the Reedbird or Ricebird
Range'. North and South America

illegal to possess aigrette plumes, and henceforth the
law will be so enforced. This is the successful cul-
mination of a long fight by the Audubon Society.

A few other birds of striking plumage are the Blue-
jay, the Bluebird, the Baltimore Oriole, the Scarlet Tan-
ager, the Cedar Waxwing, and the Red- winged Black-
bird.

Turning from the esthetic value of birds, which de-
pends, among other things, upon the beauty of their
songs and the beauty of their plumage, we may consider
the value of birds in dollars and cents.

Every farmer and gardener must cultivate his crops

416

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

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417

NORTHERN SHRIKE IMPALING A HOUSE SPARROW UPON

A THORN

The habit illustrated here has given the Shrike the name of Butcher-
bird. It is surprising to find a song-bird with the habits of a bird of
prey. Range: Northern North America.

and fight the weeds which are always crowding out the
plants he is trying to raise, and in this fight he is helped
by a great many birds of various kinds. Among these
are the Mourning Dove, the Bob-White, and members
of the Sparrow family, such as. the Goldfinch, the Junco,

418

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

419

A KILLDEER FAMILY

This plover is common in meadows, cultivated fields, and about ponds
and lakes. It gets its name from its note. Range: North and South

America.

and the Song Sparrow. In this country, in the aggre-
gate, these seed-eating birds destroy every year tons of
seeds of noxious weeds, and are therefore valuable
friends of the gardener and farmer. For more definite
data see bulletins published by the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, or “Useful Birds and Their Protec-
tion/’ by Edward Howe Forbush (Massachusetts Board
of Agriculture).

Thousands of bushels of grain are eaten or spoiled
by small mammals, such as mice, rats, and spermo-
philes or gophers. To the relief of the farmer, many
birds feed upon these destructive little rodents. The
Crow occasionally captures a mouse, while the Shrikes
or Butcher-birds catch a great many. The Screech Owl
feeds largely upon mice. The Red-tailed Hawk is
called the Hen-hawk or Chicken-hawk by most farmers.

420 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

STARLING

Introduced 1890 into New York City; since spread over northestern
states. Range: Western and central Europe, New England and

Middle Atlantic States.

but this is very unfair to the bird, for its principal food
is mice. In fact, most of the Hawks and Owls of the
United States are really valuable friends of the farmer
because of the injurious rodents which they devour.
(See “Hawks and Owls of the United States,” by A.
K. Fisher.)

To be fair, it must be admitted that there are a few
exceptions; that is, that there are a few Hawks and
Owls which do more harm than good. The Sharp-
shinned Hawk kills many harmless songbirds and oc-
casionally young game birds and young chickens. The
Cooper’s Hawk, which nests throughout the United
States, is a real chicken hawk, and the worst one in the
country. The Duck Hawk, the "Noble Peregrine” of
falconry, in this country feeds largely upon domestic
pigeons, but no bird student would wish to see it exter-
minated on account of this habit.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

421

There are a number of birds which are valuable
friends to all the people because they are scavengers.
The Herring Gull, which is the commonest gull of the
harbors of the United States, and which is also found
on inland lakes and rivers, by feeding upon all kinds
of refuse animal and plant materials makes the waters
about our cities more healthful. This is especially true
of the coast cities which dump their garbage into the
waters not far distant. The Turkey Vulture, the Black
Vulture or Carrion-Crow, and the California Condor
make the fields and woods of the country more health-
ful by devouring the carcasses of animals, and the first
two species eat the offal from slaughter houses and even
scraps of meat from the markets in some of our South-
ern cities.

The most valuable group of birds from the stand-
point of the farmers, the orchardists, and the gardeners

COMMON TERN
A close relative of the gulls

Range : Northern Hemisphere, northern South America, and Africa

422

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

GREAT BLUE HERON

Frequently miscalled Blue ‘‘Crane.” The long legs indicate that
this is a wading bird. Range: Western Hemisphere.

is the insect-eating birds. Among these are the Wood
Pewee, the Phoebe, the Kingbird, and all of the Fly-
catchers ; the Purple Martin and all of the Swallows ;
the Nighthawk and Whip-poor-will. The Yellow-billed
and Black-billed Cuckoos and the Baltimore Oriole feed
largely upon tent caterpillars and other caterpillars

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

423

which defoliate the fruit and shade trees. The Sparrow
Hawk has been wrongly named, for it eats a thousand
times as many grasshoppers .as it does sparrows. The
Chickadees, Brown Creepers, and many of the Warblers
feed largely upon insects and insect eggs which they
glean chiefly from the trees. The Rose-breasted Gros-
beak and the Bob-White eat the Colorado potato-beetle.
In the West the Franklin’s Gull follows the farmer in
the fields and picks up great numbers of destructive
insects.

In learning the value of our feathered friends it is
necessary to learn to know the birds, and in this quest
great help can be obtained from books. Beginners will
find the following useful :

"Land Birds East of the Rockies,” by Chester A.
Reed.

‘'Water and Game Birds,” by Chester A. Reed.

"Western Bird Guide,” by Chester A. Reed. (All
published by Doubleday, Page & Co.)

For more advanced students the following are recom-
mended :

"Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,” by
Frank M. Chapman (D. Appleton & Co.).

"Handbook of Birds of Western United States,” by
Florence Merriam Bailey (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.).

Our study of birds should not stop with the name, be-
cause we shall find many things of interest in the home
life of birds, many things that seem to reflect our own
lives. (See "Home Life of Wild Birds,” by F. H. Her-
rick. G. P. Putnam’s Sons.)

If we like to hear birds sing, if we enjoy the beauty
of their coats, and 4if they are valuable neighbors from
the standpoint of dollars and cents, then it is worth
while to consider *how we may have more of them about

424

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

our homes. Every girl can do a great deal to attract
birds.

First, by putting up nesting boxes. Since the people
of our country have destroyed so much of our native
forests and undergrowth, have drained so many of our
swamps, and have cultivated so much of the grassy
prairie, many birds have difficulty in finding suitable
places to nest. This can be remedied in the case of
birds that nest in cavities, such as the House Wren,
Tree Swallow, Purple Martin, Screech Owl, Chicka-
dee, and Bluebird, by putting up nesting boxes. For
those that nest in shrubbery, like the Catbird and the
Brown Thrasher, shrubs and vines may be planted so
that the desirable tangle may be had. r

Second, by putting out bird baths. In this improved
country of ours, there are doubtless large areas in which

A MOTHER MALLARD AND HER FAMILY

The Wild Mallard is the original of many of the domesticated ducks

Range : Northern Hemisphere

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

425

wild birds have difficulty in finding suitable places to
bathe. Artificial bird baths are more attractive to
birds in the summer time than during cold weather, but
they will be used even in winter if kept free from ice.
Do not place a bird bath so close to a shrub, tree, or
building that a house cat may stalk the birds from be-
hind it. The house cat is probably the worst enemy of
our native songbirds.

Third, by establishing feeding stations, especially in
winter when snow covers the natural food of so many
birds. When birds have enough to eat they rarely
suffer severely from the cold.

Fourth, by cooperating with the authorities in seeing
that the laws protecting the birds are enforced.

The Audubon Society has done much effective work
along these lines, and a Girl Scout should join this society,
whose headquarters are 1974 Broadway, New York
City.

Amphibians

All nature is so full that that district produces
the greatest variety which is most examined.

— Gilbert White , Natural History of Selborne.

The group of back-boned animals next above the fishes
is the Amphibians, which includes the frogs, toads, sala-
manders,* and their relatives. The name “amphibian”
refers to two modes of life as shown by most of the
frogs and toads. A good example is the Common Toad,
whose eggs are laid in the water. These eggs hatch out
not into toads, but into tadpoles, which have no legs and
which breathe by means of gills, as the fishes do. They
grow rapidly, develop a pair of hind legs and then a pair

^Unfortunately in the Southern States there is an entirely
different animal commonly called a “Salamander” which is in
reality a pocket-gopher of the group of mammals.

426

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

TOAD

A valuable animal in the garden because of the insects which
it eats. Range: Eastern United States. Photograph by Herbert
Lang.

of front legs, while the tail and gills are absorbed, all
within a little more than a month from the time the eggs
are laid. During this change a pair of lungs is devel-
oped, so that the toads breathe air like human beings do.
The eggs of toads and frogs may be collected in the
spring in ponds, and this remarkable change from the
egg through the tadpole stage to the adult form may be
observed in a simple home aquarium. Toads’ eggs may
be distinguished from those of frogs by the fact that
toads’ eggs are laid in strings, while frogs’ eggs are
laid in masses.

Every Girl Scout should know the song of the toad.
William Hamilton Gibson says it is “the sweetest sound
in nature.” ( Sharp Eyes , p. 54.) If you do not know it,
take a lantern or electric flash-lamp after dark some eve-
ning in the spring at egg-laying time, and go to the
edge of some pond and see the toad sing. Notice how
the throat is puffed out while the note is being produced.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

427

BULLFROG

The largest of our frogs, remarkable for its sonorous bass notes.

Range: Eastern United States westward to Kansas, Photograph by

Herbert Lang.

The belief that warts are caused by handling toads has
no foundation in fact.

The toad is a valuable friend of the gardener, for it
feeds upon a great variety of destructive insects.

The life of our Salamanders is very similar to that
of the frogs and toads. The eggs hatch out into tad-
poles, then legs are developed, but the tail is not ab-
sorbed. Unlike the frogs and toads, the Salamander
keeps its tail throughout life, and in some kinds of Sala-
manders which spend all of their time in the water, the
gills are used throughout, life. Salamanders have vari-
ous common names, some being called newts, others
water-dogs or mud-puppies. The mud-eel and the Con-
go “snake” of the Southern States, and the “hell-bender”
of the Ohio valley and south are all Salamanders. The

428

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

SPRING PEEPER

The note of this piping hyla is a welcome
sound about the ponds and swamps in early
spring. Range: Eastern United States.

Photograph by Herbert Lang.

belief that any of the Salamanders is poisonous is a
myth and has no basis in fact.

Reptiles

Reptiles include Alligators, Crocodiles, Turtles, Liz-
ards and Snakes. It is commonly said that reptiles are
cold-blooded. This means that the temperature of their
blood varies and is the same as the surrounding medium.
The .temperature of an Alligator that has been floating
with its nose out of the water is the same as the sur-
rounding water. The temperature of a turtle in the

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

429

GILA MONSTER

So called from the Gila River in Arizona. The only member of the
lizard family known to be venomous except the very similar
crust-lizard found in Mexico.

winter time is the same as the mud in which it is buried,
while "in the summer time it is much higher. What is
true of the reptiles in respect to temperature is also true
of Amphibians and Fishes. However, this is not true
of Birds and Mammals, for these have a uniform tem-
perature so high that they are called warm-blooded.

In the United States there is but one species of Alli-
gator and but one species of Crocodile, both limited to
the Southeastern States.

There are about fifty kinds of Turtles and Tortoises
in North America, some of which live on the land and
feed largely upon plants, e. g., the Common Box Turtle,
found from the New England States to South Caro-
lina and westward to Kansas, and the Gopher Tortoise
of the Southern States. Others are aquatic, like the
Painted Turtles, which are found in one form or an-
other practically all over the United States.

Many of these reptiles are highly prized as food, e, g
Diamond-backed Terrapin, Soft-shelled Turtle, Snap-
ping Turtle and Gopher Tortoise.

430

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

COMMON BOX TORTOISE
Range : Eastern United States

There are about one hundred species of Lizards in
North America, the greatest number being found in the
drier parts of the continent. Of this whole number only
two species are poisonous, and only one of these, the
Gila Monster, is found within the United States, being
confined in its range to desert regions of Southern Ari-
zona and New Mexico.

The Blue-tailed Lizard or Skink, which occurs from
Massachusetts to Florida and westward to Central Texas,
is commonly believed to be poisonous in the Southern
States, where it is called the Red-headed “Scorpion,”
but this is one of the popular myths still too common
among intelligent people.

The Glass “Snake” of the Central and Southern States
is a peculiar lizard in that it has no legs. That it is able,
after being broken to pieces, to collect itself together
again and continue to live is another old myth.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

431

DIAMOND-BACKED TERRAPIN

About a dozen kinds of Horned “Toads’' are found
in the western portions of the United States. Although
toad-like in the shape of their bodies and in some of
their habits, they are really lizards.

The American Chameleon or “Green” Lizard, which
ranges in this country in the coastal regions from North
Carolina to the Rio Grande River, has a remarkable
power of changing the color of its skin through shades
of brown, gray, and green. In fact, it is said to rival
or possibly excel the true chameleons of the Old World.

For treatment of the Snakes see Woodcraft section.

FISHES

“It is not all of fishing to fish ”

The fishes are the lowest of the true vertebrates or
animals with backbones, and all live in the water. They
do not have lungs, but breath through gills on the sides
of the head. They are cold blooded animals; i. e., the
temperature of the blood is the same as that of the water

432

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

PADDLE-FISH

So-called from the paddle-like or sponge-shaped snout. Eggs used for caviar. Range: The Mississippi River
and its tributaries.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

433

COMMON CATFISH

The barbels which suggest the whiskers of a cat are responsible

for the name. This fish has no scales. Range: Eastern and Central

United States.

in which they are living. Fishes are found in both fresh
and salt water all over the world and have adopted them-
selves to many conditions; for example, certain fishes
have lived in caves so long that they are blind ; some live
in the coldest water, while others can revel in the heat
of the hot springs.

Many fishes are valuable as food and the fisheries are
extensive industries, in which large sums of money are
invested.

There are four great groups of fishes :

1. The sharks and rays, with cartilaginous skeletons.

2. The ganoids of which the sturgeon and garpike are

examples, with heavy plates or scales.

3. The bony fishes — salmon, pickerel, mackerel, cod,

halibut, etc.

4. The lung fishes, that live partly in air.

There are many species of sharks. Among the more
common ones in Atlantic waters are the Smooth Dogfish
which has pavement-like teeth ; the Sand Shark with cat-
like teeth; the Hammerhead Shark with its eyes on
stalks. The near relatives of the sharks are the Skates,

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

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This fish is covered with bony plates instead of scales. The ro© is made into caviar

Rangel Upper and middle Mississippi Valley

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

435

the Sting-Rays and the Torpedo. The Sturgeon is the
most common example of the ganoid fish. They are all
heavily clad with a bony armor. Most of the fishes that
we find, however, belong to the third group, i. e., bony
fishes. Among the salt-water species, the cod, the hali-
but, the mackerel, and the bluefish are especially valuable
as food. Of the salt-water fishes that go up the rivers
into fresh water to breed, the salmon and the shad are
widely known. Of the strictly fresh-water fish, the sun-
fish and catfish are very common. Among the game-fish
are the trout, bass, pickerel, and salmon.

For those who live in cities, a convenient place to begin
the study of fishes is in the fish-market. Here we may
learn to know the common food-fishes by name, and to
know many interesting things about them. If there is a
Public Aquarium or a Natural History Museum in your
city, you can use it in connection with the fish-market.
Especially valuable in Museums are the habitat groups of
fishes, that is, those in which the fishes are shown in their
natural surroundings. But, best of all, the place to study
fishes, as is true of all other animals, is out-of-doors in
their native haunts. With your dip-net or hook and line,
catch the fish, and then by the aid of one of the books
listed below find out what its name is. Then, by observa-
tion of the fish see what is interesting in its life-history.
Find out where the mother-fish lays her eggs. Does
either parent guard them? Has the fish any natural
weapons of defense? If so, what are they? Does either
parent care for the young after they are hatched? What
does the fish feed upon ? In what way is the fish protec-
tively colored. In the study of fishes, an interesting
means is the home aquarium. Any Girl Scout can easily
learn how to install and maintain a balanced aquarium,
that is, one in which the water does not have to be changed
and in fact should not be changed. In such an aquarium,

436

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

one may keep and study a great variety of fishes. Some
of our local fishes, such as young catfish and suckers,
will prove fully as interesting as the goldfish, and many
other animals besides fishes will thrive in a small aquar-
ium, such as tadpoles of frogs, toads, and salamanders,
adult water-newts, soft-shelled turtles, snails, water-
beetles, and nymphs of dragon-flies.

HAMMERHEAD SHARK

The eyes are on the ends of blunt stalks, or extensions of the sides
of the head, which suggest the name. Range: All warm seas, north

to Cape Cod.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

437

A GARDEN UNDER WATER
Starfishes, Crabs and Sea-anemones

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Animals Without Backbones

In general the Invertebrates are animals without a
backbone; that is, they do not have an internal support-
ing skeleton of bone, as does the dog or cat. Compared
with mammals or birds, they are all small, and some
are so very tiny that they can be seen only with a very
powerful microscope. Most of them live in the water
or in mud or sand under the water. Hence the best
place to get acquainted with them is along the seashore
or near some lake or stream.

There are several different groups of Invertebrates
and between these groups there are greater differences

SQUID

Member of same family as Octupus, and is re-
lated to the Oyster, Has ink bag for protection.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

439

SNAILS AND THEIR TRACKS ON THE SEA-BEACH

of structure than there is between a horse and a hum-
mingbird. The principal groups are:

1. The Protozoa, or one-celled animals (nearly all
microscopic).

2. The Sponges.

3. The Jellyfishes, Sea-anemones, and Corals.

4. Worms of several groups.

5. Starfishes, Sea-urchins, and Sea-cucumbers.

6. Segmented Worms.

7. Crabs, Lobsters, etc.

8. Oysters, Snails, and Octopi.

9. Insects and Spiders.

Seashore Life

Because of their connection with our industries or
our food supply, some of the Invertebrates are familiar

440

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

JELLY FISH

to all; for instance, sponges, corals, starfishes, crabs,
shrimps, lobsters, clams, and oysters. Others are seldom
seen unless one takes pains to look for them.

All life comes from pre-existing life. So every ani-
mal living to-day has come from some other living animal
and every plant living to-day has come from some other
previously living plant. It is believed that the first forms
of life came from the water. At any rate, the oldest and
lowest forms of life to-day, the Protozoa, are found in
the water. As these are nearly all very minute and can
be studied only with a microscope, they are omitted from
the suggested field work.

All who have access to the seashore have a wonderful
opportunity to study the Invertebrates. The long stretches

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

441

ANIMALS OF THE WHARF-PILES
Habitat Group in the American Museum of Natural History

442

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

of sandy beach, the sections of shore covered with water-
rolled pebbles and stones, even the steep, jagged cliffs,
are all peopled with these animals of the sea. Twice
every twenty-four hours the sea water creeps slowly up
the beach until high water is reached, and twice every
twenty-four hours it recedes again toward the ocean.
It is therefore about twelve hours from one low water
to the next. On a gently sloping beach, the distances
between the high water mark and the low water mark
may be many hundreds of feet, while on a steep beach
or a straight cliff this area may be only a few feet in
width. It is this area between the high and low water
marks that is the haunt of many Invertebrates. These
are animals that can live if they are not continually
covered with water. Here are the rock barnacles, the
soft clams, crabs of many kinds, beach fleas, numerous
sea worms in their special houses, snails, and hermit
crabs. Others will be found in the pools between the
rocks or in the crevasses of the cliffs, which as the
tide falls become great natural aquaria. Here will be
found hydroids, sea-anemones, starfishes, sea-urchins,
phores, hydroids, eggs of fish, tiny copepods, the larvae
or young of sea-urchins, starfishes, or oysters. If an
old wharf is near by, examine the posts supporting it.
The pilings seem to be coated with a shaggy moss of
seaweed. Scrape some of this off and put in a dish of
water. Sea-spiders, starfishes, hydroids that look like
moss, sea-anemones, many varieties of worms, mussels,
and crabs are all living here.

Begin your study of these seashore animals with a
stroll along the beach. Examine the windrows of sea-
wrack or seaweed. Whole troops of sandhoppers rise
ahead of you. Oftentimes animals from distant shores
or deep water will be found. The empty shells have
many a story to tell. The papery egg-cases of the peri-

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

UNDER THE SEA BED

Marine Worms, Whelk, Pecten or Scallop and Periwinkle

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PERIWINKLE AND EGG-CASES

winkle remind one of a beautiful necklace. The air
bubbles rising from the sand or mud as the wave re-
cedes mark the entrance to the burrows of worms.
Stamp hard on the sand. A little fountain of water
announces the abode of the soft clam. Watch the sand
at the edge of the rippling water. The mole-crab may-
be seen scuttling to cover. In the little hollows between
rocks a rock-crab or a green-crab may be found on
guard.

For collecting in the pools and shallow water a fine-
meshed net is desirable. Many of the animals can be
caught and placed in glass dishes of sea water for close
observatic *n.

Group showing a starfish attacking an oyster; soft shelled clams; hermit crabs; fiddler crabs, etc.

446

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

A few animals that may be found at the seashore

Rocky Shores — Hydroids on the rock-weed, rock-bar-
nacles, snails, amphipods, lobsters, and oysters.

Sandy Shores — Worms in tube houses, mole-crab,
sand-hopper, egg-cases, whelks, shrimps.

Muddy Shores — Snails, clams, worms of many vari-
eties, mud-crabs, hermit-crabs, blue crabs, scallops.

Wharves and Bridges (on the piling) — Sponges, hy-
droids, sea-anemones, ascidians, starfishes, sea-urchins,
worms.

On the shores of lakes, ponds, and streams will also
be found many invertebrates.

Insects and Spiders

HUMMINGBIRD MOTH

Range: Eastern North America. The larvae or caterpillars of

this moth feed upon virburnum, snowberry and hawthorn.

Insects play an important part in Nature’s activities.
From the point of view of man some are beneficial and
some are destructive. In the former group may be
mentioned the Dragonflies which feed upon mosquitoes,
the Cochineal insects of Mexico, which furnish a dye-

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447

SEVENTEEN-YEAR CICADA OR SEVENTEEN-YEAR

“LOCUST”

Range: Eastern United States. Pupae emerging from the

ground. Detail from group in the American Museum of Natural
History.

stuff, the Lady-bird beetles, which in the larval stage feed
upon plant lice; the scale insects of India, which fur-
nish shellac; the Bumblebees, which cross-pollinate the
clover, and the Wasps, which fertilize the figs. Dr. Lutz
says that the manna which fed the Children of Israel

448

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

SEVENTEEN-YEAR CICADA OR SEVENTEEN-YEAR

“LOCUST”

Range: Eastern United States. The pupa climbing tree trunk.

Then it bursts its horny outer skin and crawls out an adult.

was honeydew secreted by a scale insect, and that it is
still eaten.

The Silkworm and the Honey-bee have been domesti-
cated since prehistoric times, the former supplying a
valuable fiber for clothing and the latter an important
article of food.

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449

Among the injurious insects a few may be mentioned:
the House Fly or Filth Fly, which may carry disease
germs on its feet to the food that we eat ; the mosquitoes,
which transmit yellow fever and malaria, the rat flea,
which carries bubonic plague ; the weevils, which destroy
rice, beans, chestnuts, etc., and the plant lice, or aphids,
which, by sucking the juices from ornamental and food
plants, are among the most destructive of all insects.

There are so many insects in the world that we cannot
hope to learn them all, even if we wanted to do so, but
most of us wish to know the names of those that attract
our attention, and to know what they do that is im-
portant or interesting. There are approximately 400,000
species or kinds of insects known in the world; that is,
about three times as many as there are species or kinds
of all the rest of the animals in the world put together.
This fact should not hinder us from making a start and
becoming familiar with the interesting habits of a few
of the insects about us.

The eggs of the Monarch Butterfly may be collected
upon the milkweed and brought in, so that the whole
life history or metamorphosis of this beautiful insect,
from the egg through the larva or caterpillar stage and
the pupa or chrysalis stage to the adult butterfly, may be
watched. The larvae or caterpillar must be supplied
daily with fresh milkweed leaves. Other butterflies and
moths and many other insects may be reared in the same
way by supplying the larvae with suitable food. If we
should find a caterpillar feeding upon the leaves of a
maple tree we should continue to feed it maple leaves
if we wish to rear it. Silkworms will eat the leaves of
Osage-orange, but they seem to prefer mulberry leaves.

Cocoons of moths may be easily collected in winter
after the leaves have fallen, and brought in and kept in

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

a cool place until spring when the coming out of the
adult moths will be an occurrence of absorbing interest.

The Spiders, although not insects, are interesting little
animals. See how many types of webs you can find.
Mention a few insects which you know to be preyed

•‘A GATHERING OF MONARCHS”

Monarch Butterflies resting during migration. The Monarch
ranges aU over North and South America and it migrates like
the birds. Photograph of group in American Museum of Natural
History.

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451

upon by spiders. Mention one insect that catches spiders
and stores them away as food for its young.

North America at the time of the maximum stage of the Great
Ice Age, showing area covered by ice. (After Chamberlin and
Salisbury.)

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

THE KING OF THE NORTHLANDS

GEOLOGY

Finds tongues in trees , books in the running brooks ,
Sermons in stones , and good in everything.

— Shakespeare, As You Like It.

The Structure and History of the Earth

There is nothing eternal about the earth except eternal
change, some one has said. It requires only a little look-
ing about us to see that this is true. The earth is not as
it was in the past. Every shower of rain changes or
modifies its surface. And many other and some very
great changes have occurred during the past few millions

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453

of years. During one age, the coal was formed of plants
that grew luxuriantly on the earth’s surface. At one
period in the development of the earth there were many
kinds of invertebrate animals, but no animals with back-
bones. Later, the vertebrates appeared. At one time the
whole Mississippi Valley was under the water of the sea.
(“The Story of Our Continent,” by N. S. Shaler. Ginn
& Co.). These statements suggest just a few of the
things that have been going on in the history of the earth.
By the study of Geology we can learn much more about
it, and we should supplement our study of books with the
more important actual observation of conditions out-of-
doors. To those living in that part of North America,
which is shaded in the accompanying map, the easiest and
most natural approach to the subject of the structure and
history of the earth is by studying the effects of the
continental glacier which formerly moved down over
this region.

Tracks of the Glacier

When we see the foot-prints of an animal in the mud
or in the snow, we are sure that an animal has passed
that way at some previous time. Those who live in Can-
ada or northern United States (See map above) can be
just as sure that a great glacier or ice-sheet formerly
moved down over northern North America, by the tracks
it has left. Although it is estimated by geologists that
between 10,000 and 40,000 years have elapsed since the
Great Ice Age, these tracks or evidences can still be seen
by any one who lives in this region or who can visit it.
The principal ones are: (1) Boulders or Lost Rocks
which were brought down by this glacier ; (2) The Glacial
Drift or Boulder Clay which covers nearly all of the
glaciated region; (3) Scratches on the bed-rock which
show the direction the glacier moved.

Notice in the field the size and shape of the glacial

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

boulders, where they are found, evidence of the place
where the glacier melted off (terminal moraine). Do
these boulders increase or decrease in size as we go south
over the glaciated area? Can you discover any place
where they can be traced back to their native ledge?
Present-day glaciers, like the Muir Glacier in Alaska,
can be seen transporting boulders and drift just as this
great prehistoric ice-sheet must have done.

The drift which consists of clay mixed with pebbles,
cobblestones, and boulders, varies greatly in depth. In
some places there is none, while at St. Paris, Ohio, it is
550 feet deep. It probably averages 100 feet thick or less.

Un your locality note the depth of the drift in cuts made
naturally by creeks and rivers or those made artificially
for railroads. Oil-wells furnish evidence on this point.
Collect a few good examples of scratched or glaciated
pebbles or cobblestones which are abundant in the drift.
These were scratched while frozen in the bottom of the
glacier and pushed along on the bed-rock under the weight
of the ice above.

Collect ten different kinds of rocks from the glacial
boulders and drift, — there are more than pne hundred
kinds to be found, — and with the aid of some such book
as “Rocks and Rock Minerals,” by Louis V. Pirsson
(John Wiley & Sons) or “Common Minerals and Rocks,”
by Wm. O. Crosby (D. C. Heath & Co.) try to identify
them.

All soil is composed of disintegrated or decayed rock.
And it has been observed that the soil of northern North
America is foreign to the bed-rock. Therefore it must
have been transported from some other place. The
glacier did this huge piece of work. The soil of southern
United States contains no boulders or cobblestones and
has been formed by the disintegration and decay of rocks
in place.

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455

Observe glacial scratches and grooves on the bed-rock,
those on Kelley's Island in Lake Erie are famous.

Agassiz was the first to realize that it was a glacier that
did this stupendous piece of work, and this conception or
discovery greatly added to his fame. It is now easy for
us to find the evidences and to enjoy their interpretation.

In fact, the Greenland ice-sheet is a remnant of this
prehistoric continental glacier.

ERRATA IN SECTION XV

Page

a
1 1
n

375. Last line — first Para. For if read of.

378. For Really read Nearly before the word related.

410. For Hazvking read Honking.

42 9. Range of Gila Monster. Desert regions of southern Arizona

and New Mexico.

430. For Tortoise read Turtle.

431. Range of Diamond Back Terrapin: Salt marshes of the Atlantic
Coast and Gulf of Mexico from Massachusetts to Texas.

432. For sponge read spoon, and for far read for.

4 33. In second line for adopted read adapted.

435. The first two lines should read as follows: The most common
example of the ganoid fish is the sturgeon which is heavily clad with
a bony armor.

438. For Octupus read Octopus.

439. Photograph by Mary C. Dickerson.

442. For crevasses read crevices. After the 21st line the following
should have been inserted: “barnacles, mussels. In the shallow
water, crabs and shrimps are crawling along the sandy bottom or
are lying concealed in the mud, while schools of little fishes scoot
across the pool. If a fine silk net is drawn through the water and
then emptied into a glass dish a whole new world of creatures will
be revealed — jellyfishes, ctenophores, etc.”

For moss after shaggy read mass.

451. Photograph used by Courtesy of Henry Holt & Co.

SECTION XVI

THE GIRL SCOUT’S OWN GARDEN

BY DAVID M. HUNTER

A Garden is a lovesome thing, God wot!

Rose plot
Fringed pool ,

Fernd grot—

The veriest school
Of peace; and yet the fool
Contends that God is not —

Not God! in gardens! when the eve is cool ?
Nay, but I have a sign;

9 Tis very sure God walks in mine.

— Thomas Edward Brown.

A very old story tells us that when man was created
he was put by the Creator into a garden to dress it and
to keep it. He could not have been put into a better
place nor could a more honorable and necessary occupa-
tion have been given to him. No doubt the woman who
lived in the garden with him aided him in this work.
Not having a house to care for or dressmaking and
sewing to do, or cooking to take her attention, there
was nothing to prevent her from helping in the dressing
and keeping of the lovely garden. At any rate, that is
what Milton thought, for he makes Adam speak to Eve
of “our delightful task to prune these growing plants
and tend these flowers.”

Two persons would not need a very large garden,
and I will commend this early example to the beginner
in gardening and urge a very small garden to start
with. For it is well to undertake only what can be
easily handled or what can be done thoroughly. There

456

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457

is joy in the contemplation of a perfect work, even
though it be on a small scale, that never comes from
a more ambitious undertaking imperfectly carried out.
Better six square feet of well tilled, weedless, thrifty
garden than an acre poorly cultivated and full of weeds.

A Girl Scout who proposes to make a garden will
naturally ask herself certain questions. If she has the
ground, if she knows already where her garden is to be
placed, the next thing, perhaps, that she will wish to
know is, what tools will be needed. Then follows the
way to treat the soil in order to prepare it for planting
the seeds. After that comes the question of seeds and
the way to plant them. Then the cultivation of the
crops until they are ready to be gathered.

Here, then, we have material for short sections on
(1) tools, (2) preparation of the soil, (3) selection of
seeds, (4) planting, and (5) cultivation.

(1) Tools

Not many tools will be needed, but some seem to be
indispensable. I would suggest: 1. A spading fork.

Some like a long-handled fork, others prefer a short-
handled one. 2. A hoe. 3. A garden or iron-toothed
rake. 4. A hand weeder of some kind. 5. A shovel.
In addition to these tools every gardener will find it
necessary to have a line for making straight rows. This
should be at least the length of the longest dimension
of the garden and white that it may be easily seen.
There should be two pegs to stick it in with. I should
add a board about ten inches wide with straight edges
and as long as the bed is wide, and a pointed stick.

(2) The Preparation of the Seed Bed

The first thing to do, after having determined the
location of your garden, is to measure your bed. If
you have a single bed, one twelve feet long by six feet

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

wide is enough to start with. I should prefer, however,
to have two beds, each three feet wide by twelve feet
long with a narrow path between, say, twelve inches.
The reason for thus laying out the ground in two beds
is that it will be easier to reach the whole bed from
either side without stepping or kneeling on the culti-
vated soil. All cultivation can be done from the paths.

The soil for flower beds needs most careful prepara-
tion. The bed should be dug out to a depth of two
feet, and if the soil is clay, two feet six inches. In
the latter case, put broken stones, cinders or gravel on
the bottom for drainage. The soil should be a mixture
of one-half good sandy loam, one-fourth leaf mould or
muck that has been left out all winter. Mix these thor-
oughly together before filling the beds, sprinkle wood
ashes over the beds and rake them in before planting.
This is to sweeten the soil. Lime may be used for the
same purpose, but in either case get advice as to the
amount needed for the soil in question.

Manure. Next in order will come the enriching of
this plot of ground by spreading upon it a good coating
of well rotted cow manure. In case barnyard manure
is not available, a good mixture of commercial fertilizer
consists of four parts ground bone to one of muriate of
potash applied at the rate of four pounds to the
square rod. This done, proceed to fork the whole piece
over, thrusting the spading fork into the ground its
full length each time, and turning the forkful of earth
so that the manure will be covered and not lie on top
of the ground.

When the spading has been done, then use your rake
and spare it not. Rake until the earth in the beds is
finely pulverized and until the whole bed is as level,
as you can make it.

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459

Now construct your central or dividing path, throw-
ing the soil moved on the beds on either side. To do
this you will need a shovel.

Next define or limit your beds, making the sides and
ends as straight as possible. You ought now to have
two rectangular beds, each three feet by twelve feet,
with a narrow path separating them all ready to put in
the seeds. It would be a good thing to have your beds
raised a little, two or three inches above the general
level of the surrounding earth. This will make them
more distinct and will obviate the settling of water on
your beds ; in other words, will drain them.

Seeds

The principal counsel to be given here is to use great
care in the selection of seeds because it is a bitter dis-
appointment and a discouraging experience to find that
after all your labor your seeds are worthless. It would
be well to test a sample of your seeds to determine their
germinating power. If you have a reliable friend from
whom you can secure your seeds, you are fortunate,
but if you must purchase at the dealer by all means
patronize one of established reputation.

For the first garden I should plant lettuce, radishes,
beets and beans in one of the beds. The other bed may
be devoted to flowers.

Planting

Your beds are now supposed to be all ready for the
seeds. That is to say, they are shaped and graded and
raked fine. The next thing to do is to lay your board
across the bed, with one edge six inches from the edge
of the bed. Then stand on the board and with a
pointed stick make a shallow furrow on each side of
the board close to the board. Here I should put the
lettuce. It is desirable to have the seeds evenly and

460

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

not too thickly distributed in the shallow furrows. One
way of accomplishing this is by mixing your seeds with
some very fine wood ashes in a bowl and spreading the
mixed ashes and seeds along the furrows. A better
way, I think, in the case of a small quantity of seeds
would be to place each seed at a proper distance from
the others. This distance will vary according to the
size of the full grown heads of lettuce. The smaller
varieties might stand six inches apart, while the largest
ones would need to be twice that distance or more.

Having planted your lettuce seeds, turn your board
over carefully twice. That will bring it into position
for two more rows of vegetables. Stand on the board
again and proceed as before, making two shallow fur-
rows with a pointed stick. Here I should put the radish
seeds. These may be sown more thickly, for the rea-
son that as soon as the radishes become large enough
to eat they may be pulled out, leaving room for the
rest of the radishes to develop.

Having planted your radish seeds, repeat the preced-
ing operations, making two furrows again, this time for5
beet seeds. These may also be sown thickly. The plants
may be thinned out afterward. The small plants that
are pulled out will make excellent greens. When the
thinning is completed the remaining plants should stand
from four to six inches apart, according to variety;
some beets are much larger than others.

The rest of the bed devote to string or butter beans.
You will have left for these a space of eighty-eight
inches, or a little more than seven feet. The rows of
beans must be farther apart than the other vegetables
you have planted. Two feet between the rows is not
too much. You will have space enough for three rows.
Measure from your last row of beets one foot six inches
at each side of your bed. Now stretch your line across

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

461

your bed at this distance from the beets, then with a
hoe make a furrow close to the line. This furrow
should be two inches deep at least. Much deeper, you
see, than the shallow furrows for the smaller seeds.
Having made this furrow, measure two feet from it on
each side of the bed and place your line at this point
and make a furrow as before. Repeat the process for
a third furrow. You should now have left a space of
eighteen inches between your last furrow and the end
of the bed. Into these three furrows place the beans,
spacing them.

Your seeds are now all in. At this juncture take
your rake and cover the seeds, leaving the whole bed
level and smooth.

There is nothing more to be done just at present ex-
cept to leave these seeds to the forces of nature, to the
darkness and the moisture and the warmth of their
earthy bed. They are put to bed not that they may
sleep, but in order to wake them up. Soon the deli-
cate shoots will begin to appear above the ground, and
with them will also appear the shoots of many weeds
whose seeds were in the soil. These weeds constitute a
call to your next operation which is

Cultivation

Declare war on the weeds. Use your hand weeder
between the rows of smaller vegetables and let not a
weed escape. If they are in the rows so near to the
seedlings that you cannot us the weeder without dan-
ger to the delicate little plants that you are attending,
then employ your fingers.

For a time you may use the hoe or rake between the
rows of beans, but even here near the paths themselves
the weeder or hands should be preferred.

There is one caution that old gardeners give which

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

is not to work among beans when they are wet with
dew or rain for fear of “rust.” Wait till the sun has
dried the foliage.

Frequent and thorough cultivation not only destroys
the weeds, thus giving your vegetables a better chance
and giving your garden a tidy, well-kept appearance,
but it keeps the soil loose and forms a sort of mulch
whereby the moisture is conserved. The dryer the sea-
son the greater the need of cultivation.

It may seem to you that you are obliged to wait long
and spend a good deal of labor without results, but
when you have for the breakfast table some cool, crisp
radishes and for dinner a head of fresh lettuce, and
later a dish of sweet, luscious beets or mess of string
beans, you will feel well repaid.

Let us now turn our attention to the other bed, in
which you are to grow flowers. This may be treated
as a sort of background for the vegetable bed. To
do this let the rows of plants run the other way. That
is to say, lengthwise of the bed instead of across. It is
assumed that the ground has been treated as in the
case of the vegetable bed.

When you have accomplished this work of prepara-
tion set your line six inches from the side of the bed
nearest your vegetables, or the patch between the two
beds. Make a shallow furrow , the full length of the
bed with your pointed stick. In this furrow sow your
flower seeds of some low-growing plant such as sweet
alyssum. Then move your line back toward the other
side of the bed one foot. Here you should place some
taller plants, such as asters. The aster plants should
have been raised in the house, or purchased from some
grower. Again move your line one foot nearer the rear
margin of your bed and in this row plant your tallest
plants. Dahlias or cosmos would be very effective.

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463

You must get the roots for the dahlias somewhere.
Cosmos is planted from seeds. In planting the dahlias
it would be well to dig a hole for each plant so deep
that when the root is set it will be two or three inches
below the surface of the ground. Good results will be
obtained if before putting in the roots you put a hand-
ful or two of good manure in the hole and sprinkle a
little soil over it.

I have mentioned these particular plants simply as
specimens. Other choices may be made and a suggested
list is given at the end of this section. But whatever
the selection, two things should be kept in mind. First,
that the rows should contain plants that vary in height,
the lowest being placed in the front row, the tallest at
the back; and second, that plants should be chosen that
will be in bloom at the same time, for at least a part
of the season.

If your work has been well done you ought to have
a small bed of vegetables, thrifty, in straight rows, well
cultivated, clean, and back of that, looking from the
side, another bed if flowering plants that should be a
delight to the eye, especially the eye of the possessor
and maker. Of course, the beds will not present this
perfect appearance for a long time because as the vege-
tables are used the beds will show where the vegetables
have been removed. It should be mentioned, however,
that it is possible to have more than one planting of
radishes in a season; also of lettuce, and these may be
replaced after the first planting has been used.

There are many satisfactions in gardening. The in-
timacy with nature furnishes one of them. To be with
growing things through all the stages of their growth,
in all weathers and all hours of the day gives a quiet
pleasure that is a healing and soothing influence. To
produce something so valuable, so necessary as food

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

by one’s own exertion and care confers true dignity
upon one and a sense of worth. To eat what one has
raised oneself adds a flavor to it.

From the garden as a center paths lead out in every
direction, paths for thought and study.

My wish for every Girl Scout who undertakes a gar-
den is that she may have all these satisfactions, and
may follow all these delightful paths that lead to
knowledge, and through knowledge to joy.

Suggested Flowers for Border

Biennials such as Canterbury Bells, Foxgloves and
Sweet William should be seeded early in the spring in a
reserve bed to be ready for the season’s bloom. In order
to secure a succession of bloom they should be taken
out after flowering and replaced with annuals.

Annuals — Of these some of the most satisfactory are
Asters, Calendula, Lupin, Petunias, Rosy Morn, Snap-
dragon, Stock and Rose Zinnias.

Take out any plants that are not the right colors.
Brown earth is better than purple annual Larkspur, ma-
genta Petunias, orange Calendulas or red Zinnias. Keep
the color scheme ranging from true blues through rose
and salmon pinks, lavenders and deep blue purples and
white yellows. If you want brilliant reds or magentas
have them in a bed apart.

Bulbs — Tulips, such as Murillo, or early varieties (La
Reine, Pink Beauty, President Lincoln, Proserpine,
Queen of the Netherlands and Rose Luisante), or late
varieties (La Merveille, La Reve, Moonlight, The Fawn)
and Mertensiav Virginica can be planted along the bor-
ders of the flower bed.

Darwin Tulips, such as Clara Butt, Dream, Gretchen,
La Tristesse, La Tulipe Noire, Mrs. Potter Palmer,
Philippe de Commines, Psyche, Rev. Ewbank, Suzon,
should be planted in more shaded places.

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465

Plan for a border of Perennials

<8C*I.'» ft - I

SECTION XVII

MEASUREMENTS, MAP MAKING AND

KNOTS

1. measurements

Every country has national standards of measures and
weights which are made and kept by the governments
as patterns, for measuring and comparing the instruments
made for business purposes. The units of measure have
been fixed by law, for it is most important that people
and countries in dealing with each other shall know ex-
actly what is meant by such words as yard, foot, pint
and pound.

The unit of length used in this country is the yard. It
is divided into three feet and each foot into twelve inches.
The foot refers to the length of a man's foot. It is said
that the length of the yard was based upon the length of
the arm of an English king, but that sounds like a fairy
tale. Many of our units of distance and weight have
been borrowed from the English and are more complicat-
ed than those used by the French, whose unit of length
is the meter. In 1799, or thereabouts, an international
convention met at Paris to decide what the exact length
of a meter should be, for several countries at that time
were using what was known as the Metric System of
Weights and Measures. It was finally agreed that the
length of a meter should be equal to one ten-millionth
of the distance on the earth's surface, from the pole to
the equator, or 39.37 inches.

At the same convention a unit of weight was determined.
Because water is so important and familiar it was chosen
as the basis for this unit. A cube of water at 40 centi-
grade, and measuring on each edge 1/100 of a meter, was

466

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

467

taken and called a gram, which is about equal to 15 of our
grains.

All peoples find it necessary in the house, out in the
open and in nearly all forms of occupation to measure
and weigh in order to accomplish their work.

It is part of a Scout's preparedness to know how to
measure and weigh, and how to judge measurements and
numbers without using measures and weights.

There are rules for determining length and weight, and
it is important to understand them. Measuring a distance
means to find out the length of the straight line from one
point to another. To get a sraight line in the open when
walking fix the eyes upon two objects directly in front,
one nearer and smaller than the other. With eyes high
walk toward these objects keeping them always in line.
When approaching the first one choose another to take
its place in line with it and the second. Always have two
objects in direct line with the eyes.

This method can be used in marching, rowing, swim-
ming, and when staking out the points of triangles for
measuring distance and height, as it will give the shortest
distance between two points.

There are three general methods of measuring distance
accurately. (1) chaining or taping; (2) telemetry, and
(3) triangulation. Less accurate means of measuring are
by sound, pacing and timing.

(1) Chaining and Taping. The regulation chain or
tape used by surveyors is 100 feet long. A Scout may
use a shorter line but must follow the same rules.

Three things must be kept in mind when using a line,
a. The straight distance between two points is to be ob-
tained. b. The point where the end of the line comes
each time must be marked, e. The line must be stretched
tight.

This method can be used in measuring off the distance

468

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

for pacing to obtain -the average length of one’s pace, as
suggested in a later paragraph under Useful Personal
Measurements.

(2) Telemetry. The second method is used in deter-
mining long distances for artillery practice and in survey-
ing. It is called telemetry and the use of an instrument
is necessary.

(3) Triangulation. This is a long word but one a
Scout can learn to know and use. It means that the
length of the distance can be computed by means of
triangles staked out on the grounds, when to measure
with a line would be impossible or not satisfactory. It
is not necessary to make the sides of the triangles, only
the points need to be indicated as it is the relative position
of the points which make a triangle and not the lines.
These can be marked in the country with poles, stakes
or stones ; in the city Scouts could stand in position at the
necessary points.

When using triangles where shall a Scout place the
points ?

If the width of a stream, road or field is wanted
choose a place where its sides are on about the same
level and if possible fairly straight. Then proceed as
shown in the accompanying diagram a. Select a conspi-
cuous object on the farther bank of the stream, such as a
tree, bush or stone and call it X. Stand opposite it at the
near edge of the stream or on the bank, and place a
stake A in front of you keeping X and A in direct line,
walk backward a few feet and plant a stake B in direct
line with them. Right or left face — -(for a right angle
is necessary at this point). Pace a straight line for say
20 feet and plant a stake C, one high enough to be plainly
seen ; continue the straight line for say 10 feet more and
plant a stake D. Turn inland, (another right angle
is here necessary) and pace to the point where the ob-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Diagram A. To Measure Width of Stream or Road

ject X on the far side of the stream can be seen in direct
line with the stake C. At this point place stake E.
Measure the distance from E to D. With paper and
pencil mark down the example — for such it is — in this
way:

DC : CB : : DE : BX
or

as the length from D to C is to the length of C to B

is the length from D to E to the length from B to X

or as in this example,

as 10 is to 20 so 8 is to the distance from B to X, which
would be 16. Having discovered the distance between A
and B in the case given, 4 feet from the distance between
B and X and the result will give the width of the stream,
which is 12 feet.

It may not be always necessary to use the line A — B
but if the edge of the stream or road is crooked it is
necessary in order to make B — D a straight line at right
angles to A — X.

In calculating a height, as that of a tree, house or
tower, the triangles can again be used, as shown in
diagram b. Choose a level strip of ground; pace the
distance in a straight line, from the base of the tree A, ot

470

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

tower, to a point some distance from the tree, and plant
a pole or stake say 5 feet high B ; continue pacing the
straight line to the point where, lying down with eyes
level with the tree base, the top of the tree can be seen
on a line with the top of the pole ; plant here stake C.
The height of the tree AA' wil be to the length of the
distance from C to A as the height of the pole, BB' is to
the distance between B and C. A Scout can stand in the

There are other ways of determining height. As
shown in diagram c, place a mirror (M) horizontally
on the ground reflector side up, some distance from the
base of the object to be measured, in this case a tent.
Walk backward from the mirror in a straight line until
the top of the tent pole can be seen in it. The problem
will read in this way : the distance from the mirror to
your heels (MS) is to the distance from your heels to
your eyes (GS) as the distance from the mirror to the
base of the object (MT) is to the height of the object
TT'). Water in a dark pan or tray or a pool on a still
day will answer for a mirror.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

471

Diagram D. To Test a Right Angle

A right angle can be tested by measuring off 3 feet on
one side of the corner and 4 feet on the other side, as
shown in diagram d. If the distance between the two
points is 5 feet the angle is true; if not 5 feet move one
point as much as is necessary to make 5 feet.

South American natives estimate height fairly correct-
ly by turning the back to the object, walking straight
away from it to the point where the top of the object
can be seen by bending over and looking between the
legs. Plant a peg at this point and the distance from the
peg to the base of the object is roughly equal to the
height. .

Sound travels at the rate of 365 yards every second,
as many yards as there are days in the year. By count-
ing the seconds between seeing the flash from a gun,
or the steam puff from a locomotive and hearing the
sound of the explosion or whistle it is possible to figure
the length of the distance between yourself and the gun
or locomotive.

It is said that the number of seconds between a flash of
lightning and the thunder will give the distance between
you and the place where the lightning struck.

We use weighing machines or scales in buying food, so
that we may compare the actual amount of food we buy
with a standard weight, otherwise there would be much
confusion and business could not be carried on between
peoples. For this reason we use pint, quart, peck and

472

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

bushel measures, all of which are regulated by law as to
the amount they hold.

There are some people who have a true feeling or
sense for weight and can tell almost to an ounce the
weight of a parcel by lifting it. Others have a good
memory and can tell the weight of a quantity by looking
at it. Others know distance and can estimate it correctlv
without use of rule or measure, and likewise judge
numbers.

Very few people have this ability naturally, but many
have acquired it by practice and patience and a Scout
can do so: she will find many times that this particular
form of knowledge whether in or out of doors is of
benefit.

How often a housekeeper wishes she could tell about
how much material to buy for this or that purpose with-
out getting the yard stick and measuring. The seamstress
and dressmaker must judge length and width and even
height, and the cook constantly has need of a sense of
quantity and size. The photographer, the pioneer, the
camper, all must know measurements. This matter of
judging is something we are called upon to do much
more than we have realized. The point is how can we
learn the trick? We should start with something we
know and compare to it something whose size we do not
know. This is where knowing your personal measure-
ments will be of value. Always prove when practicing
your idea, otherwise you will not improve your ability.
That is, make your estimate, then see how near right it is
by measuring. Learn to know how an inch, a foot, a yard
look. hen work with longer lengths out of doors with
several feet, and several yards. Fences, roads, streets,
dooryards, houses, all can be judged as to length.

Height is less easy to estimate for we are not so accus-
tomed to looking up and down as we are to looking

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

473

forward or back and forth, but the same rules hold good.
Learn to know the height of a chair seat, a table, your
own height, a room, a house, trees: by measuring and
looking, and looking and measuring, you will accomplish
much.

To learn to judge weight begin by holding in your hand
something that weighs a pound ; after holding it a few
moments put it down and then take it up again always
trying to sense the weight. Do not use your eyes, only
your hand. Try a two pound weight, and so on. Then
take up something else the weight of which you do not
know and see if you can tell its weight. Practice, patience
and memory are necessary in this work.

There is another way of judging weight, one in which
our eyes help us. Knowing how a pound of butter looks
as to size we can judge the weight of a mass of butter by
looking at it and comparing it mentally with what we
know. We can follow this method in judging the weight
of different goods, but as each kind when put in pound
quantities looks more or less different from every other
kind, experience, and knowledge of the character of the
goods is necessary. A pound of butter and a pound of
feathers do not make the same size bundle so the weight
of each could not be judged by the same eye standard.

By practice a Girl Scout should be able to do the follow-
ing things in the way of judging height, weight and dis-
tance :

(1) Be able to judge within 25 per cent the follow-
ing: Height of a tree, house, pole, etc., not ex-

ceeding 50 feet. Material, 1, 3, 15, 18, 27, 30, 36,
42 and 56 inches. Diameter of the trunk of a tree,
a pole, water pipe or similar object. Distance of
6, 10, 15, 25 and 100 feet. (This is useful in
camera work.)

(2) Pick out from a miscellaneous assortment bottles

47 4

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

of 2, 4, 6 and 8 ounces. Bottles of 1 pint, 1 quart,
1 gallon. Pails, 1 pint, 1 quart, 2 quarts, 1 gallon.

(3) Be able without scales to weigh out specified
amounts of sugar, flour or other household mater-
ials, for example, 1, 5 or 10 pounds.

(4) Be able to pick out from an assortment packages
of rice, tea, cornmeal, etc., weighing J4, 1, 2, 5
and 10 pounds.

(5) Be able to give in the usual measures, either
avoirdupois or metric, capacity of the standard
teaspoon, tablespoon, teacup.

(6) Be able to tell when you have walked a mile in
open country. This may be done by using Scout’s
Pace for 12 minutes, on a fifty walk, fifty run
rhythm, or by knowing one’s own walking step
length.

(7) Be able to judge of spaces between distant objects
such as the distance between two trees, the width
of a road, or a brook, by the triangulation method.

USEFUL PERSONAL MEASURES

It is sometimes a great convenience to measure a length
of ribbon, lace or other goods without the use of a rule
or tape measure; but what shall we use in their place?
Look at your thumb — how long is it from the end to the
first joint and the middle finger, from the end to the
knuckle on the back of the hand? Isn’t it nearly four and
one-half inches or one-eighth of a yard? That is what
the average grown person’s finger measures. To get the
correct length of your own finger, hold the end of a tape
line to the end of the finger with the thumb of the same
hand, draw the tape measure tight over the bent finger to
the knuckle. This is a very useful measure for short
lengths.

Another measure for longer lengths is the distance

SCOUTING GOR GIRLS

475

from the end of your nose, when your head is turned
sharply to one side, to the end of your thumb when your
arm is stretched straight out from the shoulder in the
opposite direction. Measure and find out this distance
for yourself by holding the very end of a ribbon, tape or
rope with the left hand to the end of the nose, head
turned to the left, and with the right hand run the fingers
along the edge of the ribbon until it is stretched to arm’s
length. Marking the ribbon with a pin where the right
thumb and forefinger have held it, measure the distance
with a yard measure or rule from the end of the ribbon
to the pin. This length will be about the same as the
standard unit of length used in this country. When meas-
uring a long length of goods, use the point held by the
right hand as the starting point to be held by left hand.

If you know the distance between the end of your little
finger and the end of your thumb when they are stretched
apart, the palm of the hand being held flat, you can meas-
ure a distance such as the length of a table, shelf, pole,
etc. When judging the height of a person, remember that
the distance from the top of the head to the chin is about
one-ninth of the height of the body. The distance be-
tween the middle fingers when the arms are stretched
straight out from the shoulders is about equal to the
height of the body.

Another personal measure that is of value is the length
of one’s average pace or stride ; that is, the distance from
the toe of one boot to the toe of the other when walking
a natural gait. It is also useful to know the average
number of paces taken in walking a given distance, such
as a mile, and the time required to make them. All of
this information can be obtained in a very simple way.
Measure off as accurately as possible 220 yards, which is
one-eighth of a mile, or take a known distance, and pace
it back and forth at least eight times, but not all in one

476

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

day. Each time keep a record of the number of paces
taken and the time required to pace the distance. Divide
the sum of the paces by the number of times paced and
the result will be the average number of paces for the
distance by the number of times paced, and get the aver-
age number of paces and get the average length of your
pace. Divide the sum of the minutes spent in pacing the
distance by the numer of times paced, and get the aver-
age length of time required to walk the distance. When
the average length of pace is known, the distance between
two points can be quite accurately estimated by pacing, if
the ground is open, level and solid. If up or down grade,
if the ground is muddy or heavy, or there are other
causes which retard the gait, a reduction must be made.

None of the above methods for measuring are scien-
tific, therefore are not accurate, but they are useful ways
of measuring approximately lengths and distances by
means of a guide always at hand.

2. MAP MAKING FOR GIRL SCOUTS

The word map calls to our mind a picture of lines,
angles, dots and circles which tell us something about a
position of the surface of the earth. It gives us an idea
of distance and direction, indicates heights and sometimes
tells of interesting land conditions. What we see are
but symbols representing a more or less true picture.
This method of telling a story is very old ; as long ago
as 1370 B. C. it was used to show the location of the then
famous Nubian Gold Mines. This ancient map is now
preserved in the Museum of Turin.

Later, in 611 B. C. the first map of the world was
made — the world as men knew it then. They thought
it was like a hollow cylinder and surrounded by a river.
By 276 B. C. maps were used and understood quite
generally.

They were named originally after the material upon

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

*77

which they were painted or drawn. Map from Mappa,
meaning cloth, and chart from charta, meaning parch-
ment. Even toda'y maps are made on cloth when for
use in the open by cyclists, military men, and so forth,
and charts are those maps filling the needs of seamen.
Savage tribes used maps made of horn, bone and wood.

In the 15th century the first printed maps were made
and now many processes are used in reproducing these
valuable and necessary graphic pictures, every line and
dot of which have been made out of someone's experi-
ence. The explorer, the pioneer, the navigator, all con-
tributing to the store of knowledge of the earth's surface,
and many times having thrilling adventures, surviving ter-
rible conditions that the earth may be known as it really
appears.

Although maps are made to scale and every distance
computed most accurately by the use of very fine instru-
ments, Scouts can accomplish the real purpose of maps
in a small and simple way, for they are after all, but
guides to those who follow.

Knowing a delightful road or trail, one can by a map
guide others to it, or by making a map of a city, or coun-
try district help a stranger to find his way about. Our
maps must contain as the all important features: Direc-
tion, Distance, Points of Identification, and the explana-
tion on the margin of the map of all symbols or conven-
tional signs used. For hiking purposes a starting point
and a goal are necessary, all cross-roads must be indicated
— streams, bridges, trails, springs, points of interest, van-
tage points for extended views, and so forth.

A city map should note beside streets, the car lines or
bus lines, public buildings, library, churches, hotels,
stores, police station, public telephone booths, a doctor's
office, fire alarm box and post box.

A village map should show in addition the way to the

478

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

nearest large town or city, give the railroad station, and
so forth.

Direction is shown by symbol, an arrow or a line with
an N pointing to the North, which should be at the top of
the map, and all lines and signs should be made in relation
to it.

Distance is shown by what is known as scale. It would
be impossible and unnecessary in making a map to use the
exact measurements of distances existing in any given
portion of country, but we can indicate those distances
by drawing our map even though very small so that lines,
angles, circles and dots will bear the same relation to each
other as the points they represent bear to each other.
This is done by using a small measure to represent a large
measure. If 1 inch was used to represent a mile, a map
showing 80 square miles of ground, measuring 8x10
miles could be drawn on a comparatively small piece of
paper. Whatever scale is used must be noted on the map,
however.

The true distances are found by pacing or by triangu-
lation. The interesting, helpful and necessary points are
learned by observation. These are the real guides when
using a map and these should be placed most correctly.
Some of the symbols most generally used in map making
are shown in the accompanying cut.

To be able to read a map is quite as important as mak-
ing one. Signs must be understood, distances read, and
directions known. It will help in ascertaining the latter
point to hold the map so its position will be true to the
points of the compass — the East to the East. This is
called orienting a map.

A sketch map, not made to scale or true as to direction
or distance, but giving enough accurate information to
serve in guiding a stranger truly, can be made very
quickly and easily if the district sketched has been ob-

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

479

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481

MAP OF GIRL SCOUT CAMP MADE BY SCOUT

482

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

served closely. Observation is at the root of map making.

The reproduced sketch of a map made by Girl Scout,
will be a guide to the Scout who is learning how to tell
a story by symbols.

THE COMPASS

The Mariner’s Compass is an instrument which shows
where the North, and other directions, are. Boxing the
Compass consists in enumerating the points beginning with
North and working around the circle as follows:

NORTH
North by East
North, Northeast
Northeast by North
Northeast
Northeast by East
East, Northeast
East by North
EAST

East by South
East, Southeast
Southeast by East
Southeast

• Southeast by South
South, Southeast
South by East

SOUTH
South by West
South, Southwest
Southwest by South
Southwest

Southwest by West
West, Southwest
West by South
WEST

West by North
West, Northwest
Northwest by West
Northwest

Northwest by North
North, Northwest
North by West
NORTH

How to Find Points of Compass Without a Compass

Every Scout should be able to find the North without a
compass. By day the sun will tell you where the North is,
and the stars by night.

How to Tell the Points of the Compass by the Sun

The sun rises in the east and sets in the West. Any time

before noon, if you stand facing the sun, the North is at your

left hand; after noon, if you face the sun, North is at your
right hand.

The Phoenicians, who sailed round Africa in ancient times,

noticed that when they started the sun rose on their left-

hand side — they were going south. Then they reported that
they got to a strange country where the sun got up in the
wrong quarter, namely on their right hand. The truth was
that they had gone round the Cape of Good Hope and were
steering north again up the coast of Africa^

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

483

Probably the most accurate way to find North, if you have
no compass, is to use an open-faced watch. Holding the
watch flat, turn it so that the small or hour hand points
directly toward the sun. The South will then be half way
between the hour hand and the figure XII on the dial. Be-
fore noon the halfway point is between the hourhand and
XII clockwise, and after noon it is between the hour hand
and XII counter-clockwise.

How to Find North by the Stars

All stars appear to rise in the east and set in the west,
which is really due to our earth turning around under them.
But one star never moves in relation to us, and that is Polaris,
the North Star, which stands still over the north pole to show
us where North is. -

484

SCOUTING FOR >GIRLS

3. KNOTS AND THEIR USES FOR GIRL SCOUTS

It 'doubtless seems very strange to you that a Girl
Scout should have to know how to handle a rope and
tie knots according to rules. Most people have never
dreamed that there are rules for these things ; they have
made knots, when necessary, in a way peculiar to them-
selves and have been quite surprised that the knots
come out when they are expected to hold fast and hold
fast when they are expected to come out.

Ropes and knots have been in use by all peoples for
many years. The rules concerning them have been de-
veloped and perfected as time has passed, until now
there is no question as to the usefulness of these things
and the way to handle them correctly.

>As the sailors and the engineers have worked with
ropes and knots more than others, it is to them that we
go for our information. We need all we can get, for to-
day in nearly all forms of occupation twine, cord and
rope are used and knots are tied. As the Girl Scout
who wants to be a Golden Eaglet takes up many of these
occupations, she needs to know how to tie knots quickly,
in the dark if necessary, and correctly, for then they
will hold fast yet can be readily untied. These are
essential requirements to be remembered, but just as
important is the fact that the purposes and uses of knots
differ greatly.

Every Scout should have five feet of one-quarter inch
Manila rope, whipped at both ends. With this small
piece, which only represents the much larger rope needed
in many cases for practical purposes, all of the required
knots can be made and nearly all of their uses demon-
strated.

Have you ever made a blanket roll, put it across your
shoulder, hiked through the woods or over the hills for
a sleep in the open? Where would all your necessary

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

485

articles have been if you had not tied them snugly in
the roll? Without them you would have been far from
happy.

Or have you pulled a sled up a long hill over and
over again for the sake of the slide down? How about
the little knots that held the rope in place — did you ever
think of them? There are many things we do for the
sake of a good time where knots and rope are indis-
pensable.

An interesting story is told by a Girl Scout who
watched two m,en trying to hang a very large and heavy
curtain which was to be used as part of the stage setting
for an entertainment. The men tried to tie two ropes
together, one of which was considerably larger than
the other. Every knot they tied was pulled out by
the weight of the curtains. Finally the men were quite
ready to say “It cannot be done.” It was then that
the Girl Scout offered her services. The men looked
at her doubtfully, but said, “Go ahead.” Of course, she
tied a knot that held fast, then she had to teach it to
the men. You see, she could be helpful, for she knew
the kind of knot that would hold two ropes of unequal
thickness together and knew how to make it.

Did you ever notice how few people know how to
tie bundles and packages securely and neatly? Yet this
is a most helpful thing to do. Parcels that go through
the post or by express are handled roughly and unless
tied with special care they are not delivered in good
condition.

Sometimes we find ourselves in the midst of unusual
surroundings where we can be of service if we know
what to do and how to do it. A Scout is sometimes
called upon to give First Aid, possibly to tie on splints,
a bandage, or a sling; or use a life-line. r

Once a boat was swept over one of the lesser falls

486

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

1. Square or Reef Knot

at Niagara. In it were three people — a father, mother
and their son. A group of men and women standing on
the bridge saw the accident; one of them ran for a rope
and threw the end over the side of the bridge calling
to those in the water to catch it. One succeeded, but
the rope slipped through his hands almost immediately
because there was neither a loop nor a knot to hold on to.

These stories, which are true, make us realize the

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

48 7

importance of knowing something of ropes and knots,
that we may Be Prepared when our services are needed.

Parts of a Rope

The three parts of a rope are:

1. The End, the part used in leading;

2. The Bight, a loop made by bending the rope back
on itself and holding it in place;

3. The Standing Part, the long portion of the rope
not used when tying a knot.

1. Square or Reef Knot

The name of the knot the purpose of which is to tie
together two ends of equal thickness, either to make
them fast or to lengthen a rope, is the Square or Reef
knot. It is made so that the ends come out alongside
of the standing part and the knot will not jam. It is
used when tying bundles, such as the blanket-roll, and
packages; for tying on splints, fastening the ends of a
sling or mending broken strings, ropes or cords, as shoe-
strings, clotheslines, etc. It is the knot used more com-
monly than any other.

To make the Square Knot:

Take an end in each hand ;

Cross the end in the right hand over the end in the
left hand;

Bend it around the rope in the left hand ;

Cross the end in the left hand over the end in the
right hand;

Bend it around the rope in the right hand ;

Pull tight.

2. Sheet-bend

Another knot that is used for tying two ends together,
generally those of unequal thickness, or for fastening an
end to a permanent loop, is the Sheet-bend.

488 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

2a. Sheet Bend: Loose

To make a Sheet-bend:

Make in the end of the larger rope a small bight or
use the permanent loop in its place;

Pass the end of the smaller rope up through the bight;

Under the bight;

Over the bight;

Under its own part;

Pull the loops tight.

This is the way the Girl Scout tied the rope together
for the stage hands.

3. Bowline-Knot

If the people on the bridge at Niagara Falls had made
a Bowline-knot in the end of the rope before throwing
it as a life-line they might have saved one if not three
lives. A Bowline is used chiefly for hoisting and lower-
ing ; it can be used for a halter or with the Sheet-bend in
making a guard-line or fence. It is a knot holding fast
a loop which can be made of any size and which will
not jam or give.

To make a Bowline-knot:

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

489

Take the end in the right hand;

Draw the rope toward you over the palm of the left
hand, measuring off as much as is needed to make the
required size loop;

Drop the end;

Make a small bight in the palm of the left hand by
turning the rope toward the ends of the fingers;

Take the end in the right hand ;

Pass it up through the bight;

Back of and around the standing part ;

Down through the bight;

Pull the end and the rope forming the loop against
the standing part.

When the Bowline is used for hoisting or lowering
a person, as in case of fire, the loop should be large
enough to be used as a seat; it should be passed over
the head and shoulders, the standing part in front of
the body, to be held on to with both hands.

When using a rope for a life-line:

Fasten securely one end to something that will not give.

Make a Bowline at the other end of the line large
enough to go over the head and shoulders;

Hold the knot in the right hand, the end toward you ;

Take the standing part in the left hand, measure off
about three feet of rope;

Draw the rope toward you, pass it over the palm of
the right hand and hold fast.

Again measure off the same amount, draw the rope
toward you, pass it over the palm of the right hand, and
hold fast;

Continue this process until enough rope is coiled to
more than cover the distance to the person in the water.

Grasp the coil firmly in the right hand;

Hold the standing part in the left hand;

Draw the right arm back from the shoulder;

490

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

3. Bowline

Swing the arm forward and throw the coil out over
the water to. the person in distress ;

Make sure that the person in the water gets a firm
grasp on the rope;

Quickly take the standing part in both hands;

Pull on the rope with a hand over hand motion, keep
the line taut and pull the person to safety.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

491

Do not make the mistake of throwing the coil “up” ;
throw it out over the water.

The important points to remember when using a rope
for rescue work are to fasten the free end so the rope
will not slip out of reach; to coil the rope properly so
it will not kink or knot when let out; and to make a
Bowline large enough to go around the body.

When a group of Scouts make a guard line, each
girl makes a Bowline in the end of her rope, large
enough to put her hand through, fastens her right-hand
neighbor’s rope to it by means of a Sheet-bend and holds
her portion of the line in place by using the Bowline
in her rope for a handle.

The purpose of the Half-hitch is to make fast an end
of rope to a pole, post, etc. It is a knot that can be
easily undone. It is used for hauling, fastening awning
ropes, flag ropes, etc.

To make a Half-hitch:

Take the end in the right hand;

Pass the end under and around the pole ;

Around the standing part ;

Under itself, forming a bight out of which the stand-
ing part comes.

492

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

The purpose of a Clove-hitch, which is also called
the Builders’ Knot, is to make fast an end of rope, gen-
erally to a post or tree. This knot holds securely and
does not slip laterally. It is of value when tethering
an animal or tying a boat. It can be used for fastening
an awning rope, tent ropes, for tying on splints or fasten-
ing the end of a bandage when it is used to confine a
delirious person.

A fence or guard-line can be made where trees or
posts are available by tying the end of the rope by means
of a Half-hitch to the first tree, and then using a Clove-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

493

hitch on the other trees or posts.

To tie the Clove-hitch:

Take the end in the right hand;

Pass it around the post;

Over the standing part;

Continue around the post;

Under the standing part;

Slip the end up through the lower loop;
Pull tight.

6. Sheep-Shank

The purpose of a Sheep-shank is to take up slack or
shorten a rope temporarily. It is used on tent ropes,
tow lines.

To make the Sheep-shank:

Cross the hands and take hold of the rope ;

Take up the slack by drawing the hands past each
other ;

Hold the two long loops firmly in one hand ;

Make a bight in the rope between the loop and the end ;
Pass the loop through the bight ;

Do the same thing at the other end.

494

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

The knot will stay in place so long as the rope is taut.
If it is necessary to shorten a rope when neither end
is held fast, make the Sheep-shank and pass each end
through the bight nearest to it.

Ready For Transportation or Storage

When in uniform a Girl Scout hangs her rope on a
belt-hook placed in her belt or skirt-binding.

To have the rope in a convenient form :

Make two loops five or six inches long at one end
of the rope;

Leaving a small bight at the top to go over the hook,
bind the loops together by winding the standing part
around them;

Hold the end fast by putting it through the remain-
ing bight.

To serve or whip the ends of a Scout rope so they
will not fray:

Take a piece of soft twine twelve or fourteen inches
long ;

Make a loop two inches long at one end;

Lay the loop on the rope, the end of the twine ex-
tending beyond the rope end an inch;

Bind the rope and loop together by winding the stand-
ing part tightly and closely around them;

Slip the end down through the loop, which must not
be entirely covered by the binding;

Pull the other end of the twine and draw the loop
under the binding.

As the twine will be held fast, the ends can be cut off
close to the rope.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

495

A “knot board,” showing the various knots tied per-
fectly and names attached, ends of rope whipped, bights,
loops and coils, is an interesting bit of work for a Troop
of Girl Scouts to do. The board hung in the Troop
room would be a help to new Scouts, and it could be
loaned to Troops that are not registered, but are learn-
ing the Tenderfoot test, which includes knot-tying.

Glossary

Belt-hook — A double hook in the form of the letter S.
Sometimes called S-hook.

Bight — A loop made by bending a rope back on itself
and holding it in place.

Coil — A series of rings, one on top of another, into
which a rope is wound.

Cord — A string or small rope composed of several strands
of thread or vegetable fiber twisted and woven to-
gether.

End — One of the terminal points of that which has more
length than breadth. The part of a rope used in
leading. ,

Hemp — An annual herbaceous plant. The fiber, ob-
tained from the skin or rind by rotting the stalks
of the plant under moisture, is prepared in various
ways for twisting into ropes, cables, and weaving
coarse fabrics.

Knot — An interlacement of twine, cord, rope or other
flexible material formed by twisting the ends about
each other and then drawing tight the loop thus
made.

Life-line — A rope used in rescuing; it should have a
Bowline in one end and the other end should be
secured to something that will not give.

Loop — An opening through which something can be
passed.

496 SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Manila rope — A rope made from Manila hemp, a fibrous
material which is obtained from the leaves of plants
which grow in the Philippine Islands.

Rope — A cord of considerable thickness, technically over
one inch in circumference. Ropes are made of hemp,
manila, flax, cotton or other vegetable fiber or of
iron, steel or other metallic wire. A rope is some-
times called a line. They are composed of threads
which are spun or twisted into strands and the fin-
ished ropes have special names, according to the
number of the strands, and the various sizes are
indicated by the circumference in inches.

Standing part — The long portion of a rope not used when
tying a knot.

String — A slender cord, a thick thread.

Twine — A double thread ; a thread made of two strands
twisted.

SECTION XVIII

GIRL SCOUT PROFICIENCY TESTS
AND SPECIAL MEDALS

CONTENTS

I. Introduction to Proficiency Tests.

II. Proficiency Tests :

♦♦♦Subjects marked thus are specially recommended for
First Class Scouts or girls at least sixteen years old.

♦♦♦♦Subjects marked thus are for Scouts eighteen years and
over.

Artist

Economist

Milliner

Athlete* ♦♦

Electrician

Motorist****

Bee-Keeper

Farmer

Musician

Bird Hunter

First Aide***

Needlewoman

Bugler

Flower Finder

Pathfinder

Business Woman***

Gardener

Photographer

Canner

Handy Woman

Pioneer***

Child Nurse

Citizen***

Cook

Craftsman

Health Guardian***
Health Winner
Home Maker
Home Nurse

Bock Tapper

Sailor***

Scribe

Cyclist

Horsewoman

Signaller

Dairy Maid

Hostess

Star Gazer

Dancer

Interpreter

Swimmer

Dressmaker

Journalist****

Telegrapher

Drummer

Laundress

Zoologist

III. Group Badges.

IV. Golden Eaglet.

V. Special Medals :

Attendance Stars
Life Saving Medals
Bronze Cross
Silver Cross
Medal of Merit
Thanks Badge

497

Proficiency Tests and Merit Badges

1. INTRODUCTION

A girl must be a Second Class Scout before receiving a Merit Badge
in any subject. However, this does not mean that she cannot begin to
study her subject and plan for passing the test at any time.

Proficiency in these tests is to be determined by the Local Council,
or by persons competent (in the opinion of the Council) to judge it.
If no Local Council exists, certificates should be secured from persons
competent to judge each subject, such as teachers of music, dancing
or drawing, riding masters, motorists, electricians, milliners, dress-
makers, artists, craftsmen, scientists and so forth... These certificates
should be sent to National Headquarters or to the nearest District
Headquarters for inspection. Headquarters will either pass on these,
or indicate the nearest local body competent to deal with them.

The tests as given are topical outlines of what a Scout should
know about the subject rather than formal questions... Captains and
others giving the tests will adapt the wording to the needs of the
particular case.

With many subjects a list of standard references is given. It is
desirable that a girl should read at least one of these books, not in
order to pass an examination but that she may be familiar with the
general field and the great names and principles associated with it.
Where a whole troop is working on a subject, portions of the books
may be read at troop meeting, or several Scouts can read together
and discuss their impressions.

It is important that every Girl Scout should understand that the
winning of any one of the following Merit Badges does not mean that
she is a finished expert in the subject.

What does it mean then? It means three things:

1. She has an intelligent interest in the subject

2 . She has a reasonable knowledge of its broad principles

3. She is able to present some practical proofs of her knowledge,
so that a competent examiner can see that she has not simply
“crammed it up” from a book. Doing, not talking or writing*
is the principle of the Girl Scouts

One of the great things about these Merit Badges is that they
require a definite amount of perseverance. This is a quality in which
women are sometimes said to be lacking; if this is a fair criticism, the
Merit Badges will certainly test it.

Nobody compels any Scout to earn these Badges; she deliberately
chooses to do so. Therefore, to fail in a task she has voluntarily set
herself, comes straight back to her and shows her what stuff she is
made of. For a while it is of no particular importance how many
things you start in this life, it is of great importance how many
things you finish! Out of goodness of heart, or quick interest, or
sudden resolution, a girl will start out to master a subject, earn a
certain sum of money, make something for herself or someone else,
form some good habit or break some bad one: and after her first
enthusiasm has died out, where is she? So that a great many people
laugh at a girl’s plans — and with reason.

Now while this may be merely amusing, so long as it affects only
the girl herself, it becomes very annoying when other people’s affairs
are involved, and may be positively dangerous if carried too far.
If your life depended on a Girl Scout’s efforts to resuscitate you from
drowning, you would be very glad if she stuck to it. But if she
happened to be a girl who had started to win five different Merit
Badges, and had given them all up, half way through, what sort of
chance do you think you would have?

Girl Scouts are slower to begin than other girls, perhaps, but they
stick to it till they've made good. “She carried that through like a
Girl Scout” out to become a common saying.

498

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

499

2. PROFICIENCY TESTS

ARTIST

SYMBOL— A PALETTE

Submit a drawing, a painting, or a model of sculpture which in the
judgment of a competent professional represents a sufficiently high
order of ability to merit rcognition.

This badge is offered with the object of encouraging a talent
already existing, and it is not suggested that Girl Scouts should
select this badge unless they are possessed of sufficient natural
talent to warrant presenting their work to a good judge. The
standard required for winning the badge is left to the judgment
of the professional as it is impossible for the organization to lay
down strict requirements in these subjects.

REFERENCES :

"Childrens Book of Art,” A. E. Conway, Adam and Charles Black.
"Knights of Art,” Amy Steedman, George W. Jacobs and Company.
"Gabriel and the Hour Book,” Evaleen Stein.

"Apollo,” by S. Reinach, from the French by Florence Simmonds,
Scribners.

ATHLETE***
SYMBOL— BASKETBALL

-vs 'A'<**‘*

To qualify for this a Girl Scout must be at least fourteen, and must
hold the badge for personal health, the "Health Winner.”

1. State briefly the value and effect of exercise.

2. Demonstrate habitual good posture, sitting and standing.

3. Demonstrate a) marching steps, quick and double time, and

Scout’s Pace.

b) Setting-up exercises, (as shown in Handbook).

4. Present statement from troop Captain, of a hike of at least 5 miles.

5. Demonstrate with basket ball 5 goals out of 7 trials standing at
least 5 feet from basket, OR demonstrate with basket ball distance
throw of 40 feet.

6. Demonstrate with indoor base ball accurate pitching for distance
of forty feet.

7. Write brief description of rules for five popular games.

8. Play well and be able to coach in any three of the following

games : Basket Ball, Battle Ball, Bowling, Captain Ball, Dodge

Ball, Long Ball, Punch Ball, Indoor Baseball, Hockey — field or
ice, Prisoners’ Base, Soccer, Tennis, Golf, Volley Ball.

500

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

9. Hold swimming: badge or bring: statement of ability to demon-
strate three strokes, swim 100 yards, float and dive.

10. Demonstrate three folk dances, using: any nationality, OR be a
qualified member of a school or society athletic team, playing: one
summer and one winter sport, OR be able to qualify for entry in a
regular competition in some sport such as Tennis, Skating:, Skiing:,
Running:, Pitching: Quoits, etc.

REFERENCES :

“Summer in the Girls' Camp,” A. W. Coale, Century.

“Book of Athletics,” Paul Withington, Lothrop.

“Outdoor Sports and Games,” C. H. Miller, Doubleday Page.

BEE KEEPING
SYMBOL — HIVE

1. What constitutes a swarm of bees? How do they live? Tell
how honey is gathered and stored and honey comb is built, and
what part the queen, drones and workers play in the life of the
colony.

2. Be able to recognize and describe each of the following:: queen,
drones, workers, eggs, larvae, pupae, honey, bee food, wax, pollen,
propolis, brood-nest, comb, different queen cells.

3. Have a practical knowledge of bee keeping: and assist in hiving: a
swarm, examining: a colony, removing: the combs, finding: the
queen, putting: foundation in sections, filling: and removing: supers,
and preparing: honey in comb and strained for market, and
present a certificate to this effect.

4. Know which flowers afford the best food for bees, and how honey
varies according: to the flowers in color and flavor.

REFERENCES :

“Productive Bee Keeping:,” Pellett.

“Bureau of Animal Industry,” U. S. Department of Agriculture

Bulletin. ^

“Life of the Bee,” Maurice Maeterlinck, Dodd.

“Queen Bee,” Carl Ewald, Thomas Nelson and Sons.

“How to Keep Bees,” A. B. Comstock, Doubleday Page.

BIRD HUNTER
SYMBOL— BLUE BIRD

To qualify for this badge a Girl Scout must belong to the Audubon
Society and be able to answer the following:

1. Give list of twenty wild birds personally observed and identified

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

501

in the open and show field notes including: at least the date seen,
field marks, food habits, nesting: habits if known, and migration
if any.

2. State game-bird laws of her State.

3. ‘Name five birds that destroy rats and mice.

4. Give list of ten birds of value to farmers and fruit grow-
ers in the destruction of insect pests on crops and trees.

5. (a) Tell what the Audubon Society is and how it endeavors to

protect the birds.

(b) Give name and location of two large bird refuges; explain
the reason for their establishment and give names of the
birds they protect.

6. (a) Know what an aigret is how obtained and from what bird,
(b) Tell methods to attract birds winter and summer.

I. GENERAL REFERENCES: (At least one must read to qualify
for badge).

“Methods of Attracting Wild Birds,” Gilbert H. Trafton; Houghton.
Mifflin Co.

“Bird Study Book,” T. Gilbert Pearson, Doubleday Page Co.

“Wild Bird Guests,” Ernest Harold Baynes, E. P. Dutton Co.

2 HANDBOOKS AND SPECIAL BIRD BOOKS:

“Hawks and Owls of the United States,” A. K. Fisher,;

“Useful Birds and Their Protection,” Edward H. Forbush, Massa-
chusetts Board of Agriculture.

“Home Life of Wild Birds,” F. H. Herrick, G. F. Putnam Co.

“Land Birds East of the Rockies,” Chester A. Reed, Doubleday
Page Co.

“Water and Game Birds,” Chester A. Reed, Doubleday Page Co.
“Western Birds,” Chester A. Reed, Doubleday Page Co.

“Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America, Frank M. Chap-
man, D. Appleton and Co.

“Bird Life,” Frank M. Chapman, D. Appleton and Co.

“Handbook of Birds of Western United States,” Florence Merriam
Bailey, Houghton, Mifflin and Co.

“Children's Book of Birds,” O. T. Miller, Houghton, Mifflin Co.
“Burgess Bird Book for Children,” W. T. Burgess, Little Brown Co.

BUGLER

SYMBOL-BUGLE

Play correctly as to notes and time the following calls and marches
and play at sight any calls selected:

1, First Call; 2, Reveille; 3, Assembly; 4, Mess; 5, Recall; 6, Fire;
7, Drill; 8, Officers; 9, Retreat; 10, To Colors; 11, To Quarters; 12,
Taps.

Reference: Cadet Manual, E. L. Steever, Lippincott.

502

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

BUSINESS WOMAN***
SYMBOL— PEN AND NOTE-BOOK

1. Must have a legible and neat handwriting and show a knowledge
of spelling and punctuation by writing from dictation a para-
graph necessitating use of commas, periods, quotation marks,
apostrophe.

2. Must typewrite 50 words a minute, or as an alternative write in
shorthand from dictation 40 words a minute as a minimum, and
transcribe them.

3. Must show a knowledge of simple bookkeeping and arithmetic.

4. Must show how to make out, and know how and when to use
receipts, notes and drafts, and money orders.

5. Must know how to write a simple business letter, such as asking
for employment, or a letter recommending a person for .employ-
ment.

6. Must show how to keep a check book, make out checks and de-
posit slips, endorse checks, and balance checking account.

7. Must keep a simple cash account to show receipts and expendi-
tures of personal funds for three months, OB the household ac-
counts of the family for three months. (This account may be
fictitious).

8. Must be able to write a letter from memory on facts given five
minutes previously.

REFERENCES :

“Thrift by Household Accounting,” American Economics Associa-
tion, Baltimore.

“Household Accounts and Economics,” Shaeffer, MacMillan.

“What Every Business Woman Should Know,” Lillian C. Kearney,
Stokes.

“Bookkeeping and Accounting,” J. J. Klein, Appleton.

“Essential Elements of Business Character,” H. G. Stockwell, Revell,

CAN NEB

SYMBOL— JAR AND FRUIT

1. Submit the following specimens of canning work: a) six pint jars
of two kinds of vegetables showing the cold pack method; b)
six jars of preserved fruit, at least two kinds; c) six glasses of
jelly, jam or marmalade.

2 . What are the essential things to be considered when selecting
vegetables to be canned, fruit to be preserved or made into jelly,
jam or marmalade?

3. Give general rules for preparing fruits and vegetables for preserv-
ing in any way.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

503

4. What kind of jars are considered best for preserving? What
other materials are used for making holders besides glass?
How should all utensils and jars, glasses, rubbers, be prepared
before using?

5. What is essential regarding the heat?

6. What are the general rules for preserving fruit? Give propor-
tions by measure or weight, time of cooking, amount of sugar,
water or any other ingredient for the fruits that you have pre-
served, and for at least two others.

7. Give same rules for jams, marmalades and jellies.

8. Give directions for filling and sealing jars. How can jars be
tested within twenty-four hours after filling? If not air tight
what should be done?

9. What should be done to all jars, tumblers, etc., before storing?
How are canned goods best stored?

REFERENCES :

Government Bulletins,.. Canning, Preserving and Jelly Making. J.

McK. Hill, Little.

CHILD NURSE

SYMBOL— A MALTESE CROSS

1. During a period of three months care for a little child, under two
years, for a time equivalent to two hours daily for four weeks.
During this period all of the necessary work for routine care of
a child must be demonstrated, including feeding, bathing, dress-
ing, preparing for bed, arranging bed and windows, amusing,
giving the air, and exercise, and so forth, according to directions
in Handbook.

2. What are the most necessary things to be considered when caring
for a child under three years of age? Elaborate on these points.

3. What are some of the results of neglecting to do these things?
What is the importance of regularity in care, to child, to mother
or nurse?

4. Should a child be picked up or fed every time he cries? What is
the result of so doing?

5. What are the important things to remember in lifting and
handling children?

6. What things are important in connection with their sleeping,
either in or out of doors? Up to what age should a child have
two naps a day? One nap? What time should a child be put to
bed ?

7. How can a baby be encouraged to move itself and take exercise?

8. What should be done when preparing a baby’s bath? How
should the bath be given to a little baby? To an older child?

9. How is a child prepared for bed? How are the bed and room
prepared ?

10. What is the best food for a child up to nine months ? If he can-
not have this food, what can take its place, and how should it^ be
given? What are the principal things to remember concerning
the ingredients and preparation of this food, and the care of
utensils?

11. At what age may a child be given solid food with safety? What
foods are best and how should they be prepared?

12. When feeding a child either from a bottle or a spoon, what

504

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

precautions should be taken? How often should a child under
one year be fed? from one to two years?

13. When suffering: from a cold what precautions should be taken?
If it is necessary to continue to care for a child in spite of your
cold? What is the wisest thing to do first if a child is ill?
REFERENCES :

Wheeler, M... The Baby, His Care and Training... Harper, Kinne and
Cooley... The Home and Family... Macmillan Holt, E. Emmet. ..Care
and Feeding of Children. Appleton.

THE CITIZEN***

SYMBOL- EIGHT-POINTED STAR

1. Name five things on which the comfort and welfare of your
home depends, which are controlled by your government.

2. What can you do to improve the government of your community?

3. What are the principal qualifications of a voter in your state?

4. What is meant by a secret ballot? When you vote how can any-
one tell for whom you voted?

5. Who is a citizen? Are all voters citizens? How can a person not
born in the United States become a citizen?

6. Tell the duties of the principal officers in your native village or
city; also of your country, such as mayor, sheriff, etc.

7. What officer in your community would you go to for help in case
of a helpless man without money or friends, a person with
scarlet fever, a child who is not in school, a break in the water
main in the street?

8. What are the duties of the governor of your state?

9. Who makes the laws in your state? How would you go to work
to get a new law passed?

10. What are the duties of the President and of each of his cabinet?

11. Describe how Congress is composed... How are your representa-
tives in Congress chosen?

12. How do laws made by Congress differ from laws made by your

state ?

13. What political party would you choose to belong to and why
would you choose it?

REFERENCES:

“The Woman Movement in America,” McClurg and Co., Chicago.

“The Woman Voter’s Manual,” Forman and Shuler, Century Co.,

1918.

“Democracy in Reconstruction,” Houghton Mifflin, 1919. Cleve-
land and Schafer.

“History of Politics,” Edward Jenks, Macmillan Co.

“The Subjection of Women,” John Stuart Mill, Frederick Stokes.

“Your Vote and How to Use It,” Mrs. Raymond Brown, Harper

Bros.

“The Story of a Pioneer,” Anna Howard Shaw.

“American Commonwealth,” James Bryce.

“Promised Eand,” Mary Antin, Houghton Mifflin.

“Land of Fair Play,” Geoffrey Parsons, Scribner.

“Making of an American,” J. A. Riis, Macmillan.

“Peace and Patriotism,” E. S. Smith, Eothrop, Eee and Shepard.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

505

COOK

SYMBOL — GRIDIRON

This test is based on a thorough knowledge of the article on
“Cooking” in the Handbook. It may be taken in sections. A certifi-
cate may be presented from a Domestic Science teacher, or from tlio
mother if the Captain knows her and can testify to her competency
to judge.

1. Build and regulate the fire in a coal or wood stove, or if a gas
range is used, know how to regulate the heat in the oven,
broiler and top.

2. What does if mean to boil a food? To broil? To bake? Why
is it not advisable to fry food?

3. How many cupfuls make a quart? How many tablespoonfuls to
a cup? Teaspoonfuls to a tablespoon?

4. Be able to cook two kinds of cereal.

5. Be able to make tea, coffee and cocoa properly.

0. Be able to cook a dried and a fresh fruit.

7. Be able to cook three common vegetables in two ways.

S. Be able to prepare two kinds of salad. How are salads kept
crisp ?

0. Know the difference in food value between whole milk and
skimmed milk.

10. Be able to boil or coddle or poach eggs properly.

11. Be able to select meat and prepare the cuts for broiling, roasting
and stewing OR be able to clean, dress and cook a fowl.

12. Be able to make two kinds of quick bread, such as biscuits or
muffins.

13. Be able to plan menus for one day, choosing at least three dishes
in which left-overs may be utilized.

REFERENCES :

“Fun of Cooking,” C. F. Benton, Century.

“Boston Cooking School Cook Book,” Little.

“Hot Weather Dishes,” S. T. Rorer, Arnold and Co.

“Food and Health,” Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley, Macmillan.

CRAFTSMAN

SYMBOL-

PRIMITIVE DECORATIVE
DESIGN

To earn this badge a Girl Scout must qualify in at least one of the
following and must read at least one general reference:

1. T e-dying: Make a tie-dyed scarf using two kinds of tieing.

Reference: “Dyes and Dj^eing,” Charles E. Pellew, McBride.

“Industrial and Applied Art Books, Book 6,” Bush. .

2. Block Printing : Make an original design for a block print unit

506

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

using a flower or bird motif. Apply to a bag or collar in one
color using oil paint or dyes.

Reference: “Industrial and Applied Art Books, Book 6,” Bush.

3. Stencilling: Make an original stencil design for a border, use
flower, bird, boat or tree motif. Apply in two colors to a bag,
collar or scarf using oil paint or dyes.

Reference: “Industrial and Applied Art Books, Book 6,” Bush.

4. Crochet, Cross-stitch, Darning: Make an original border design

on square paper using any two geometric units, or a conventional
flower or animal form. Apply the design to a towel in crochet,
cross-stitch or darning.

Reference: “Cross-stitch Patterns,” Dorothy Bradford, “Indus-

trial Art Text Books, Book 6,” “Modern Priscilla,” Snow.

5. Weaving, Baskets: Design a basket shape with its widest dimen-

sion but less than six inches, and make the basket of raffia over
a reed or cord foundation. Use eight stitch or lazy squaw.

Reference: “How To Make Baskets,” White... “Practical Bask-

etry,” McKay. “Inexpensive Basketry,” Marten. “Raffia and
Reed Weaving,” Knapp.

Weaving, Wool: Weave a girdle, a hat band, or a dress orna-

ment use a simple striped or geometric design, in three or more
colors.

Reference: “Hand Weaving,” Dorothy Bradford. “Hand -loom

Weaving,” Todd.

Weaving, Beads : Design and weave a bead chain or a bead band
for trimming; use two or more colors.

Reference: “How To Do Beadwork,” Mary White, Doubleday

Page.

6. Appliqu6: Design an applique unit in a 7-inch square that might
be applied to a pin cushion top, a bag or a square for a patch-
work quilt. Use geometric units or conventional flower or bird
forms suggested by cretonnes. Work out in cotton materials
using two tones of one color or closely related colors, as brown
and orange; grey and violet.

7. Pottery: Design an original shape for a bowl, vase or paper

weight, and model shape in clay.

Reference: “The Potter's Craft,” Binns... “Pottery,” Cox. “In-

dustrial Work for the Middle Grades,” E. Z. Worst.

8. Posters: Design a Girl Scout poster that will illustrate some law

or activity. Poster to be at least 9x12 inches and to consist of a
simple illustration and not less than three words of lettering.
Finish in crayon, water color, pen and ink, or tempera.

Reference: “School Arts Magazine,” Jan. 1920. “Poster Maga-
zine.” J

9. China Painting: Make a conventional design for a border that

can be used on a plate, bowl, or cup and saucer. Work out on the
object in one color in a tinted background.

References: Keramic Studio-— any number.

10. Decoration: Make an original design for a box top or a tray

center adapting units found in cretonnes. Apply to the object
using enamel paints and in a color scheme suggested by the
same or another cretonne.

Reference: “Industrial Art Text Book No. 8,” Snow.

GENERAL REFERENCE BOOKS:

Read regularly: School Arts Magazine, Davis Press. Art Crafts for
Beginners, Frank G. Sanford; Century; Handicraft for Girls, Mc-
Gloughlin... See also: “Wood-Carving,” P. Hasbruck, McKay.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

507

CYCLIST

SYMBOL-WHEEL

1. Own a bicycle, and care for it, cleaning, oiling and making minor
repairs, readjusting chain, bars and seat.

2. Be able to mend a tire.

3. Demonstrate the use of a road map.

4. Demonstrate leading another bicycle while riding.

5. Know the laws of the road right of way, lighting and so forth.

6. Make satisfactory report to Captain of a bicycle Scouting expedi-
tion as to the condition of a road with camping site for an
over-night hike.

7. Pledge the bicycle to the government in time of need.

REFERENCES:

"American Girl's Handibook,” L. Beard, Scribner.

"For Playground, Field and Forest,” D. C. Beard, Scribner.

1. Take entire care of a cow and the milk of one cow for one month,
keeping a record of quantity of each milking,

2. Make butter at four different times, and submit statement of
amount made and of the process followed in making.

3. Make pot cheese; give method.

4. Name four breeds of cows. How can they be distinguished?
Which breed gives the most milk? Which breed gives the richest
milk?

5. What are the rules for feeding, watering and pasturing cows?
What feed is best for cows. What care should be given cows to
keep them in perfect condition? What diseases must be guarded
against in cows? Why is it so imperative to have a cow barn,
all implements, workers and cows scrupulously clean?

6. Of what is milk composed? How is cream separated from milk?
Name two processes and explain each. How and why should
milk be strained and cooled before being bottled or canned?

REFERENCES :

"Stories of Industry,” Vol. 2, A. Chase, Educational Pub. Co.

"How the World is Fed,” F. G. Carpenter, American Book Co.

"Foods and Their Uses,” F. G. Carpenter, Scribner.

SYMBOL— MILKING STOOL

508

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

1. Demonstrate three modem social dances0

2. Demonstrate one folk dance.

3. Demonstrate one fancy dance*

REFERENCES :

“Dances of the People,” Elizabeth BurchenaB, Schirmer.

“Folk Dances and Singing Games,” Elizabeth Burchenal, Schirmer*
“Social Games and Group Dances,” J. C. Elsom, Lippincott.
“Country Dance Book,” C. J. Sharp, Novello.

DRESSMAKER
SYMBOL — SCISSORS

1. Must hold Needlewoman’s Badge.

2. Must know the bias, selvage, and straight width of goods.

3. Must cut and make a garment from a pattern following all rules
and directions given. It is suggested that two girls work to-
gether on this.

4. * Be able to clean, oil and use a sewing machine.

5. Demonstrate on other person the way to measure for length of
skirt, length of sleeve, length from neck to waist line. Sew on
hooks and eyes so they will not show. Hang a skirt, make a
placket, put skirt on belt. Skirt must be hemmed evenly and
hang evenly.

6. Know what to do if a waist is too long from the neck to the
waist line and does not fit well.

REFERENCES:

“Complete Dressmaker,” C. E. Laughlin, Appleton.

“The Dress You Wear and How to Make It,” M. J. Rhoe, Putnam.

“The Dressmaker,” Butteriek Publishing Co.

“Clothing and Health,” Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley, Macmillan.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

509

DRUMMER

SYMBOL— DRUM AND STICKS

Be prepared to play all of the following: taps and steps and in order
farther to show proficiency on the drum, perform any feat selected.

1, “Roll off”; 2, Flam (right and left hand); 3, Five-stroke roll;
4, Seven-stroke roll; 5, “Taps” step; 6, Six-eight step; 7, Two-four
step; 8, Four-four step.

REFERENCES;

“Recollections of a Drummer Boy,” H. M. Kieffer, Houghton
Mifflin.

ECONOMIST
SYMBOL— BEE

A Girl Scout must qualify for 1, and 2, 3, or 4.

1. Offer record of ten per cent savings from earnings or allowance
for three months.

Show card for Postal Savings, or a book of Thrift Stamps.

2. Show record from parent or guardian that she has:

a. Darned stockings.

b. Keep shoes shined and repaired.

c. Not used safety pins or other makeshift for buttons, hooks,
hems of skirts, belts, etc.

d. Kept clothes mended and cleansed from small spots.

3. For girls who have the spending of their money, either in allow-
ance or earnings, show by character of shoes, stockings and
gloves, hair-ribbons, handkerchiefs and other accessories that
they know how to select them for wearing qualities and how to
keep them in repair.

4. For girls who have marketing to do for family, show record of
one week's buying and menus in which plans were carried out
for using food economically, such as left-overs, cheap but nour-
ishing cuts of meat, butter substitutes, thrifty use of milk such
as sour, skimmed or powdered milk, and so forth.

REFERENCES :

“Scout Law in Practice,” A. A. Carey, Little.

“Thrift and Conservation,” A. H. Chamberlain, Lippincott.

510

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

ELECTRICIAN
SYMBOL— LIGHTNING

1. Explain the use of magnets for attraction and repulsion*

2. Describe the use of electricity for forming electro-magnets and
their use in: Electric bell; Telegraph; Telephone.

3. What is meant by low and high voltage of an electric current?
Describe the use of current in: Dry cell; Storage battery;
Dynamo.

4. a. Describe how current is sent through resistance wire resulting

in heat and light, in case of Electric lights. Electric stoves,
toasters, flat irons, etc., and
b. How it is converted into working energy in Motors.

5. Describe fuses and their use, and how to replace a burnt-out fuse.

6. Connect two batteries in series with a bell and push button.

7. Demonstrate methods of rescuing a person in contact with live
wires, and of resuscitating a person insensible from shock.

8. Know how electricity is used as motive power for street cars,
trains, and automobiles.

9. Know the proper way to connect electrical appliances such as
flat irons, toasters, etc.

REFERENCES:

“Electricity in Every Day Uses,” J. F. Woodfull, Doubleday Page.

“How to Understand Electrical Work,” W. H. Onken, Harper.

“Harper’s Electricity Book for Boys,” J. H. Adams, Harper.

“Electricity for Young People,” Tudor Jenks, Stokes.

“Heroes of Progress in America,” Charles Morris, Lippincott.

FARMER

SYMBOL— SICKLE

This badge is given for proficiency in general farming. A Scout
farmer may have her chief interest in rearing animals but she should
know something about the main business of the farmer which is
tilling the soil. Therefore, the Scout must fulfill four requirements:
either A or B under I, and II, III, and IV.

I. A. Animal Care

A Scout must have reared successfully one of the following:

a) A brood of at least 12 chickens under hen or with in-
cubator.

b) A flock of at least 12 pigeons, 12 ducks, 12 geese or 12
guinea-fowl.

511

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

c) A family of rabbits or guinea pigs,

d) A calf, a colt, or a pig.

A certificate as to the condition of the animals must be
presented, made by some competent judge who has seen
them. Wherever possible a chart should be made by the
Scout, showing the schedule of care followed, including
feeding, and notes on the development of the animals.

AND she must also have planted and cultivated a small
vegetable garden like the one described in the Handbook,
In the Section “The Girl Scout’s Own Garden” OB

X$« Vegetable Baising

A Scout may make her main interest the raising of some
sort of vegetable or fruit and may do one of the following:
1, Plant, cultivate and gather the crop from

a) A small truck garden, with at least six vegetables,
two berries, and two salads or greens, OB

b) Where the soil is not suitable for a variety of plants
she may raise a single vegetable, like corn or
tomatoes, or tubers.

Tend and gather a fruit crop such as apples, peaches,
pears, cherries, oranges or any other tree fruit, OB
Cultivate and tend a small vineyard or grape arbor, and
gather the grapes, OR

Plant and cultivate and gather the berries from straw-
berry, raspberry, blackberry, currant or gooseberry
plants.

Whatever the vegetable or fruit chosen a chart should
be made and presented, showing the schedule of digging,
planting, sowing and tending, with notes on the time
of appearance of the first shoots, the size and condition
of the crop and so forth. Any obstacles met and over-
come, such as insect pests, drouths or storms should be
mentioned.

No special size is mentioned for the garden, as the con-
ditions vary so greatly in different parts of the country.
The quality of the work, and the knowledge gained is
the important thing.

H. Identify and collect ten common weeds and fell how to get rid
of each.

III. Identify ten common insect pests, tell what plant or animal
each attacks, and how to get rid of each.

TV. Describe four different kinds of soil and tell what Is best
planted in each. Tell what sort of fertilizer should be used in
each soil. Explain the value of stable manure.

STANDARD REFERENCES:

Farmers Bulletins published by the Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C. Write for catalogue and select the titles bearing
on your special interest. The bulletins are free.

The Beginner’s Garden Book by Allen French, Macmillan Co.

Manual of Gardening, 1. H. Bailey, Macmillan.

Principles of Agriculture, 1. H. Bailey, Macmillan.

Essentials of Agriculture, H. J. Waters, Ginn.

512

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

FIRST AIDE***
SYMBOL-

RED CROSS IN BLACK CIRCUS

A Girl Scout should know:

1. What to do first in case of emergency.

2. Symptoms and treatment of shock.

3. How and when to apply stimulants.

4. How to put on a sling.

5. How to bandage the head, arm, hand, finger, leg, ankle, eye, jaw.

6. What to do for: a. bruises, strains, sprains, dislocations, frac-
tures; b. wounds; c. burns, frost bite, freezing, sunstroke, heat
exhaustion; d. drowning, electric shock, gas accidents; e. apo-
plexy, convulsions; f. snake bite; g. common emergencies such
as: I. cinder in the eye; 2. splinter under the nail; 3. wound
from rusty nail; 4. oak and ivy poisoning; 5. insect in the ear.

A Girl Scout should demonstrate:

7. Applying a sterile dressing.

8. Stopping bleeding.

9. Putting on a splint.

10. Making a stretcher from uniform blanket or Scout neckerchiefs
and poles.

1L The Schaefer method of artificial respiration.

REFERENCES:

Section on First Aid in this Handbook.

American Red Cross Abridged Text Books on First Aid, Blakiston.

FLOWER FINDER
SYMBOL— FLOWER

1. To pass this test a Scout must be able to tell the difference be-
tween plants and animals and the difference between the two
general types of plants.

2. A scout must also pass either the test for Flowers and Ferns or
Trees given below.

A. FLOWERS AND FERNS

1. Make a collection of fifty kinds of wild flowers and ferns and cor-
rectly name them or make twenty-five photographs or colored
drawings of wild flowers and ferns.

2. Why were the following ferns so named: Christmas Fern, Sen-

sitive Fern, Walkingleaf Fern, Cinnamon Fern, Flowering Fern?

3. Name and describe twenty cultivated plants in your locality.

4. Be able to recognize ten weeds.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

513

5. How can you distinguish Poison Ivy from Virginia Creeper?
What part of Pokeweed is poisonous? What part of Jims on weed
is poisonous? Be able to recognize at least one poisonous mush-
room.

B. TREES

1. Give examples of the two great groups of trees and distinguish
between them.

2. Why is forest conservation important? What are the laws of
your state concerning forest conservation?

3. Mention at east three other uses of trees.

4. Collect, identify and preserve leaves from twenty-five different
species of trees.

5. Mention three trees that have opposite branching and three that
have alternate.

6. How do the flower-buds of Flowering Dogwood differ from the
leaf-buds? When are the flower-buds formed?

7. The buds of what tree ere protected by a natural varnish?

8. Mention one whose outer bud-scales are covered by fine hairs.
Can you find a tree that has naked buds?

0. From a Sassafras-tree or from a Tulip-tree collect and preserve
leaves of as many shapes as possible.

10. Name five trees in this country which produce edible nuts.

REFERENCES:

A. FLOWERS AND FERNS

"New Manual of Botany,” Asa Gray, American Book Co.
"Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada,” (three
volumes), N. jL. Britton and Brown, Addison, Scribners.

"Flower Guide,” Chester A. Reed, Doubleday Page.

"Flora of the Southeastern States,” John K. Small, published by the
author, New York Botanical Garden.

"Flora of the Rocky Mountain Region,” P. A. Rydberg, published
by the author. New York Botanical Garden.

"State Floras.”.. There are some excellent State Floras, and in
order to keep this list from being too long, it is suggested that the
Scout leader write to the Professor of Botany in her State University
and ask for the name, author and publisher of the best Flora of her
State. Especially is this advised for those living in sections of the
country not covered by the above references.

"Our Native Orchids,” William Hamilton Gibson.

"Wild Flower Book for Young People,” A. Lounsberry, Stokes.
"Field Book of American Wild Flowers,” F. S. Matthews, Putnam.
"Emerald Story Book,” A. M. Skinner, Duffield.

"Mushrooms,” George F. Atkinson, Henry Holt Co., (See Hand-
book, "Scouting For Girls,” Section on Woodcraft.)

B. TREES

REFERENCES :

"Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs,” F. S. Matthews,
Putnam.

"Trees of the Northern United States,” Austin C. Apgar, American
Book Co.

"Manual of Trees of North America,” Charles S. Sargent, Houghton
Mifflin Co.

"Handbook of the Trees of United States and Canada/* Romeyn B.
Hough, Published by the author, Eowville, N. Y.

"Trees in Winter,** A. F. B lakes lee, and C. D. Jarvis, Macmillan Co.
“The Book of Forestry/* F. F. Moon, Appleton.

514

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

This test is open to Scouts already members of the Girls' Garden and
Canning Clubs throughout the country and a duplicate of their reports,
sent in for their season’s work, to the state agricultural agents, op
agricultural colleges, in cooperation with the Department of Agri-
culture of the United States, may be submitted as their test material
for this badge.

The test may well be worked for by a patrol or even a troop who can
share expenses for tools, and cultivate together a larger plot of ground
than would be possible for any one girl. Arrangements can frequently
be made through the school garden authorities.

1. What are the necessary things to be considered before starting
a garden? List them in the correct order.

2. What exposure is best for a garden? Why? At what season ot
the year is it best to prepare the soil? What care should be gives,
garden tools?

3. Why is it necessary to fertilize the soil for a garden? What kind
of fertilizer will you use in your garden, and why?

4. Do all seeds germinte? What precautions must be taken when,
purchasing seed? During what month should seed be sown in the
ground in your locality? What are the rules for sowing seed
as regards depth?

5. What does it mean to thin out and to transplant? When and
why are both done?

6. What does it mean to cultivate? Why is it very important?
Hoav is it best done? What should be done with pulled weeds?

7. When is the proper time of day to water a garden? Is moisten-
ing the surface of the ground sufficient? If not, why not?

8. Name five garden pests common in your locality and tell how to
eradicate them. Name three garden friends and tell what they do.

9 . At what time of day is it best to pick flowers and vegetables?
Mention two things to be considered in both cases.

10. What are tender and hardy plants? Herbaceous plants, annuals,
perennials and biennials? Bulbs and tubers?

11. Select a garden site, or if space is lacking use boxes, barrels,
window boxes, tubs and so forth: prepare the soil, choose the
seed of not less than six annual flowers, and vegetables that will
grow well in the soil and climate in which they are planted;
take entire care of the garden and bring to blossom and fruit at
least 75 per cent, of the seed planted. Keep and submit a record
of the garden, including size, time and money spent, dates of
planting, blooming and gathering of vegetables, or color of
flowers, and so forth.

REFERENCES :

“Harper’s Book for Young Gardeners,” A. H. Verrill, Harper.

“Beginner’s Garden Book,” Allen French, Macmillan.

“Home Vegetable Gardening from A to Z,” Adolph Krulm, Double-
day.

“Suburban Gardens,” Grace Tabor, Outing Publishing Co.

“The Vegetable Garden,” R. L. Watts, Outing Publishing Co.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

515

HANDY-WOMAN
SYMBOL— HAMMER

1 Know how to mend, temporarily with soap, a small leak in a
water or gas pipe,

£• Know how to turn off the water or gas supply for the house and
who to notify in case of accident, OR
Know what to do to thaw out frozen water pipes, OR
Be able to put on a washer on a faucet, OR

Cover a hot water boiler neatly and securely to conserve the heat,
using newspaper and string.

3. Know the use of and how to use a wrench and pliers.

4. Demonstrate the way to use a hammer, screw-driver, awl, saw,
can-opener, cork screw.

5. Locate by sounding, an upright in a plastered wall, and know
why and when this is necessary to be done.

6. Put up a shelf using brackets, strips of wood or both and know
under what conditions to use either.

7. Be able to put up hooks for clothes or other articles and properly
space them.

8. Be able to measure for and put up a rod in a clothes closet, OR
Be able to repair the spring in a window shade and tack the
shade on the roller, OR

Know how to keep clean and care for window and door screens.

9. Must wrap, tie securely and neatly, and label a parcel for de-
livery by express or parcel post.

10. Be able to sharpen knives using either a grindstone, whetstone,
the edge of an iron stove, or another knife.

11. Clean, trim and fill an oil lamp, or put on a gas mantle, OR
Clean, oil and know how to repair the belt of a sewing machine,
OR

Lay a fire in a fireplace and tell what to do with the ashes.

12. Choose a wall space for a picture, measure for the wire, fasten
the wire to the picture frame and give the rule concerning height
for hanging pictures.

13. State how brooms, dry mops, dustpans and brushes should be
placed when not in use, and be able to wash brushes and place
them properly for drying.

REFERENCES :

“What a Girl Can Make and Do,” Lina Beard, Scribner.

“Harper's Handy Book for Girls," A. P. Paret, Harper.

“Handicraft for Handy Girls," A. N. Hall, Lothrop.

“In the Days of the Guild," L. Lamprey, Stokes.

516

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

HEALTH GUARDIAN***

SYMBOL— THE CADUCEUS

I. Recreation and Health. What is offered to the public in the
town you live in, or in that part of the city in which you live,
in the way of Play Grounds, Gymnasiums, Baths, Skating: Rinks,
Tennis Courts. Golf Links. Water Sports?

If there is a public park in or near the town; what privileges
does it offer, especially for young: people? Is it well taken care
of? Well patronized?

Discuss briefly why you think the Government should provide
these things and what results may be expected when it does not
supply them. How does the lack of them affect the grown people
of a town, in the end?

II. Special Health Facilities in your Locality.

1. What is the rule as to registering births? What is the
advantage of this?

Of what diseases should the local authorities be notified?
What diseases must be quarantined? Isolated? Posted?
Reported ?

3. Food Supplies. What are milk stations? Does your com-
munity control the marketing of milk to any degree? Why
is the milk question so important?

Are there any laws for your bakeries?

What are the regulations as to the storage and protection
of meat in local markets?

3. Housing. If three families are willing to live in three rooms
in your town, may they do so?

Is there anything to prevent your erecting a building of any
size and material you wish in any place?

4. Medical Institutions. Is there a public hospital in your
town? Who has a right to use it? Who pays for it?

Is there a public clinic? WThy should there be?

Is there a public laboratory? How would it benefit your
community if there were?

Is there a district nurse? How could Girl Scouts assist
such a nurse?

6. Schools. Is there any medical inspection in your schools?
How did it ever affect you?

Is its work followed up in the home? How are Girl Scouts
particularly fitted to help in this?

Is there a school nurse? Why does it pay the community to
employ one?

Are luncheons served in your school free, or at low cost?
Mention at least two advantages in this and one disadvantage.
Are there school clinics for eyes and teeth? Why are some
cities providing such clinics?

6. Baby Hygiene. Is there any place in your town where young
or ignorant mothers can ask advice and instruction in the
care of infants ? State briefly why you think such help
would benefit the community in the end.

III. Public Services and Sanitation.

1. Who is responsible for the cleaning of the streets? Dry
or wet method used?

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

517

2. What are the laws concerning: the public collection and dis-
posal of grarbagre? How much responsibility in this line has
your family? Can you do what you please? Is there any
practical use for grarbagre?

3. What is the source of your local water supply? What meas-
ures are taken to make and keep it pure?.. State some of the
results of lack of care in this matter.

4. Why should there be regulations about spitting: in public
places? Why are common towels and drinking: cups for-
bidden? What are the greneral rules for prevention and
treatment of tuberculosis?

5. Trace the life history of the house fly or filth fly and tell
why it is a menace. How may the fly be exterminated? How
are mosquitoes dangrerous? How may they be eliminated?

REFERENCES:

“Democracy in Reconstruction,” Frederick A. Cleveland and Joseph
Schafer, Houghton Mifflin.

“A Manual For Health Officers,” J. Scott MacNutt, John Wiley and
Sons.

“House of the Good Neighbor,” Esther Lovejoy.

“Community Civics,” J. Field, Macmillan.

“Town and City,” F. G. Jewett, Ginn and Co.

“Good Citizenship,” J. Richman, American Book Co.

“Healthy Diving:,” Charles E, Winslow, Merrill Co.

HEALTH WINNER

SYMBOL — THE CADUCEUS IN TREFOIL

I. To earn this badge a Girl Scout must

tention to those conditions upon which health depends. She
should keep a Health Record like that shown in the Handbook,
which must cover at least the following points :

1. Position of body: Show improvement in posture.

2. Exercise, (a) Do setting-up exercises as given in Hand-
book every day. At least twenty minutes should be spent on
these, either at one time, or ten minutes night and morning,
(b) Walk a mile briskly or walk steadily and vigorously
for fifteen minutes, or take some other active and vigorous
outdoor exercise for at least fifteen minutes. To make this
point will require a record of compliance for at least seventy-
five days in three months.

3. Rest, (a) Go to be early. Be in bed by at least 9:30 and
sleep from eight to ten hours. Do not go to parties, the
theatre, movies or any other late entertainment on night9
before school or work.

4. Supply needs for Air, Water and Food in the right way:

(a) Sleep with window open.

(b) Drink at least six glasses of water during the day, be-
tween meals j taking one before breakfast, two between break-
fast and lunch, two between lunch and dinner, and one be-
fore going to bed.

5. Keep Clean :

or three months pay at-

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

(a) Have a bowel movement at least once every day, pre-
ferably immediately after breakfast or the last thing: at
night.

(b) Wash hands after going to the toilet, and before eating.

(c) Take a daily tub, shower or sponge bath, or rub down
with a rough towel every day; and take a full bath of some
sort at least twice a week.

(d) Brush teeth twice a day: after breakfast and just be-
fore bed.

(e) Wash hair at least once a month, and brush well every
day.

II. In addition to doing the things that make for health, the Girl
Scout must know the answers to the following questions:

1. What is the best way to care for your teeth.

2. Why is care for the eyes especially necessary? How are
the eyes rested? What are the points to remember about
light for work?

3. What is the difference in effect between a hot and cold bath?

4. How can you care for your feet on a hike so that they will
not become blistered or over-tired?

III. Bead at least one of the following books, or some other standard
book passed on by your physician or Captain:

EEFERENCES :

“Good Health,” F. G. Jewett, Ginn and Co.

“How to Get Strong and How to Stay So.” William Blaikie, Harper.
“Keeping Physically Fit,” Wm. J. Cromie, Macmillan.

“Exercise and Health,” Woods Hutcheson, Outing Pub. Co.
“Handbook of Health and Nursing,” American School of Home
Economics, Chicago.

“Food and Health,” Helen Kinne and Anna M. Cooley, Macmillan.
“Healthy Living,” Chas. E. Winslow, Chas. E. Merrill Co.

HOMEMAKER

SYMBOL— CROSSED KEYES

1. In planning a house and choosing a site for it what things
should be considered?

2. Draw the floor plan of an imaginary house or apartment to be
built in your locality for a family of four, and list the furn-
ishings for each room.

3. Choose a system for heating and state reasons for choice.

4. How will water be furnished? What precautions should always
be taken about the water supply and why?

5. How will the house be lighted? How will it be ventilated?

6. State how the walls and floors will be finished and why?

7. Describe the cook stove and ice box; tell why they were selected
and the best way to keep them clean.

8. List the utensils used in keeping a house clean.

9. State why it is particularly necessary to keep the cellar, closets,
cupboards, wash basins, toilets, sinks, clean. Give ways of
cleaning each.

10. State the proper way to prepare dishes for washing and the order
in which silver, glass, table and kitchen dishes should be washed*

11. How should rugs, mattresses, pillows, upholstered furniture,
papered walls, and windows be cleaned?

12. How should winter clothes and blankets be stored during the

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

519

summer? What should be done with soiled laundry prior to
washing?

13. What is the most economical way to buy flour, sugar, cereals,
butter and vegetables? How should they be kept in the house?

14. What is the law in your community concerning the disposition of
trash, ashes and garbage? How will you care for these things
in the house? If there is no law what will you do with them and
why?

15. Under what conditions do germs thrive and vermin infest? How
can both be kept away?

16. Plan the work in your house for one week giving the daily
schedule and covering all necessary points.

17. Tell how to make and use a fireless cooker. Explain what it is
good for.

18. Take care of your own bedroom for one month. Report just what
you do and how long it takes.

REFERENCES:

“Housewifery,” !L. Ray Balderston, Lippincott.

“The Home and the Family,” Helen Kinne and Anna Cooley, The
Macmillan Co.

“Foods and Household Management,” Helen Kinne and Anna Cooley,
Macmillan.

“Shelter and Clothing,” Helen Kinne and Anna Cooley, Macmillan.
“Feeding the Family,” M. S. Rose, Macmillan.

“Handbook of Food and Diet,” American School of Home Econo-
mics, Chicago.

MAGAZINES :

“The House Beautiful,” “Ladies Home Journal,” “Delineator,”
“Good Housekeeping.”

HOME NURSE***
SYMBOL— GREEN CROSS

1. Describe care of the room under following points:

(a) Ventilation heat and sun; (b) Character and amount of furni-
ture; (c) Cleanliness and order; (d) Daily routine; (e) General
“atmosphere.”

2. Demonstrate bed making with patient in bed... Bed must be
made in seven minutes.

3. (a). .Show how to help a patient in the use of the bedpan and
urinal, (b) Care of utensils, dishes, linen and their disinfection.

4. Bodily care of patient. Know all the following and be able to
demonstrate any two points asked for:

(a) Bathing; (b) Rubbing; (c) Changing of body linen; (d)
Combing hair; (e) Lifting and changing position; (f) Arranging
of supports; (g) Temperature, pulse and respiration; (h) Feed-
ing when helpless.

6. Local applications, hot and cold, (fomentations, compresses, ete.)
(Demonstrate at least one point).

6. Common household remedies and their use: castor oil, soda, olive
oil, epsom salts, aromatic spirits of ammonia.

7. First treatment of some common household emergencies, cramps,
earache, headache, colds, chills, choking, nosebleed and fainting.

8. How to give an enema.

9. Proper food for invalids and serving it. Be able to prepare and
serve five of the following. Two foods must be shown to ex-

520

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

aminer and three may be certified to by mother or other respon-
sible person.

1. Cereal, as oatmeal, gruel; cereal water, as barley water.

2. Toast, toast water, milk toast, cream toast.

3. Plain albumen, albuminized water, albuminized milk.

4. Eggnog, soft cooked egg, poached egg.

5. Pasteurized milk, junket, custard.

6. Beef, mutton, chicken, clam or oyster broth.

7. Eruit beverage, stewed dried fruit, baked apple.

8. Gelatin jellies, chicken jelly.

9. Tea, coffee, cocoa.

REFERENCES :

“Home Nurses Handbook of Practical Nursing,” C. A. Aitkens,
Saunders.

“Home Nursing,” E. McDonald, Macmillan.

“Red Cross Text Book,” C. Eynch, Blakiston.

HORSEWOMAN
SYMBOL — STIRRUP

1. Demonstrate saddling and bridling a saddle horse.

2. Demonstrate riding at a walk, trot and gallop.

3. Demonstrate harnessing correctly in single harness.

4. Demonstrate driving in single harness.

5. What are the rules of the road as to turning out?

6. What are the rules for feeding and watering a horse, and how
do these vary according to conditions?

7. What implements are needed for grooming a horse? Show how
they should be used.

8. Hitch a horse, using the best knot for that purpose.

9. Know principal causes of and how to detect and how to remedy
lameness and sore back.

10. Know how to detect and remove a stone from the foot.

11. Know the principal points of a horse, and the different parts
of the harness.

REFERENCES :

“Riding and Driving for Women,” B. Beach,, Scribner.

“Horsemanship,” C. C. Fraser.

HOSTESS

SYMBOL-CUP AND SAUCER

1. Demonstrate receiving, introducing and bidding guests goodbye.

2. Write notes of invitation for a luncheon, dinner party, and write
a letter inviting a friend to make a visit.

3. Give an out of door party or picnic planning entertainment, and

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

521

prepare and serve refreshments, OR

Demonstrate ability to plan for an indoor party, arranging the
rooms, a place for wraps, entertainment of guests, serving of
refreshments.

4. Set a table and entertain guests for lunch or dinner or afternoon
tea and demonstrate the duties of a hostess who has no maid,
or one who has a maid, to serve.

5. What are the duties of a hostess when entertaining a house
guest for a few days or more?

GUESTS:

6. When entertained as a house guest what are some of the necessary
things to be remembered?

7. What is a “bread and butter” letter? Write one.

8. When invited to a party, luncheon, dinner, or to make a visit,
how should the invitations be acknowledged? Write at least
two letters to cover the question.

9. What are the duties of a caller, dinner or party guest as con-
cerns time of arrival, length of stay and leaving?”

REFERENCES :

“Manners and Social Usage,” Sherwood ($1.25).

“Dame Curtsey's Book of Novel Entertainments,” E. H. Glover,
McClurg.

“Hostess of Today,” L. H. Earned, Scribner.

“Bright Ideas for Entertaining,” H. B. Einscott, Jacobs.

INTERPRETER

SYMBOL-

UNITED STATES ARMY EMBLEM

1. Show ability to converse in a language other than English.

2. Translate quickly and accurately a conversation in a foreign
language into English, and English into a foreign language.

3. Be able to write a simple letter in a language other than one's
own, subject to be given by examiner.

4. Read a passage from a book or newspaper written in a language
other than one's own.

5. Write a clear intelligible letter in a foreign language.

JOURNALIST****
SYMBOL — BOTTLE AND PEN

1. Know how a newspaper is made, its different departments,
functions of its staff, how the local news is gathered, how the
news of the world is gathered and disseminated... Inquire at
newspaper office.

2. What is a news item?

3. What is an editorial?

4. Describe evolutions of typesetting from hand composition to

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

machine composition. Look this up in encyclopedia.

5. Write two articles, not to exceed five hundred words each, on
events that come within the observation of the Scouts. For in-
stance give the school athletic events or describe an entertain-
ment for Scouts in church or school or rally.

6. Write some special story about Scoutcraft such as a hike or
camping experience.

REFERENCES:

"Newspaper,” G. B. Dibble, Holt.

"Handbook of Journalism,” N. C. Fowler, Sully.

LAUNDRESS
SYMBOL — FLAT IRON

1. What elements are needed to clean soiled clothes?

2. Show a blouse that you have starched and folded, OR
Show a skirt and coat you have pressed.

S. How is starch made? How is it prepared for use?

4. What is soap? How is it made? What is soap powder?

5. How can you soften hard water? How are a wringer and a
mangle used?

6. Name steps to take in washing colored garments. *

7. Should table linen be starched? Why?

8. Why do we run clothes through blueing water? What is blueing?
How made?

9. Know the different kinds of irons and how to take care of irons.

10. How to remove stains; ink, fruit, rust, grass, cocoa and grease.
Why must stains be removed before laundering?

11. What clothes should be boiled to make them clean? How are
flannels washed? What should be done to clothes after drying
before they are ironed?

REFERENCES:

"Saturday Mornings,” C. B. Burrell, Dana Estes.

"First Aid to the Young Housekeeper,” C. T. Herrick, Scribner.
"Guide to Laundry Work,” M. D. Chambers, Boston Cooking School.
"Approved Methods for Home Laundry,” Mary Beals Vail, R.S.,
Proctor Gamble Co.

MILLINER
SYMBOL— BONNET

1. Renovate a hat by removing, cleaning and pressing all trimmings
and the lining, turn or clean the hat and replace trimmings and
lining.

» Trim a felt hat and make and sew in the lining.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

523

3. Make a gingham, cretonne or straw hat using a wire frame.

4. What is felt and how is it made into hats?

5. What is straw and how is it prepared for millinery purposes?

6. How is straw braid for hats sold?

7. What is meant by “a hand-made hat?”

8. Can the shape of a felt or straw hat be materially changed? If
so by what process?

8. What kind of thread is best for sewing trimming on to a hat?
10. How is the head measured for ascertaining the head size for a
hat?

REFERENCES :

“Art of Millinery,” Anna Ben Yusef, Millinery Trade Pub. Co.

MOTORIST****

SYMBOL— A WINGED WHEEL

To qualify for this badge a Scout must be at least eighteen, and
must pass the examination which is required for the Motor Corps of
the National League for Women's Service.

This includes:

1. A certificate of health from a physician.

2. Possessing the First Aide Badge.

3. A Diploma from a certified training school for motorists, with a
mark of at least 85 per cent.

4. A driver’s license from her state, signed by the Secretary of State.

5. Taking the oath of allegiance.

REFERENCE:

Putnam’s Automobile Handbook, H. C. Brokaw, Putnam.

MUSICIAN
SYMBOL— HARP

For pianist, violinist, cellist or singer.

1. Flay or sing a scale and know its composition.

2. Write a scale in both the treble and base clef.

3. Know a half-tone, whole tone, a third, fifth and octave.

4. Be able to distinguish a march from a waltz, and give the time
of each.

5. What is a quarter, half and whole note, draw symbols.

6. Name five great composers and one composition of each, includ-
ing an opera, a piano composition, a song. Two of the foregoing
must be American.

7. Play or sing from memory three verses of the Star Spangled
Banner. The Battle Hymn of the Republic and America.

8. Play or sing correctly from memory one piece of good music.

9. For instrumentalist : Be able to play at sight a moderately

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

;

difficult piece and explain all signs and terms in it.

For Singer: Show with baton how to lead a group in singing

compositions written in 3/4 and 4/4 time.

10. What is an orchestra? Name at least five instruments in an
orchestra.

REFERENCES:

“Art of the Singer,” W. T. Henderson, Scribner.

“How to Listen to Music,” H. E. Krehbiel, Scribner.

“Orchestral Instruments and What They Do,” D. G. Mason, Novello.

NEEDLEWOMAN

SYMBOL-

SPOOL, THREAD AND NEEDLE

1. Know how to run a seam, overcast, roll and whip, hem, tuck,
gather, bind, make a French seam, make button hole, sew on
buttons, hooks and eyes, darn and patch. Submit samples of
each.

2. Show the difference between “straight” and “on the bias,” and
how to make both.

3. Know the difference between linen, cotton and woolen, and pick
out samples of each.

4. Know how thread, silk and needles are numbered and what the
numbers indicate.

5. Show how to measure and plan fullness for edging or lace.

6. Know how to lay a pattern on cloth, cut out a simple article of
of wearing apparel and make same. Use this article to demon-
strate as much of question 1 as possible.

7. Knit either a muffler, sweater or baby's jacket and cap and
crochet one yard of lace or make a yard of tatting.

8. Hemstitch or scallop a towel or bureau scarf and work an initial
on it in cross stitch.

REFERENCES :

“Complete Dressmaker,” C. E. Laughlin, Appleton.
“Art in Needlework,” S. F. Day, Scribner.

PATHFINDER

SYMBOL— A HAND POINTING

1. Describe the general plan of the city, town or village in which
you live, locate the principal shopping, business and residence
districts and know how to reach them from any quarter of the
city, town or village. Be able to direct a person to the nearest
place of worship to which they desire to go, OR

Describe in a general way the township or county in which you
live giving the principal roads, naming two of the nearest and
largest cities or towns, giving their distance from your residence
and telling how to reach them.

2. Know the routes of the principal surface car and subway lines, or

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

525

The name of the nearest railroad division to your residence and
four of the principal cities or towns through which it passes
within a distance of one hundred miles.

3. Know at least three historic points of interest within the limits
of your city, town or village, how to get to them and why they
are historic, OK

Tell of three things of interest concerning the history of your own
community.

4. Know the name and location of the Post Office, Telegraph and
Telephone Stations, Public Library, City or Town Hall, one Hos-
pital of good standing, one hotel or inn, three churches, one
Protestant, one Catholic, one Synagogue, and the nearest rail-
road, OR

Know the name, location and distance from your home or
village, of the nearest Library, Hospital, Church, Post Office,
Telegraph and Telephone and Railroad Stations.

5. Know the name and location of three buildings or places in your
city, town or village, of interest from a point of beauty either of
architecture, decoration or surroundings, OR

Know and locate three places of interest within ten miles of your
home, because of beautiful views or surroundings, OR give direc-
tions for taking a walk through beautiful woods, lanes or roads.

6. Draw a map of the district around your home covering an area of
one quarter square mile, noting streets, schools and other public
buildings, fire alarm boxes, at least one public telephone booth,
one doctor’s office, one drug store, one provision store, and four

}ints of the compass. Draw to scale, OR
Draw a map covering a half square mile of country around your
home noting schools and any other public buildings, roads, lanes,
points of interest, historic or otherwise, streams, lakes and four
cardinal points o.f the compass. Map must be drawn to scale.

7. Know how to use the fire alarm, how to consult telephone direc-
tory, how to call for assistance in case of water leak, accident,
burglary, forest fire and how to call the police for any other
emergency.

8. Find any of the four cardinal points of the compass by sun or
stars, by use of a watch and a cane or stick.

REFERENCES :

Sections in Handbook on “Woodcraft,” and “Measurements and
Mapmaking,” and publications of local Historical Societies, Guides and
Directories,

PHOTOGRAPHER

SYMBOL-

CAMERA ON STANDARD

1. Submit six good photographs, interior and out of door, taken,
developed and printed by self, OR twelve good photographs taken
by self including portraits, animals, out of door and indoor
subjects.

2. What constitutes a good picture?

3. Give three rules to be followed in taking interiors, portraits and
out of door pictures.

4. Name and describe briefly the processes used in photography.

5. Tell what a camera is and name and describe the principal parts
of a camera.

6. What is a film? What is a negative?

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

7. What position in relation to the sun should a photographer
take when exposing a film?

8. Should a shutter be operated slowly? If so, why?

9. What causes buildings in a picture to look as if they were falling?

10. What precautions should be taken when reloading a camera and
taking out an exposed film?

11. What is an enlargement? How is it made?

12. What are the results of under exposure and over exposure?

13. What are the results of failing to take the proper camera dis-
tance, having improper light and allowing the camera to move?

14. If there is more than one method of exposing a film what deter-
mines the method to be used?

REFERENCES:

“How to Make Good Pictures/' Eastman Kodak Company.

“The Photo Miniature/' such numbers as appear to be needed*

“Nature and the Camera,'' A. R. Dugmore, Doubleday.

“Photography for Young People/' T. Jenks, Stokes.

“Why My Photographs Are Bad/' C. M. Taylor, Jacobs.

1. Tell four things that must be considered when choosing a camp
site.

2. Know how to use a saw, an axe, a hatchet.

3. Know how to select and fell a tree for building or fuel purposes.
Know a fork and sapling and their uses.

4. Build or help three others to build a shack suitable for four
occupants.

5. Make a latrine, an incinerator, a cache.

6. Make a fire place for heating and cooking purposes and cook a
simple meal over it.

7. Know how to tell the directions of the wind.

8. Know how to mark a trail.

9. Tell what to do to make water safe for drinking if there is any
question as to its purity.

REFERENCES :

“Camping and Woodcraft,'' Horace Kephart, Macmillan.

“On The Trail/' E. Beard, Scribner.

“Vacation Camps For Girls/' Jeannette Marks, D. Appleton.

The Girl Scout's Camp, Pub. by Nat. Hdqrs. Girl Scouts.

SYMBOL— AXES

PIONEER***

PICK AND SHOVEL

ROCK TAPPER

SYMBOL—

Collect and correctly identify ten rocks found among the glacial
boulders.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

527

2. Make photograph or make sketch of glacial boulders.

3. Collect two or three scratched or glaciated pebbles or cobble-
stones in the drift.

4. Make a sketch or photograph of an exposed section of glaciated
or scratched bed-rock and note as accurately as you can the
direction of the scratches or grooves.

REFERENCES:

“The Story of Our Continent/' N. S. Shaler, Ginn and Co.

“The Great Ice Age and Its Relation to the Antiquity of Man/' D.
Appleton and Co.

“A Text Book of Geology/' portion of Chapter XXV entitled
“The Glacial Epoch in North America/'.. D. Appleton & Co.

“Physiography for High School,'' Chapter V entitled, “The Work
of Snow and Ice/' Henry Holt and Co.

“An Introduction To Physical Geography,'' Chapter VI entitled,
“Glaciers/' D. Appleton, or any other good text book of geology or
physical geography.

“Travels in Alaska/' John Muir.

SAILOR***
SYMBOL— ANCHOR

Qualify for questions under A, one to eleven, and one other test on

rowboat, sailboat, canoe or motor boat.

A. GENERAL.

1. Swim twenty-five yards with clothes and shoes on, or hold the
swimming merit badge.

2. Know sixteen points of the compass.

3. Find any one of the four cardinal points of the compass by sun
or stars.

4. Know the rules for right of way.

5. Know how to counteract the effect of current, tide and wind.

6. Demonstrate making a landing, coming along side, making fast,
pushing off.

7. What is a calm? What is a squall? What are the sky and water
conditions that denote the approach of the latter?

8. Why are squalls dangerous?

9. What are the dangers of moving about or standing in a boat?

10. Tie four knots for use in handling a boat. Prepare, tie and
throw a life line a distance of 25 feet.

11. Which is the “port" and which the “starboard" side of the boat,
and what color lights represent each?

B. ROWBOAT.

1. Demonstrate hoisting a sail, taking in a reef, letting out a reef,
oars, feather the oars, turn around, row backward, back water,
keep a straight course.

2. Name two types of row boats.

3. Demonstrate rowing alone on a straight course for a period of
one-half hour. Keep stroke with another person for the same
length of time.

4. Demonstrate sculling or poling.

5. Bail and clean a boat.

6. What does it mean to “trim ship?"

C SAILBOAT.

1. Demonstrate hoisting a sail, taking in a reef, letting out a reef.

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SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

steering:, sailing close to the wind, before the wind, coming about,
coming up into the wind.

2c What is meant by tacking?

3. What is the difference between a keel and centerboard type of
boat? Tell the advantage of each,

4. Coil the ropes on a sailboat.

5. Name three different types of sailboats.

D. CANOE.

1. Where and how should a canoe be placed when not in use?

2. Demonstrate putting a canoe into the water, stepping into it,
taking it out, and the technique of bow and stern paddling.

3. Overturn, right and get back into a canoe.

4. Name two standard makes of canoes.

5. What does it mean to make a portage?

E. MOTORBOAT.

1. Know how to oil the engine and the best kind of oil with which
to oil it.

2. Demonstrate cleaning the engine; cranking the engine.

3. Know how to measure gas in tank, how much gas the tank holds,
and how long the engine will run when the tank is full. Know
how to judge good gasoline.

4. Why should a motor boat never be left without turning off the
gas? State reasons.

5. Be able to rectify trouble with the carburetor.

6. Know proper weight of anchor for boat; how to lower and hoist
anchor; how to ground anchor so boat will not drag; know the
knot to fasten rope to anchor and rope to boat, and how to throw
out anchor.

7. Demonstrate how to coil rope so it will not kink when anchor is
thrown out.

8. Know channels and right of way by buoys and lights.

REFERENCES:

Harper's Boating Book for Boys," C. J. Davis, Harper.

"Boat Sailing," A. J. Kenealy, Outing.

1. Submit an original short story, an essay or play or poem.

2. Know three authors of prose and their compositions.

3. Mention the names and some works of three novelists, two essay-
ists, three poets, two dramatists of the present century, at least
three of them American.

SYMBOL. — OPEN BOOK

SIGNALLER

SYMBOL— CROSSED FLAGS

SEMAPHORE

1. Give alphabet correctly in 30 seconds, or less.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

529

2. Give the following abbreviations correctly:

AFFIRMATIVE, ACKNOWLEDGE, ATTENTION, ERROR,
NEGATIVE, PREPARATORY, ANNULLING, SIGN OF NUM-
ERALS.

3. Send message not previously read, of twenty words, containing
three numerals and sent at the rate of 50 letters per minute*
Only one error to be allowed. Technique to be considered and
judged.

4. Receive unknown message of twenty words, containing three
numerals at the same rate. Two errors to be allowed. Scouts
may have someone take message down in writing as they read it,
and five minutes in which to rewrite it afterwards.

WIGWAG

1. Give alphabet correctly in two and a half minutes or less.

2. Give numerals up to ten correctly.

3. Send message not previously read, of twenty words, containing
three numerals, at the rate of ten letters per minute. Only one
error allowed; technique and regularity to be considered and
judged.

4. Receive unknown message of twenty words, containing three num-
erals, to be given at the rate of 10 letters per minute... Two errors
to be allowed. Conditions for receiving, the same as in Sema-
phore.

BUZZER

GENERAL SERVICE CODE

1. Send message of twenty words, not previously read, at the rate
of ten letters per minute. Two errors allowed.

2. Receive unknown message of twenty words to be given at the
same rate. Two errors allowed. Scouts to be allowed five minutes
in which to rewrite message, afterwards.

REFERENCES :

“How to Signal by Many Methods,” J. Gibson, Gale.

“Cadet Manual, ” E. Z. Steever, Lippincott.

“Boys* Camp Manual,” C. K. Taylor, Century.

“Outdoor Signalling,” Elbert Wells, Outing Pub. Co.

STAR GAZER
SYMBOL— STAR GROUP

1. Explain briefly the Solar System.

2. Make a diagram showing the relative positions and movements of
the earth, sun and moon. What governs the tide? What causes
an eclipse? What is a comet, a shooting star, a sun spot?

3. Name the nlanets in their order from the sun. Which planet is
nearest the earth and give its distance?

4. How fast does light travel?

5. What is the difference between planets and fixed stars and name
three of the latter.

6. What is a constellation? Name and be able to point out six,
Name two constellations which are visible throughout the year.

"<*• Draw a chart of the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia and the North
Star at intervals of three hours through the night using a fixed

530

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

frame and drawing from the same spot.

8. Observe a sunrise and a sunset.

9. What is the Milky-Way? Give its course through the heavens.

10. What is a morning star? What is an evening star?

11. Explain zenith and nadir.

12. What is the Aurora Borealis? Have you seen it?
REFERENCES:

“Field Book of Stars.” W. T. Olcott, Putnam.

“The Book of Stars,” R. F. Collins, D. Appleton.

“Around The Year With The Stars,” Garrett P. Servlss, Harper.

SWIMMER

SYMBOL— LIFE BUOY

1. Swim 50 yards.

2. Demonstrate the Breast Stroke and 3 strokes in addition from
the following: Back Stroke, Side Stroke (English underarm).
Side Stroke (Australian overarm), Trudgeon, Crawl, Treading
Water.

3. Swim 25 feet under water.

4. Demonstrate floating.

5. Demonstrate three ways of diving.

6. Retrieve an object from a depth of 8 feet.

7. Prepare and throw a life line to a person in the water 25 feet
away and pull him to safety.

8. Rescue a supposed drowning person.

9. Demonstrate the Schaefer method of resuscitation.

10. Swim 25 yards in clothes, skirt and boots included, and undress
in water over one’s head.

11. Know how to row a boat and how to dive from it.

REFERENCES:

“Modern Swimming,” J. H. P. Brown, Small.

“How to Swim,” Dalton, D., Putnam.

“On the Trail,” 1. Beard, Scribner.

TELEGRAPHER
SYMBOL— TELEGRAPH POLE

1. Send 22 words per minute using a sounder and American Morse
Code.

2. Receive 25 words per minute and write out the message in long
hand or on a typewriter directly from sound.

No mistakes allowed.

REFERENCE:

“Harper’s Beginning Electricity,” D. C. Shafer, Harper.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

531

ZOOLOGIST
SYMBOL— SEAHORSE

I. To pass this test a Scont must be able to tell in a general way
the differences between plants and animals, the different kinds of
animals. Invertebrates and Vertebrates, and among the Verte-
brates to distinguish between Fishes, Amphibia, Reptiles, Birds
and Mammals.

II. She must also pass the test on Mammals and the test on at least
one other group: either Invertebrates, Fishes, Amphibia, Reptiles
or Birds, (Fok> this see special test under Bird Hunter.)

A. MAMMALS

1. Give a list of ten wild mammals personally observed and identi-
fied in the open.

2. Name two mammals that kill fruit trees by girdling them.

3. Mention three mammals that destroy the farmer’s grain.

4. State game laws of her State which apply to mammals.

5. Name and locate one great game preserve in the United States
and mention five game mammals protected there.

6. Mention three furs that are sold by their true names, and three
that are sold under trade names that differ from the true ones,
giving both names.

B. REPTILES

1. Mention some uses of the leather made from Alligator skins.

2. Give names of three Turtles that you have identified in the open*

3. What is the only poisonous Lizard in the United States?

4. Name and describe the poisonous Snakes of your State.

C. AMPHIBIANS

1. Describe the life history of the frog or the toad.

2. Describe the wonderful power of changing color shown by the
common Tree-frog.

3. What is the difference in the external appearance of a salamander
and a lizard?

4. Give a list of five Amphibians that you have identified in the open.

D. FISHES

1. Describe the habits of feeding and egg-laying in one of our
native fishes.

2. Mention a common fish that has no scales, one that has very small
scales, and one that has comnaratively large scales.

3. Name five much-used food fishes of the sea, and five fresh-water
food-fishes,

4 What are some necessary characteristics of a game-fish? Mention
a well-known salt-water game fish, and two fresh-water ones.

5. Describe the nest of some local fish, giving location, size, etc.

532

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

E. INVERTEBRATES
(Either of the following:)
a. Insects and Spiders

1. How may mosquitoes be exterminated?

2. Collect, preserve and identify ten butterflies, five moths, ten other
insects, and three spiders.

3. Describe the habit that certain ants have of caring: for plant-lice
or aphids which secrete honey-dew.

4. Describe the life-liistory of one of our solitary wasps. (See
“Wasps Social and Solitary,” by George W. and Elizabeth G.
Peckham; Houghton Mifflin Co.)

5. Describe the life of a hive or colony of honey-bees. (See “The
Life of the Bee,” by Maurice Maeterlinck, Dodd Mead Co.)

b. Sea Shore Life

1. Name five invertebrates used as food and state where they ara
found.

2. What is the food of the starfish? How are starfish destroyed?

3. Name twenty invertebrates which you have seen and give the
locality where they were found.

4. Name five invertebrates that live in the water only and five that
burrow in the mud or sand.

5. What invertebrate was eaten by the Indians and its shell used in
making: wampum? Where have you seen this animal?

GENERAL REFERENCES

A. MAMMALS

“Life-Histories of Northern Animals,” 2 vols., Ernest Thompson
Seton, Scribner.

“American Animals,” Stone, Witmer, and Wm. E. Cram, Doubleday
Page.

“American Natural History, Vol. 1, Mammals,” Wm. T. Hornaday,
Scribner.

“Squirrels and Other Fur-Bearers,” John Burroughs, Houghton
Mifflin.

“Kindred of the Wild,” C. G. D. Roberts, Doubleday Page.

“Animals, Their Relation and Use To Man,” C. D. Wood, Ginn
and Co.

“Popular Natural History,” J. G. Wood, Winston.

B. REPTILES

“Reptile Book,” Raymond L. Ditmars, Doubleday Page.

“The Poisonous Snakes of North America,” Leonhard Stejnegar,
Report U. S. National Museum, 1893.

C. AMPHIBIANS

“The Frog Book,” Mary Cynthia Dickerson, Doubleday Page.
“Manual of Vertebrates of the Northern United States,” David
Starr Jordan, A. C. McClurg Pub. Co.

“Nature Study and Life,” Clifton F. Hodge, Ginn and Co.

D. FISHES

“American Food and Game Fishes,” David Starr Jordan and Barton
W. Evermann, Doubleday Page.

“The Care of Home Aquaria,” Raymond C. Osburn, New York
Zoological Society.

“The Story of the Fishes/* James Newton Baskett, D. Appleton
and Co.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

533

E. INVERTEBRATES
a. Insects and Spiders

"Butterfly Guide/' W. J. Holland, Doubleday Page... (For be-
ginners).

"Our Common Butterflies/* Frank E. Lutz, (Guide Leaflet No. 38,
American Museum of Natural History).

"How to Collect and Preserve Insects/* Frank E. Lutz, (Guide
Leaflet No. 39, American Museum of Natural History.)

"The Moth Book/* W. J. Holland, Doubleday Page.

"The Butterfly Book/* W. J. Holland, Doubleday Page.

"The Spider Book/* J. H. Comstock, Doubleday Page.

"Moths and Butterflies/* Mary C. Dickerson, Ginn and Co.

"Manual for the Study of Insects/* J. H. and A. B. Comstock,
Comstock Publishing Co.

"The Wonders of Instinct/* Jean Henri Fabre, Century Co.

"Field Book of Insects,'* Frank E. Lutz, Putnam.

b. Sea Shore Life

"The Sea-Beach at Ebb Tide/* A. F. Arnold, The Century Co.

"Sea-Sliore Life/* A. G. Mayer, (New York Zoological Society, 1903).

"Introduction to Zoology/* C. B. and G. C. Davenport, Macmillan
Co., 19C0.

IH. GROUP BADGES

The Scout who follows one line of interest sufficiently long to
qualify in several related subjects may take a Group Badge signifying
proficiency in the general field. All Group Badges must be passed
on by National Headquarters.

1. Community Scout (any four)
Citizen***

Health Guardian***

Economist
Business Woman***

Telegrapher

Interpreter

Motorist****

Canner

2. Scout Entertainer (any two'
Musician
Dancer

Leader of Games (test in prepar-
ation)

Recitationist or Dramatic Reade”
(test in preparation)

Story Teller (test in preparation)
Hostess

534

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

3. Scout Aide
Child Nurse***
Cook

First Aide***
Home Nurse***
Homemaker
Health Winner
Health Guardian

To earn this badge a Scout must have passed three of the tests of
Bird Hunter, Flower Finder, Bock Tapper, Star Gazer or Zoologist.
She must also pass the following brief test:

1. What sorts of things are included in Nature Study?

2. What are the other names for living and non-living objects?

3. Bead one of the following general books on Nature Study.

GENEBAL NATUBE STUDY BEFEBENCES:

“Handbook of Nature Study,” Anna Botsford Comstock, Comstock
Publishing Co. (Manual for Leaders).

“Nature Study and Life,” Clifton F. Hodge, Ginn and Co.

“The Story Book of Science,” J. Henri Fabre, Century Co.

“Leaf and Tendril,” John Burroughs, Houghton Mifflin.

“Wake Bobin,” John Burroughs, Houghton Mifflin.

“Natural History of Selbourne,” Giloert White.

“Travels in Alaska,” John Muir.

“My First Summer in the Sierras,” John Muir.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

535

6. land Scout
Gardener
Farmer
Dairy Maid
Bee Keeper

IV. GOLDEN EAGLET

SYMBOL— A GOLD EAGLET PIN OR PENDANT

Qualifications: Only First Class Scouts are eligible for this, the

highest award offered to Girl Scouts. To obtain this a girl must
have won twenty-one Merit Badges, of which fifteen must be:

Athlete

Bird Hunter or Flower Finder or
Zoologist
Child Nurse***

Citizen***

Cook

Dressmaker

Economist

First Aide***

Health Guardian***

Health Winner

Homemaker

Home Nurse***

Hostess

Laundress

Pioneer

536

Scouting for girls

To earn this a Scout must attend every troop meeting: held by her
troop. A year is counted as one meeting: a week for eight months, or
two meetings a week for four months.

1. The gold star is given for attendance at all regular troop meet-
ings held during a period of one year... Punctuality is required
and no excuses are allowed.

2. The silver start is given for attendance at 90 per cent of all
regular troop meetings.

3. The attendance badge may be given only to a girl who has be-
longed to the organization for one year; the badges therefore de-
note how many years a girl has been a Scout.

LIFE SAYING MEDALS

1. The Bronze Cross is awarded as the highest possible award for
gallantry, and may be won only when the claimant has shown
special heroism or has faced extraordinary risk of life.

2. The Silver Cross is awarded for saving life with considerable
risk to oneself.

3. These two medals are worn over the right pocket.

4. Applications must be made by the girl's Captain, who should
send to National Headquarters, through the Bocal Council, if
there is one, a full account with written evidence from two wit*
nesses of the deed.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS 537

MEDAL. OF MERIT

1. The Medal of Merit is designed for the Scout who does her duty
exceptionally well, though without grave risk to herself, or for
specially good work in recruiting on behalf of the Girl Scout
movement, or for specially good record at school for one year in
attendance and lessons.

2. This medal is worn over the right pocket.

3. Only registered Scouts are entitled to this medal.

4. Application for this medal should be made by the girFs Captain,
who should 6end to National Headquarters, through the Local
Council, if there is one, a full account of the circumstances upon
which the claim is based. If the claim is based upon a school
record, the girFs report card or a copy of it signed by her
teachers, should accompany the Captain's letter. Cards will be
returned promptly.

THANKS BADGE

1. The Thanks Badge may be given to anyone to whom a Scout
owes gratitude for assistance in promoting Scouting. Every Girl
Scout anywhere in the whole world when she sees the Thanks
Badge, recognizes that the person who wears it is a friend and
it is her duty to salute and ask if she can be of service to the
wearer of the badge.

2. The Thanks Badge may be worn on a chain or ribbon.

3. The approval of National Headquarters must be obtained before
the Thanks Badge is presented to anyone. Applications may be
sent to National Headquarters by any registered Scout (whether
Captain, Lieutenant, or Girl Scout) giving the name of the per-
son to whom the badge is to be given and the circumstances
which justify the award. Unless the badge is to be presented to
the Captain herself, her recommendation is required.

538

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

VI. GIRL, SCOUT OFFICERS AND CLASS INSIGNIA

CAPTAIN’S PIN LIEUTENANT’S PIN

TENDERFOOT PIN SECOND-CLASS BADGE

FIRST CLASS BADGE

CORPORAL

PATROL LEADER EX-PATROL LEADER

j '■

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

539

VII. FLOWER CRESTS FOR TROOPS

SECTION XIX

REFERENCE READING FOR GIRL

SCOUTS

The following books have been selected for Girl Scouts with two
ideas in mind: first, to list some of the best books of the world, with
which all persons should be familiar, and second, to give books that
should be easily available in all parts of the country. In some cities
the Public Libraries have “Girl Scout Shelves.” Has your library
one? In some places the Libraries have Beading Clubs for young
people, conducted by the boys and girls themselves under the guidance
of specially trained librarians who know just how to help bring the
right book to hand, on any subject a Scout would be interested In.
In Manhattan there are no less than thirty such clubs in connection
with the various district libraries. Why not have one of these in
your town?

The American Library Association, whose headquarters are in
Washington, will help to bring books to rural districts and places
without regular public libraries. Write to them for help if yon
need it.

The Congressional Library may be called upon at any time for
bibliography on any special topic.

The books in this section are in addition to the special references
for Proficiency Tests in Section XVIII.

HANDBOOKS OF ALLIED OBG ANIZATION S

Boy Scouts of America, Handbook for Boys, Doubleday and Page,
1914.

Boy Scout Camp Book, Edward Cave, Doubleday and Page.

The Camp Fire Girls, (Handbook of Camp Fire Girls), 31 East 17th
Street, N. Y. C.

Girl Guiding, Sir Bobert Baden-Powell, C. Arthur Pearson Ltd.,
London.

Scouting for Boys, Sir Bobert Baden-Powell, C. Arthur Pearson,
Ltd., London.

Woodcraft Manual for Boys and Woodcraft Manual for Girls by
Ernest Thompson Seton, Doubleday and Page.

ADVENTUBE

Bobinson Crusoe, Daniel DeFoe.

Jim Davis, John Masefield.

A Woman Tenderfoot; Two Little Savages; Ernest Seton Thompson

and Grace Gallatin.

David Balfour, Kidnapped, Treasure Island, Bobert Louis Stevenson.

Bound the World in Eighty Days, Twenty Thousand Leagues

Under the Sea, The Mysterious Island, Jules Verne.

Swiss Family Bobinson, Wyss.

ANIMAL STOBIES

Jungle Books, First and Second; Just So Stories; Budyard Kipling.

The Call of the Wild, Jack London.

Bob, Son of Battle, Ollivant.

Wild Animals I Have Known, Ernest Seton Thompson.

Black Beauty, Sewell.

Lad, a Dog; Albert Payson Terhune.

540

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

541

FAIRY AND FORK TALES

Fairy Tales, Hans Christian Anderson... Mrs. Edgar Lucas' Edition.
Arabian Nights.

Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, James M. Barrie.

Granny's Wonderful Chair, F. Browne.

Davy and the Goblin, Guy Wetmore Carry 1.

Celtic Fairy Tales, J. Jacobs.

Norse Fairy Tales, Sir George Dasent.

Folk Tales of Flanders, Jean De Bosschere.

Fairy Tales, Grimm Bros., Mrs. Lucas editor.

Uncle Remus, His Songs and Sayings, Joel Chandler Harris.

Mopse the Fairy, Jean Ingelow.

Water Babies, Charles Kingsley.

Wonderful Adventures of Nils, Selma Lagerlof.

Blue, Red, Green and Brown Fairy Books, Andrew Lang.

Pinocchio, C. Lorenzini.

Back of the North Wind; Double Story; The Princess and Curdle;
The Princess and the Goblin; George MacDonald.

Czecho-Slovak Fairy Tales, Parker Fillmore.

Ting a Ling Tales; The Queen's Museum and Other Fanciful Tales,
Frank Stockton.

HISTORY AND PERIOD NOVELS

The itory of France, Mary MacGregor.

The Little Book of the War, Eva March Tappan.

Story of the World, Elizabeth O'Neill.

Story of a Pioneer, Anna Howard Shaw.

Old Timers in the Colonies, Charles C. Coffin.

The Boys of '76, Charles C. Coffin.

Drum-Beat of the Nation, Charles C. Coffin.

Redeeming the Republic, Charles C. Coffin.

Lafayette, We Come! Rupert S. Holland.

Historic Events of Colonial Days, Rupert S. Holland.

History of England, Rudyard Kipling.

Hero Tales from American History, Lodge and Roosevelt.

Famous Scouts, Charles H. Johnston.

Famous Frontiersmen and Heroes of the Border, Charles H.
Johnston.

Boys' Life of Theodore Roosevelt, Herman Hagedorn.

Boys' Life of Abraham Lincoln, Helen Nicolay.

American Hero Stories, Eva March Tappan.

A Gentleman of France, Weyman.

A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens.

Cardigan, Robert Chambers.

Deerslayer, Fenimore Cooper.

Fortunes of Nigel, Walter Scott.

Henry Esmond, William Makepeace Thackery.

Hugh Wynne, Weir Mitchell.

Ivanhoe, Walter Scott.

Janice Meredith, Paul Leicester Ford.

Joan of Arc, Laura E. Richards.

Last of the Mohicans, Fenimore Cooper.

Maid at Arms, Robert Chambers.

Man Without a Country, Edward Everett Hale.

Master Simon's Garden, Caroline Meigs.

Pool of Stars, Caroline Meigs.

Master Skylark, Bennett.

Merry Lips, Beulah Marie Dix.

Otto of Silver Hand, Howard Pyle.

Quentin Durward, Walter Scott.

54^

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Romona, Helen Hunt Jackson.

Rewards and Fairies, Rudyard Kipling.

Richard Carvel, Winston Churchill.

Soldier Rigdale, Beulah Marie Dix.

The Crisis, Winston Churchill.

The Perfect Tribute, M. S. Andrews.

The Prince and the Pauper, Mark Twain.

The Refugees, Conan Hoyle.

The Scarlet Pimpernel, Baroness Onczy.

The Spartan, Caroline Snediker.

The Three Musketeers, Alexandre Dumas.

The White Company, Conan Doyle.

Two Little Confederates, Thomas Nelson Page.

Via Crucis, Marion Crawford.

Westward Ho, Charles Kingsley.

A Yankee at King Arthur’s Court, Mark Twain.

MYTH AND LEGEND

Story of Roland, James Baldwin.

The Sampo (Finnish), James Baldwin.

The Story of Siegfried, James Baldwin.

Children of the Dawn, (Greek), Elsie Buckley,

Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan.

The Stories of Norse Heroes, Wilmot Buxton.

Don Quixote, Cervantes.

Stories of Charlemagne and the Twelve Peers of France, A. J,
Church.

Greek Tragedies, Church.

Adventures of Odysseus and The Tale of Troy, Padraic Colum.
Sintram and His Companions, De la Motte Fouqu6.

Undine, De la Motte FouquS.

Tanglewood Tales, Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The Wonderbook, Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Rip Van Winkle, Washington Irving.

Heroes, Charles Kingsley.

Robin Hood, Howard Pyle.

The Story of the Champions of the Round Table, Howard Pyle.

The Story of the Grail and the Passing of Arthur, Howard Pyle.
The Story of King Arthur and His Knights, Howard Pyle.

The Story of Sir Launcelot and His Companions, Howard Pyle.

NONSENSE

Goops, Gillett Burgess.

Inklings for Thinklings, Susan Hale. t

Child’s Primer of Natural History, Oliver Herford.

The Nonsense Book, Edward Lear.

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll.

Through the Looking Glass, Lewis Carroll.

The Hunting of the Snark, Lewis Carroll.

Nonsense Anthology, Carolyn [Wells.

Parody Anthology, Carolyn Wells.

NOVELS AND STORIES

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey; Marjorie Daw.

Austen, Jane; Pride and Prejudice.

Bacon, Josephine Daskam; Ten to Seventeen, Madness of Philip.
Barrie, James M.; Little Minister, Little White Bird, Sentimental
Tommy.

Bjornson, Bjemsterne; A Happy Boy, Arne, A Fisher Lassie, Synove
Solbaken.

Blackmore, R. W.j Lorna Doone.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

543

Bronte, Charlotte; Jane Eyre.

Bunner, H. Short Sixes.

Chesterton, Gilbert K.; The Club of Queer Trades, The Innocence

of Father Brown

Collins, Wilkie; The Moonstone.

Craik, D. M.; (Miss Mulock) John Halifax, Gentleman.

Crawford, Marion; Marietta, Mr. Isaacs, the Roman Singer,
baskam, Josephine; Smith College Stories, Sister's Vocation,
other stories.

Davis, Richard Harding; Soldiers of Fortune, Van Bibber and
Deland, Margaret; Tales of Old Chester.

Dickens, Charles; David Copperfield, The Christmas Carol.

Eliot, George; Mill on the Floss.

Farnol, Jeffrey; The Broad Highway.

Fox, John; Eittle Shepherd of Kingdom Come, Trail of the Lone-
some Pine.

Green, Anna Katherine; The Leavenworth Case, The Filigree Ball.
Haggard, Rider; King Solomon’s Mines.

Holmes, Sherlock; Hound of the Baskervilles.

Hope, Anthony; Rupert of Hentzau, The Prisoner of Zenda.

Jacobs, W. W.; Light Freights, Many Cargoes.

Johnson, Owen; The Varmint.

Hornung; Adventures of Raffles, the Gentleman Burglar.

Kipling, Rudyard; Captains Courageous, Soldiers Three, Wee Willie
Winkle, Kim, The Nalaukha, The Light That Failed.

Lincoln, Joseph; Captain Erie.

McCarthy, Justin; If I Were King.

Merriman, Henry Seton; Dust, With Edged Tools.

Meredith, Nicholson; In the Bishop's Carriage.

Poe, Edgar Allen; Tales, The Gold Bug.

Reade, Charles; The Cloister and the Hearth, Foul Play.

Rinehart, Mary Roberts; The Amazing Interlude.

Smith, F. Hopkinson; Fortunes of Oliver Horne, Colonel Carter of
Cartersville.

Stowe, Harriet Beecher; Little Pussy Willow, Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Stockton, Frank; Rudder Grange, The Lady or the Tiger, Casting
Away of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine.

Tarkington, Booth; Monsieur Beaucaire, Gentleman from Indiana,
Seventeen, Penrod, Penrod and Sam.

Wells, Carolyn; The Clue, The Gold Bag, A Chain of Evidence, The
Maxwell Mystery.

White, Edward Steward; The Blazed Trail.

Wister, Owen; The Virginian.

Woolson, Constance F. ; Anne.

Alcott, Louisa M.; Eight Cousins, Little Women, Little Men, Rose
in Bloom, etc.

Burnett, Frances Hodgson; Little Lord Fauntleroy, Sarah Crewe.
Coolidge, Susan; Clover, In the High Valley, What Katy Did and
other Katy books.

Craik, Mrs.; (Miss Mulock); The Little Lame Prince.

Cummins, Maria Susanna; The Lamplighter.

Dodge, Mary Mapes; Donald and Dorothy, Hans Brinker and the
Silver Skates.

Ewing, Juliana; Jackanapes, Six to Sixteen.

Hale, C. P.; Peterkin Papers.

Hughes, Thomas; Tom Brown's School Days.

Jackson, Helen Hunt; Nelly's Silver Mine.

Jordan, Elizabeth; May Iverson, Her Book.

Nesbit, E.; The Wouldbegoods, The Phoenix and the Carpet.

Ouida (de la Ramce); Bimbi Stories.

Richards, Laura E.; Hildegarde Series, Margaret Montford Series.
Shaw, F. E.; Castle Blair.

Spyri, J.; Heidi.

Twain, Mark; Huckelberry Finn, Tom Sawyer.

Warner, Susan; The Wide Wide World.

544

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Wiggin, Kate Douglas; The Birds' Christmas Carol, Polly Oliver's
Problems, Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm.

GIRD SCOUT STORIES

Abbott, Jane; Keineth, Larkspur.

Blanchard, Amy E.; A Girl Scout of Red Rose Troop.

Widdemer, Margaret; Winona's Way and other Winona Books.

POETRY

Verse for Patriots, Jean Broadhurst and Clara Lawton Rhodes.

Golden Staircase, (An Anthology), L. Chisholm.

Lyra Heroica, William Ernest Henley.

Blue Book of Poetry, Andrew Lang.

Story Telling Poems, F. J. Olcott.

Book of Famous Verse, Agnes Repplier.

Home Book of Verse for Young Folks, Burton Egbert Stevenson.

Child's Garden of Verse, Robert Louis Stevenson.

Children's Book of Ballads, Mary W. Tileston.

Golden Numbers, Kate Douglas Wiggin.

WONDERS OF SCIENCE

Magic of Science, Collins.

The Story Book of Science, Jean Henri Fabre, Century,

Field, Forest and Farm, Jean Henri Fabre, Century.

In the Once Upon a Time, Lillian Gask.

Book of the Ocean, Ingersoll.

Careers of Danger and Daring, Cleveland Moffett.

Science at Home, Russell.

Wonders of Science, Eva March Tappan.

The Book of Wonders.

Magazines: Popular Science, Popular Mechanics, Scientific American.

FOR CAPTAINS, LIEUTENANTS, COMMISSIONERS AND
OTHER GIRL SCOUT OFFICERS

After a thorough study of Scouting for Girls, the authorized Ameri-
can Handbook, Scout Captains and Lieutenants are urged to read the
following list of allied Handbooks for Leaders as containing many
practical hints for workers with young people, and emphasizing the
essential unity of these manuals.

A study of these manuals will bring out very clearly the fact that
though our methods of approach and phraseology may differ in certain
instances, our ultimate aim and our broad general principles are
precisely the same.

The books in the following list which have been starred are recom-
mended as particularly practical for all students and friends of young
people. They represent the latest thought of the greatest authorities
on the subjects most closely allied with the sympathetic study of
adolescence. It is impossible to isolate a study of the girlhood of
America from the kindred topics of women in industry and politics,
the growth of the community spirit, the present theories of education,
and in general a brief survey of economics, sociology and psychology.

Many of these titles appear technical and dry, but the books have
been carefully selected with a view to their readable and stimulating
qualities, and no one need be a profound student or a highly educated
person in order to understand and appreciate them.

It is especially advisable that Leaders in the Girl Scout organization
should be reasonably well informed as to the principal social move-
ments of the day so as to relate the effective organization of the
young people of the country with corresponding progress along other
lines. The more broadly cultivated our Captains and Councillors be-

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

545

come, the more vital and enduring will be the work of the Girl
Scouts, and this breadth of view cannot be obtained from the knowl-
edge and practice of what might be called the “technique of Scouting'*

alone.

LEADERS* HANDBOOKS OF ALLIED ORGANIZATIONS

The Boy Scout Movement Applied by the Church.^ Richardson-
Loomis, Scribners.

The Camp Eire Guides. National Headquarters of Girl Guides, 76
Victoria Street, London, S. W. 1. Handbook for a special group of
older Guides with a combination program of Girl Guides and Camp
Eire Girls.

Girls Clubs, Helen Ferris. E. P. Dutton and Co., 1919. Suggestions
for programs, community cooperation, practical methods and helps
in organization. Bibliography.

The Girl Guides. Rules, Policy and Organization, 1918.

Senior Guides, Rules, Policy and Organization, 1918. Both official
manuals for Guiders. Nat. Hdqrs. Girl Guides, 76 Victoria Street,
London, S. W. 1.

Handbook for Scoutmasters. Nat. Council of the Boy Scouts, 200
Fifth Avenue, New York City.

Model Treasurer’s Book for Girls’ Clubs. National League of
Women Workers, 25 cents.

The Pine Tree Patrol, James Austin Wilder. Boy Scouts of
America.

PRACTICAL AND GENERAL READING

Abbott, Edith; Women in Industry. Appleton, $2.00.

Addams, Jane; Twenty Years at Hull House, Spirit of Youth in
the City Streets, A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil, Macmillan.

♦Angell, Emmett D.; Play.

♦Bancroft, Jessie H.; Games for the Playground, Home, School and
Gymnasium. Macmillan, $1.50.

♦Burchenal, Elizabeth; Dances of the People... Shirmer.

♦Byington, Margaret; What Social Workers Should Know About
Their Own Communities. Russell Sage Foundation, N. Y.

Cleveland, Frederick and Schaefer, Joseph; Democracy in Recon-
struction, Houghton Mifflin, $2.50. Discussion by recognized leaders
of the great social movements of to-day. Recommended as a back-
ground for placing the Girl Scout movement.

Daggett, Mabel Potter; Women Wanted. George H. Doran. A book
about women in all walks of life, as affected by the war.

♦Dewey, John; Schools of Tomorrow, School and Society. Showing
the growth of the “Scout Idea’’ in our modern educational methods.
Practical and stimulating.

♦Douglass, H. Paul; The Little Town, Macmillan. The latest and-
best treatment of rural social conditions. Especially recommended/
for Scout leaders in localities outside the great cities.

♦Hoerle, Helen, and Salzberg, Florence B., The Girl and the Job,
Henry Holt, $1.50.

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins; Women in Economics, In This Our
World, A Man Made World, Concerning Children... All: Small and
Maynard. The most brilliant American writer on the woman move-
ment. Sound economics and good psychology cleverly presented.

James, William; Principles of Psychology, 2 vols. The psychologist
who wrote like a novelist. Chapters of special interest: Habit,
Instinct, Will, Emotions and The Stream of Consciousness. Talks
to Teachers on Psychology, and to Students on Some of Life’s Ideals.
Memories and Studies, especially essay on the Moral Equivalents of
War... All: Henry Holt and Co.

Key, Ellen; The Century of the Child.

♦Lovejoy, Esther; The House of the Good Neighbor, Macmillan, 1919.
Social and Medical work in France during the war by the President
of the Women’s International Medical Association.

546

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

♦MacDougall, William; Social Psychology, Luce and Co. Study of
how people act and feel in a group.

Mill, John Stuart; The Subjection of Women, Frederick Stokes.

*Nors worthy, Naomi and Whitley; The Psychology of Childhood,
Macmillan, 1919. Best and latest general child psychology.

Parsons, Elsie Clews; Social Control, Social Freedom, The Old
Fashioned Woman, The Family. All: Putnam.

♦Patrick, G. T. W.; Psychology of Relaxation. Houghton Mifflin.
The necessity for and guidance of the play instinct.

♦Perry, Clarence A., Community Center Activities. Russell Sage
Foundation, New York City, 80 cents.

Pillsbury, W. B.; Essentials of Psychology, Macmillan. Good,
brief treatment of general psychology for popular reading.

♦Playground and Recreation Association of America Publications:
What the Playground Can Bo for Girls, Games Every Child Should
Know, Folk and National Dances, The Home Playground. Head-
quarters 1 Madison Avenue, New York City.

♦Puffer, J. Adams; The Boy and His Gang. Houghton Mifflin.

Putnam, Emily; The Lady.

Schreiner, Olive; Woman and Labour.

Sharp, Cecil J.; One Hundred English Folksongs. Charles H. Git-
son & Co.

♦Slattery, Margaret; The Girl in Her Teens, The Girl and Her
Religion, The American Girl and Her Community, The Woman's
Press.

♦Thorndike, Edward L.; Individuality, Riverside Educational Mono-
graphs, Houghton Mifflin. What constitutes the “average person.”
The danger of “sizing up” people too rapidly.

♦Terman, Lewis; The Hygiene of the Child, Houghton Mifflin.

♦Woods, Robert A.; Young Working Girls, Houghton Mifflin.

Trotter, W.; The Herd Instinct in Peace and War, Macmillan.
How “public opinion” exerts its influence on conduct.

Wallas, Graham; Human Nature in Politics, and The Great Society,
Macmillan.

Ward, Lester F.; Psychic Factors of Civilization and Applied Soci-
ology... Ginn and Co. Psychological interpretation of civilization.

CAMPING AND HIKING

A special Manual on Camping for Girl Scouts in preparation will
contain a full and annotated bibliography. The following is a select
list for temporary use.

The Boy Camp Manual, Charles Keen Taylor.

Camping and Outing Activities, Cheley-Baker. Games, Songs, Page-
ants, Plays, Water Sports, etc.

Camp Cookery, Horace Kephart, Macmillan Co.

The Camp Fire Girls' Vacation Book, Camp Fire Girls, New York
City.

Camping and Woodcraft (2 vols.), Horace Kephart, Macmillan.

Camp Kits and Camp Life, Charles Stedman Hanks.

Camping Out, Warren Miller, Geo. Doran Co.

Caravaning and Camping-out, J. Harris Stone... Herbert Jenkins,
Ltd., 12 Arundel Place, London.

Harper's Camping and Scouting, Joseph Adams, Harper Bros.

Shelters, Shacks and Shanties, D. C. Beard, Scribners. Illustrated.

Summer in a Girls' Camp, “Anna Worthington Coale, Century.

Swimming and Watermanship, L. de B. Handley, Macmillan Co.

Touring Afoot, Dr. C. P. Fordyce, N. Y. Outing Publishing Co.

Wilderness Homes, Oliver Kamp, Outing Publishing Co.

GOVERNMENT BULLETINS AND HOW TO GET THEM

1. The publications of all departments of the United States Govern-
ment are in the custody of the Superintendent of Documents,
Washington D. C. Price lists of various subjects are sent free.

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

547

The following list of subjects will be found especially useful in
preparing for many of the proficiency tests. The numbers given
are the official ones by which the catalogs of prices and special
titles may be ordered:

(11) Foods and Cookery. (16) Farmers* Bulletins. (31) Edu-
cation. (38) Animal Industry. (39) Birds and Wild Animals.
(41) Insects (including household and farm pests, and bees.)
(43) Forestry. (44) Plants. (50) American History and Bi-
ography. (51) Health. (53) Maps. (54) Political Science. (55)
National Museums and National Academy of Science. (67) Im-
migration. (68) Farm Management.

2. The United States Interdepartmental Commission on Social
Hygiene publishes pamphlets and specially prepared lecture out-
lines and reading courses on sex education and hygiene. Apply
also to state and local societies for social hygiene, for literature,
lectures and suggestions.

3. The Children’s Bureau of the U. S. Dept, of Labor has a special
list of articles on Child and Infant Care and Health. Write direct
to the Bureau for these.

4. For State publications on Health, Education, etc., apply to Sec-
retary of State if special officer in charge is unknown.

6. Apply to town hall or special departments for city documents on
health, child care, education, etc.

7. The following organizations publish bulletins and cheap authori-
tative books and pamphlets for general consumption on health,
first aid, child care and other topics of interest to Girl Scouts.

The Bed Cross, National Headquarters, Washington, D. C.

The Metropolitan Insurance Company, 1 Madison Avenue, N. Y. C.

Child Health Organization, 156 Fifth Avenue, Miss Sally Lucas

Jean, Director.

The Posture Standards Company, 1 Madison Avenue, N. Y. C.

The Inter-Church World Movement, 45 West 18th St., N, Y. C.

INDEX

Accidents, First Aid for 164 ff
Water 191 ff
Act to establish flag 69
Adam 456

Adventure, books of 540
Africa 27
Agassiz 455
Alaska 454
Alcott, Louisa 23

Allied Organizations, Handbooks of
540

Alignments 92
Alligator 429
“America” 74, 75
“America the Beautiful” 66
American Museum of Natural His-
tory 373 ff
Amphibians 425
“Anacreon in Heaven” 74
Animal Stories 540
Aphids 449

Apoplexy, care of 186 ff
Aquarium 435
Arnold, Sarah Louise 106
Artist test 499
Aspen 395

Asphyxiation, prevention of 197 ff

Asters 381

At ease 87

Athlete test 499

Attendance stars 536

Attention 85

Audubon Society 425

Australia 27

Axe, use of 326 ff

Azalea 383

Background 40

Back step 89

Baden-Powell 1 ff

Balsam fir 390

Bandages, making of 204 ff

Barnacles 442

Bathroom, care of 119

“Battle Hymn of the Republic” 77

Beach fleas 442

Beaver 370

Bedroom, care of 119
Beekeeper test 500
Birds 407 ff
Bird baths 424

Birds, economic value of 415 ff
Bird Hunter test 500

Bird Woman 21

Biscuit loaf 363

Bites, care of 190 ff

Black Eyed Susan 383, 385

Blood root 381

Blue Bird 409

Blue Flag 383

Blue tailed lizzard 430

Bobolink 415

Bog potatoe, 288

Border, flowers for 464 ff

Boulders 453

Bouncing Bet 383

Bowline, knot 488 ff

Box turtle 430

Brandywine, battle of 469

Bread 363

Breakfast 133 ff

Broiled fish 361

Brown, Thomas Edward 456

Bubonic Plague 449

Bugler’s test 501

Bull frog 376, 427

Burroughs, John 375, 407

Business Woman test 502

Butterfly 449

Business meeting 457

Butler, Albert E. 384, 388, 394

Bumble bees 447

Cambridge flag 68
Camp cooking 360 ff
recipes 362 ff
utensils 340, 344, 361
Camping and the Guide Law 36
Camping for Girl Scouts 313 ff
hiking 314 ff
site 319 ff
fires 327 ff
provisions 345 ff
Camp sanitation 323
Canada 27
Canner 502
Captain 14
Captain’s pin 538
Cardinal flower 381
Cassiopeia 302
Cat fish 433
Cellar 107

Ceremonies, Forms for Girl Scouts
44 ff

Alternate Forms 48ff
Chaining 467 ff

548

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

549

Chairman 57

Chameleon 431

Change step 90

Chevrons 538

Chief Scout 35

Child, care of 157 ff

Child Health Organization 547

Child Nurse, 157 ff, test 503

Child, routine of 162 ff

Christmas fern 389

Cicada 447

Citizen’s test 504

Civic biology 377

Clams 442

Class tests 60 ff

Cleaning 126

Clermont 69

Closing exercises 57

Clothing for hiking 317

Clove hitch 492 ff

Cochineal 446

Cocoa 363

Cod 433

Colds, care of 247 ff
Color guard 46

“Common minerals and rocks” 454
Community Scout, group badge 533
Compass 482 ff
Congressional Library 540
Conservation of forests 393 ff
Continental Code 97, 99
Conventional signs for maps 479
Convulsions, care of 186 ff
Cooking devices 340
Cooking in camp 360
Cook test 505
Copepods 442
Coral 439

Corned beef hash 362
Corporal 13, 538
Council 14
Court of Honor 45
Crabs 437, 439
Craftsman test 505
Crinkle root 289
Crocodile 429
Crosby, William O. 454
Cultivation 461
Cyclist test 507
Cypress, bald 396

Dancer test 518

Dandelion 383

Dairy Maid test 507

Dash, General Service Code 98

Daughter of New France 20

Dawson, Jean 377

Deciduous 387

Declaration of Independence 68
Diamond Back Terrapin 431
Dickerson, Mary C. 389
Diminish front 96
Dinner 139 ff
Director, National 15

Dish washing 117
Dishes, washing in camp 364
Dislocations, care of 177 ff
Distance, to take in drill 92
Direction 478

Dot, in General Service Code 98
Double time 88
Doughty, Arthur G. 20
Dow, Ula M. 133
Dragon flies 446
Dressmaker 508
Dress, right or left 85
Drill, Girl Scout 84 ff
Tenderfoot 84
Second Class 90
First Class 95
Drummer test 509
Duck hawks 418
Dutch Cleanser 365

Eagle 407

Eclaireuses de France 31
Economist test 509
Eel 456

Egrets 374, 411 ff
Electrician test 510
Emergencies, aid for 164 ff
Erosion 393
Evergreen 387
Exercises 275 ff
Explorer 21

Eyes, Health of 259 ff
Eyesight, tested by stars 303
Eyes right or left 80

Facings 86
Fall in 84
out 87

Falkland Islands 27
Fairy Tales 541
Farmer test 510
Feet, care of 31 5
Fellowship 2
Fire, control of 199 ff
Fireless Cooker 111 ff
Fishes 432 ff
Fishes, groups of 433
Fishballs 361

Fisher, G. Clyde. 366, 373 ff
First Aide, 164 ff test 512
First Class Badge 538
Conferring of 50
Test 64 ff

First Girl Scout 20
Flag 67 ff
Colors 67
History 67 ff
How to make 77
Respect due 70 ff
Regulations for flying 71 ff
Flashlight signalling 100
Floods, cause of 393
Floor, kitchen 108

550

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Flower crests 539
Flower Finder test 512
Flower garden 462 ff
Fly, House, fighting of 121
Folk Tales 541
Food for Camps, 362 ff
Food for the Sick 249 ff
Food furnishing animals 402
Food habits 402
Food, storage of 123 If
Foot 466

Forbush, Edward Howe 419
Forests, uses of 393 ff
fires 395

Formation for G. S. Ceremony, mili-
tary 48

non-military 55
Forward 86
Fox 406

Fractures, care of 177 ff
France 31
Freezing 40

care of 188 ff
Fried bacon 362
Fried fish 361
Fried ham 362
Fried country sausage 362
Fried potatoes 362
Fringed gentian 381, 383
Frying pan, 361 ff
Fulton, Robert 59
Fungi 289
Furnishing, 107

Gaillardia 384
Gamefish 435
Ganoid 433

Garden, Girl Scout’s Own 456 ff

Gardener test 514

Gas stove 11Q

General service code 97

Geology 452 ff

Germs, fighting of 121

Gibson, William Hamilton 383, 426

Gila Monster 429

Gills 431

Girl Guides 1, 18 ff
Girl Scout Stories 544
Glacial Drift 453
Glacier 451 ff
Glass snake 430
Golden Eaglet 45, 52, 535
Golden Plover 414
Goldenrod 381
Government Bulletins 456
Grand Union Flag 68
Great Blue Heron 422
Great horned owl 411
Great Ice Age 453
Grebe 408
Grey, Lord 20
Group Badges, 533 ff
Guide, the Flower 383
Guides, War Service 27

Half-hitch 491 ff
Halibut 433
Half step 89
Halt 89

Hammerhead shark 436
Handbooks of Allied Organizations
540

“Handbook of Birds in Eastern
North America” 423
“Handbook of Birds of Western
United States” 423
Hand Signalling 103
Handy woman test 515
Hawks 420

“Hawks and Owls of the U. S.” 420
Health Guardian test 516
Health Winner 257, test, 517
Heating house 124
Heights, to estimate 459 ff
Hemlock 390
Hepatica 381
Hermit crab 442
Hickory nut 383
Hiking 314 ff
History novels 541
History of the American Girl Scouts
1

Hog peanuts 289
Hodge, Clifton 377
“Home Life of Wild Birds” 423
Hollyhocks 383

Homemaker, the, 23, 106, test 518

Home Nurse, the, 217 ff; test 519

Honeybee 448

Honeydew 448

Horsewoman test 520

Hostess test 520

House fly 449

House planning 106

Howe, Julia Ward 77

Hummingbird 383

Hummingbird moth 446

Hunter, David M., 456

Hydroids 441

Hyla 428

Ice Chest 114 ff
“Illustrated Flora” 383
Illnesses, common, 245 ff
India 27

Indian cucumber 288
Indian turnip 289
Injuries, major 177 ff
minor 169 ff
Inorganic 377
Insects 439, 446 ff
Insect eating birds 421 ff
Insignia, Scouts and officers 538
Inspection 56

Interchurch World Movement 547
Interpreter test 521
Interval, Gen. Serv. Code 98
Semaphore 101
Invertebrate 377, 438 ff

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

551

Jack In the Pulpit 383

Jean, Sally Lucas 547

Jelly fish 439

Jessamine 381

Jones, John Paul 68

Journalist test 521

Judging weights and measures 467 ff

Kelley’s Island 455
Kephart, Horace, 313 ff
Key, Francis Scott 73
Kildeer 419
Kindling 334 ff
Kipling, Rudyard 376
Kitchen 108

Knots 484 ff, glossary 495

Labor saving 124 ff
Lady Slipper 281
Lafayette 69

“Land Birds East of the Rockies”
423

Land Scout, Group Badge 535
Lang, Herbert 426
Lantern, signalling 100
Latrine in camp 323
Laundress test 522
Laws of Girl Scouts 4 ff
Leader’s Handbooks of Allied Or-
ganizations 545
Legends 542

Lewis and Clark Expedition 21

Lobsters 439

Loco Weed 383

Lone Scout 13

Loon 372

Low, Mrs. Juliette, founded G. S. 1

Lunch 148 ff

Lung fishes 433

Lutz, Dr. 447

Life Saving Medals 536

“Little Women” 23

Living room 118

Library, American Association 540
Lieutenants 14

Mackerel 433

Magdelaine de Vercheres 20
Magnolia 380
Maiden Hair Fern 383
Malaria 449
Mallard Duck 424
Mammals 399 ff
Manna 447
Manners, good 129 ff

Manual by Grey 383
Manure 458
Map of camp 481
Maple, black sugar 391
Mappa 477

Maps, history, uses, how to make
476 ff

Marine worms 443
Mark time 88
Marsh Marigold 383
Measurements 268 ff, 466 ff
Medal of Merit 536
Medals, special 536
Medicines 241 ff
Meeting, Girl Scout 55 ff
Menus 133 ff
Metre 466
Metric System 466
Metropolitan Life Insurance Com-
pany 547

Merit Badges, conferring 51

Miller, Mr. and Mrs. Leo 387

Milliner test 522

Milton 456

Mink 415

Minutes 58

Mississippi Valley 453

Moccasin Flower 382

Mocking bird 409

Mole crab 444

Monarch butterfly 449, 450

Moon 303

Moose 369

Morris, Robert 68

Morse Code

American 97
International 97 ff
Mosquito 449, fighting of 121
Motorist test 523
Motto of Girl Scouts 3
Mountain Climbing 367 ff
Mountain Laurel 383
Mud eel 427
Mud puppy 427
Musician test 523
Muscular strain, avoiding 261 ff
Mushrooms 289 ff, 392
Mussels 442
Muir Glacier 454
Muir, John 366
Myths 542

National Convention 1
National Director 15
National Headquarters 1
National Organization 15

552

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Nature, classification 379

Nature in city 39

Nature Study 36, 43

Nature Study for Girl Scouts 373 ff

Naturalist, Scout, group badge 534

Needlewoman’s test 524

Nesting boxes 424

Newts 427

New York 1

Noble Peregrine 418, 420

Nonsense 542

North America 451

North Pole 69

Novels 542

Nubian Gold Mines 476

Nurse, the Child 157 ff, home 21 7 ff

Oak 390

Oblique March 93
Observation 39
Octopus 439
Oil stove 110
One celled animals 431
Onions 363
Opossum 399, 401
Orchids 383
Organic 377
Organization 13 ff
Orion’s Sword 304
Otter 400

“Our Native Orchids” 383
Out of Door Scout 35 ff
Ox Eye Daisy 383
Oyster 439, 445

Pace, Scout’s 314
Pacing 475, 478
Paddle fish 432
Parade 87

Parade formation 80 ff
Pathfinder’s test 524
Patients, amusing of 251, feeding
251, routine 252
Patriotic songs 72
Patrol 13
Patrol Leader 13
Patrol system 324 ff
Peary, Robert 69
Pecten 443
Peeper, spring 428
Pelicans 412
Periwinkle 442, 443, 444
Personal measures 474
Photographer test 525
Pickerel 453
Pickerel weed 385

Pickersgill, Mrs. Mary 74
Pine, long leaved 389
Pine tree patrol system 325
Pine rose mallow 383
Pioneer 24, test 526
Pirsson, Louis V. 454
Pivot, moving 93, fixed 94
Planting 459
Plants 380 ff
Plants, edible, wild 285 ff
Plants poisonous 386 ff
Pledge 3
Pleiades 302
Poetry 544

Poison, antidotes for 202 ff
Polar bear, 402, 452
Policy 16

Posture Standards Company 54/
Position, right 373 ff
Poultry, destroyed 402
Preparation of seed bed 457
Presentation of badges, 21, 45 ff
Princess Pat 21
Principles of Girl Scouts 3 ff
Proficiency tests 497 ff
Promise 4
Protozoa 439
Proverbs, out-door 284
Provisions for camping 345 ff
Public Health 355 ff

Quick time 87
Quebec 20

Raccoon 402
Rat flea 449
Rally 45
Rays 433

Recipes, camp 362 ff, home 133 ff
Red Cross, National 214 ff, 547
“Red Gods,” 371
Reed, Chester A. 383, 423
Reef knot 487 ff

Reference reading. Captains’ 544,
Scouts’ 540 ff
Refrigerator, iceless 115 ff
Remedies 241 ff
Reptiles 428 ff
Rests 86 ff

Rhododendrons or Great Laurel 388
Right angle, to test 471
Robin 409
Rock crab 444

“Rocks and Rock Minerals” 454
Rocky Mountain Goat 378
Rock Tapper test 526
Roorbach, Eloise 367

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

553

Ropes, parts of 487
Ross, Betsy 67, Colonel 68
Roumanian Scout 29
Russian Revolution 29

Sacajawea 21
Sailor test 527
St. Paris, Ohio, 454
St. Paul 70
Salamander 425
Salmon 433
Sandhill cranes 410
Sand hoppers , 442
Sanitation in camp 323
Scale insect 447, maps made to 478
Scallop 443
Scavengers, bird 421
Science, wonders of 544
Scout Aide 105 it, Group Badge 534
Scout Cook, the 133 ff
Scout Entertainer Group Badge 533
Scout Naturalist Group Badge 534
Scout’s pace 314
Scratches glacial 453
Screech owl 409
Scribe test 528
Sea anemone 439
cucumber 439
spiders 442

Seashore animals 439 ff
Second class badges 49
drill 90
test 61 ff
Secretary 57
Seeds 459

Segmented worms 439
Semaphore signalling 101 ff
code 102

Setting-up Exercises for Girl Scouts
373 ff

Seventeen Year Locusts 447 ff

Shakespeare 452

Shaler, N. S. 453

Shaw, Anna Howard 25

Sheep shank 493 ff

Sheet bend 487 ff

Sherwood, Geo. H. 373 ff

Shocks, care of 186 ff

Shoes, for hiking 315

Shovel nosed sturgeon 434

Sharks 433

Showy primrose 387

Shrike 417

Sick bed 221 ff

Sick, care of 217 ff

Sick room 218 ff
Side step 89
Signalling 97 ff

Signal flag, Gen’l Service 97, Sema-
phore 101
Signaller test 528
Signs and blazes 305
Silk worm 448
Simmons College 106, 133
Sink 116 ff
Skink 430
Skunk 404
Skunk cabbage 380
Slogan 3

Smith, Samuel F. 55
Smoke signals 308
Snail 439
Snake bite 297
Snakes 294 ff
Social forms 129 ff
Soft shelled crab 445
Soil 458

Solomon’s Seal 289
Song birds 409

Sounds, measuring distance by 471

Spanish Moss 396

Spiders 439, 450, 446 ff

Sponges 439

Spring Beauty 381

Spruce, black, red 389

Square knot 487 ff

Squid 438

Stains 127 ff

Stalking 39

Steps and marchings 87
Stew 361

Stars 78 ff, 298 ff
Starfish 437, 445
Star Gazer test 529
Starling 420

Star Spangled Banner 73 ff

“Story of Our Continent” 453

Stove 109

Supper 148 ff

Sun stroke, care of 188 ff

Swimmer’s test 530

Table manners, 130 ff, setting 131
Tadpoles 425
Taping 467 ff

Tenderfoot enrollment 44, 48
pin 538
test 60 ff
Tennyson 380
Tents 322 ff
Telegrapher test 530
Telemetry 467, 468

554

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Teodorroiu, Ecaterina 29

Timber wolves 398

Thanks badge 537

Thistle 383

Thrushes 409

Toad 425 ff

Toadstools 289 ff

Toast 363

Tools 457

Totem 309

Tracking 40

Trade name and true name of
furs, 403

Trailing arbutus 381
Trans- Atlantic flight 69
Treasurer, report of 57 ff
Trees 387 ff
Triangulation 467 ff, 478
Troop 14
Troop crests 539
Turin 476
Turpentine 389 ff
Turtles 429 ff

Uniform, one piece 83, two piece 92
Union, the 70
Union Jack 68
Units of measure 466
“Useful Birds and Their Protec-
tion” 419

Vega 304

Vegetable garden 459 ff
Vertebrates 377

Walnuts 383
Wapato 288
War service 226 ff
Water dog 427

Water and game birds 423
Water lily 383

Water, selection, 320; supply 125 ff

Wasp 447

Waste 122

Weasel 400 ff

Weather wisdom 282 ff

Weeds 461

Weevils 449

Weights and measures 135 ff, judg-
ing 467 ff
West Indies 27
“Western Bird Guide” 423
Wharf pile animals 441
Whelk 443

Who Are the Scouts 17 ff

Whistle 100, 103

White, Gilbert 425

Whitman, Walt 313

Whittier 387

Width, to estimate 468 ff

Wig Wag 97

Wild carrot 383

Wild flowers and ferns 380 ff

Wild turkey 416

Witch hazel 382

Woodcraft 280 ff

Woodcraft Scout Group Badge 534
Woods, twelve secrets of the 280 ff
Woolen things 122 ff, clothes, 317 ff
Wood, uses of 388 ff
Wordsworth 375
Wounds, care of 181 ff
Wright, Wilbur 69

Yard 466
Yarrow 383

Yellow fever 449 J

Yellow pine 394

Zoologist test 531

GIRL SCOUTS

INCORPORATED

National Headquarters

189 LEXINGTON AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY

The Girl Scouts a National Organization, is open to
any girl who expresses her desire to join and voluntarily
accepts the Promise and the Laws. The object of the
Girl Scouts is to bring to all girls the opportunity for
group experience, outdoor life, and to learn through
work, but more through play, to serve their community.

Officers 1920
Founder

Mrs. Juliette Low

Honorary President
Mrs. Woodrow Wilson

President

Mrs. Arthur O. Choate

First Vice-President Second Vice-President
Mrs. James J. Storrow Mrs. Herbert Hoover

Treasurer Chairman, Executive Board

Mrs. Nicholas E. Brady Mrs. V. Everit Macy

Counsel

Douglas Campbell
Director

Mrs. Jane Deeter Rippin

555

556

SCOUTING FOR GIRLS

Executive Board

Mrs. Selden Bacon
Mrs. Nicholas F. Brady
Miss Ellen M. Cassatt
Mrs. Arthur O. Choate
Francis P. Dodge
Miss Emma R. Hall
Mrs. Juliette Low
Mrs. V. Everit Macy
Mrs. Wm. G. McAdoo

Mrs. Robert G. Mead
Miss Llewellyn Parsons
Mrs. Harold Irving Pratt
Mrs. Theodore H. Price
Mrs. W. N. Rothschild
Mrs. George W. Stevens
Mrs. James J. Storrow
Mrs. Charles Welch
Mrs. Percy Williams

Permanent Committees

Education, Chairman, Miss Sarah Louise Arnold
Secretary, Dr. Louise Stevens Bryant

Publications r Chairman, Mrs. Josephine Daskam Bacon
Secretary, Dr. Louise Stevens Bryant

Field, Chairman, Mrs. Robert G. Mead

Secretary, Miss Mary C. Clendenin

Standards, Chairman, Miss Llewellyn Parsons
Secretary, Miss Mary C. Clendenin

Business, Chairman, Mrs. Percy Williams

Secretary, Mr. Sidney M. MacDowell

Finance, Chairman, Mrs. Nicholas F. Brady

Advisory Committee on Business and Finance

Chairman, Mr. Charles Fred Allen

GIRL SCOUT PUBLICATIONS

Scouting for Girls. Official Handbook of the Girl Scouts. 572
pages. Profuse illustrations. Bibliography. Khaki cloth
cover, flexible, $.75; Officers' Edition, board, $1.00.

Campward Ho ! Manual for Girl Scout Camps. 125 pages.
Illustrations. Bibliography, cuts and diagrams. Paper Edi-
tion, $.75 ; Cloth, $1.00.

The Blue Book of Rules for Girl Scout Captains. 32 pages.
All official regulations, constitution, etc., $.25.

A Training Course for Girl Scout Captains. Outline approved
by National Headquarters. Lectures and practical lessons,
$.15.

The Girl Scout's Health Record. A convenient form for record-
ing the points needed to cover for badge of “Health Win-
ner", $.10.

Girl Scouts : Their History and Practice. Pamphlet, 2 cents.

Girl Scouts: Their Works, Ways and Plays. Pamphlet, 2 cents.

Your Girl and Mine, by Josephine Daskam Bacon. 2 cents.

Why I Believe in Scouting for Girls, by Mary Roberts Rinehart.
2 cents.

The Girl Scouts. A Training School for Womanhood, by Kate
Douglas Wiggin. 2 cents.

The Constitution and By-Laws of the Girl Scouts, Incorporated.
5 cents.

The American Girl formerly the Rally). A Scouting Magazine
for girls. Monthly. 10 cents the copy, one dollar the year.

IN PREPARATION

Girl Scout Officers' Manual. For Captains, Lieutenants, Com-
missioners and Councillors.

Brief Training Course for Girl Scout Captains. 10 lessons.

Girl Scout Officers' Field Book. A notebook with all necessary
material for troop work, including much manual information
in loose leaf form.

Senior Scout Program.

Brownie or Junior Program.

Girl Scout Awards. Requirements for Proficiency and Class
Badges, and all special medals.

Outlines of Lectures on Sex Hygiene, in collaboration with the
United States Bureau of the Public Health Service.

Studies in Applied Psychology and Anthropology, in collabora-
tion with the American Museum of Natural History.

A Girl Scout Book Shelf, in collaboration with the New York
Public Library.

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